Much of the convenience of modern life resides in sheet metal, the cowling shield of most machines and appliances. However, the load that this takes off human shoulders has to be carried elsewhere, and the Earth has borne the burden. Many of us woke up to the environmental cost when over a century of industrialization finally surpassed the capacity of nature to assimilate it. International in scope, Heavy Metals in the Environment: Using Wetlands for Their Removal discusses wetland functions and heavy metal contamination. It addresses such questions as: Can systems powered by sunlight handle toxins more effectively than systems running on fossil fuel? At what scale and by what means do we define efficiency? These questions resonate increasingly with a number of global challenges. As inescapable as climate change, you can no longer avoid airborne toxins, acid rain, and polluted water by moving away from them. When the time comes to rely less on fossil fuel-based technology, how will we clean up the aftermath of toxic misadventures? Written by a leader in the growing field of ecological engineering, Heavy Metals in the Environment: Using Wetlands for Their Removal presents scientific studies that illustrate how natural systems use wetlands to adapt to changes in the ecosystem. It focuses primarily on lead, one of the first materials used by developing civilizations and a metal used heavily in the industrial era. The goal: to achieve a better understanding of how natural systems use wetlands to adapt to wastes.
PART I INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Introduction 3(18) Problems and Needs 21(8) Background of Published Studies on Lead and Wetlands 29(20) Biogeochemical Cycle of Lead and the Energy Hierarchy 49(22) Howard T. Odum PART II LEAD IN A CYPRESS-GUM SWAMP, JACKSON COUNTY, FLORIDA Ecological Assessment of the Steele City Swamps 71(10) Lowell Pritchard, Jr. Lead Distribution in Steele City Swamps 81(6) Shanshin Ton Joseph J. Delfino Experiments with Lead and Acid in Wetland Microcosms 87(4) Shanshin Ton Simulation Model of a Lead-Containing Swamp Ecosystem 91(6) Shanshin Ton Howard T. Odum PART III LEAD AND WETLANDS IN POLAND Lead and Zinc Retension in the Biala River Wetland of Poland 97(18) Wlodzimierz Wojcik Malgorzata Wojcik Perspectives on Lead and Zinc Manufacturing, and Environment 115(6) Wlodzimierz Wojcik The Ecological Economics of Natural Wetland Retention of Lead 121(24) Lowell Pritchard, Jr. PART IV VALUE AND POLICY Emergy Evaluation of Treatment Alternatives in Poland 145(8) Wlodzimierz Wojcik Slawomir Leszczynski Howard T. Odum The Evolution of Environmental Law and the Industrial Lead Cycle 153(12) Jay D. Patel Summary, Policy for Heavy Metals and Environment 165(118) APPENDICES Appendix A1 Symbols Used in Systems Diagrams 171(2) Appendix A4 Biogeochemical Cycle of Lead and the Energy Hierarchy 173(4) Howard T. Odum Appendix A5A Field Measurement Methods 177(6) Lowell Pritchard, Jr. Appendix A5B Data on Biota in Sapp Swamp 183(4) Lowell Pritchard, Jr. Appendix A6A Methods Used for Chemical Analysis of Waters and Sediments 187(6) Shanshin Ton Joseph J. Delfino Appendix A6B Chemical Data on the Cypress-Gum Swamps of Steele City Bay, Jackson Country, Florida 193(8) Shanshin Ton Joseph J. Delfino Appendix A7 Details and Statistics on Microcosm Studies 201(4) Shanshin Ton Appendix A8 Equations, Programs, and Calibration Table for Simulation Models 205(6) Shanshin Ton Howard T. Odum Appendix A9 Data on the Biala River Wetland and the Results of the Field Experiments 211(44) Wlodzimierz Wojcik Malgorzata Wojcik Appendix A11A Details on Economic Valuation Methods 255(6) Lowell Pritchard, Jr. Appendix A11B Transformities Used in Calculations 261(8) Lowell Pritchard, Jr. Appendix A12 Emergy Evaluation of Poland 269(12) Wlodzimierz Wojcik Jacek Stasik Howard T. Odum Appendix A13 References to Laws Cited in
Chapter 13 281(2) Jay D. Patel References 283(22) Index 305
Howard T. Odum, Wlodzimierz Wójcik, Lowell Pritchard, Shanshin Ton, Joseph J. Delfino, Malgorzata Wójcik, Slawomir Leszczynski, Jay D. Patel , Steven J. Doherty, Jacek Stasik
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