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E-raamat: Heavy Water and the Wartime Race for Nuclear Energy

(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, California, USA)
  • Formaat: 416 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 31-May-2023
  • Kirjastus: Institute of Physics Publishing
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000948363
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  • Formaat: 416 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 31-May-2023
  • Kirjastus: Institute of Physics Publishing
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000948363

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Heavy water (deuterium oxide) played a sinister role in the race for nuclear energy during the World War II. It was a key factor in Germany's bid to harness atomic energy primarily as a source of electric power; its acute shortage was a factor in Japan's decision not to pursue seriously nuclear weaponry; its very existence was a nagging thorn in the side of the Allied powers. Books and films have dwelt on the Allies' efforts to deny the Germans heavy water by military means; however, a history of heavy water has yet to be written.

Filling this gap, Heavy Water and the Wartime Race for Nuclear Energy concentrates on the circumstances whereby Norway became the preeminent producer of heavy water and on the scientific role the rare isotope of hydrogen played in the wartime efforts by the Axis and Allied powers alike. Instead of a purely technical treatise on heavy water, the book describes the social history of the subject.

The book covers the discovery and early uses of deuterium before World War II and its large-scale production by Norsk Hydro in Norway, especially under German control. It also discusses the French-German race for the Norwegian heavy-water stocks in 1940 and heavy water's importance for the subsequent German uranium project, including the Allied sabotage and bombing of the Norwegian plants, as well as its lesser role in Allied projects, especially in the United States and Canada. The book concludes with an overall assessment of the importance and the perceived importance of heavy water for the German program, which alone staked everything on heavy water in its quest for a nuclear chain reaction.

Arvustused

"With his newest work of science history, Dahl pulls off the remarkable feat of delivering both a scholarly work and a nail-biting thriller. Per Dahl recounts all these events and many more. There is wisdom in his judicious treatment of persistent historical debates, including the rancorous argument that still rages about the motivations of Hahn, Werner Heisenberg, and the other members of the German 'Uranium Club.' His style is lively, his research thorough, his organization superb. Fortunately [ the publisher] has matched Dahl's efforts by giving Heavy Water and the Wartime Race for Nuclear Energy the scholarly apparatus and handsome production it deserves." -K. Paul Preuss, Current

"Dahl manages to combine scientific accuracy with a compelling storyline that keeps the pages turning. Like his cathode-ray book, the volume is meticulously researched. It is a remarkable read." -Gordon Fraser, CERN Courier

"The story of heavy water during World War II may be a familiar one, if only from the 1962 movie 'The Heroes of Telemark.' But Dahl's book fills many of the gaps left in previous accounts by concentrating on the underlying technology and scientific arguments. The military adventure is cleverly interwoven with the scientific. The accounts of the commando raid on the Norsk Hydro plant and the bombing of the ferry are particularly gripping. Dahl also has a talent for sketching characters, and portrays a much more interesting and diverse cast than the 1962 movie's composite presentation of Kirk Douglas as the 'playboy scientist' and Richard Harris as the hotheaded Norwegian partisan." -Chemistry and Industry

"This is a superbly researched book and an excellent read. Even someone with little knowledge of those turbulent times will enjoy it. The story of D2O is very much alive, and this book tells vividly its distinguished pedigree." -Neutron News

" a well-informed and up-to-date account of the history of nuclear physics up to 1945." -Centaurus

" Per Dahl has produced a tour de force, leading the reader from the dawn of the nuclear era through the sabotage of the heavy water plants, and integrating those events with activities of British and American nuclear physicists." -American Journal of Physics

"Per Dahl's unique qualifications make Heavy Water a success Dahl and his publishers also deserve praise for providing a good choice of unusual photographs, a 'Chronology of Heavy Water,' and superb notes, bibliography, and indices." -Intelligence and National Security, Vol. 16

"Per Dahl has written an outstanding, fascinating account of the discovery and applications of heavy water in the wartime race for nuclear energy, one that specialists and the general public alike will find intriguing." -David C. Cassidy, Physics Today

"The historical scope of this book is much greater than the title would imply It is clear that Per Dahl has chosen to tell a story full of action and high drama." -A.P. French, Professor Emeritus of Physics, MIT

"With a history replete with stories of secrecy, jealousy, even international intrigue, Dahl has written a quasi-spy novel that sacrifices little or no technical accuracy. He brings to lay readers readily understandable 50-year history of nuclear developments " -J.G. Morse, Colorado School of Mines

Preface ix
Acknowledgements xiii
List of illustrations
xv
Prologue
1(2)
Fornebu airport, 12 March 1940
1(2)
Manchester and Paris, 1919
3(8)
Manchester: how it began
3(4)
Paris, and the Joliot-Curies
7(4)
The Neutron
11(11)
Prelude to 1932: Chadwick and Bothe on the hunt
11(6)
A discovery narrowly missed, and the neutron at last
17(5)
Heavy Water
22(27)
Deuterium: a comedy of errors
22(5)
Gilbert Lewis and Leif Tronstad: the promise of deuterium
27(6)
Birkeland and his gun; Eyde and Birkeland
33(8)
Tronstad and Norsk Hydro: an auspicious union
41(8)
Artificial Radioactivity
49(24)
Another French miss, and triumph at last
49(8)
Rome: another discovery, and a discovery missed
57(6)
Meanwhile, back in Paris
63(3)
Escape, in the nick of time
66(7)
Nuclear Fission
73(31)
Berlin: December 1938
73(5)
More neutrons?
78(11)
Prospects for a chain reaction on the eve of war
89(10)
A moderator of choice
99(5)
Heavy Water Revisited
104(14)
The Allier mission
104(6)
Attack on Norway
110(3)
The battle for Rjukan; Tronstad goes into action
113(5)
The British Initiative
118(12)
MAUD
118(5)
Broompark
123(7)
German Army Ordnance Takes Charge
130(17)
The Uranium Club; a tritium episode
130(8)
A serious error
138(5)
Joliot's guests
143(4)
Heavy Water Takes Center Stage
147(23)
Pressure on Norsk Hydro mounts
147(9)
SIS, SOE, and the Galtesund affair
156(2)
Mild sabotage; frank talk
158(7)
Exit Jomar Brun
165(5)
America Joins The Quest
170(16)
Stirrings in the new world
170(3)
`Graphite versus deuterium' once more
173(5)
North American heavy water in abundance
178(8)
Action Vemork
186(20)
Germany's uranium machines: off to a promising start
186(6)
Freshman: an unqualified disaster
192(5)
Gunnerside: a qualified success
197(9)
Neutrons Despite Bombs
206(13)
Aftermath at Vemork; neutrons in Berlin-Gottow
206(5)
The Americans Strike
211(8)
Wavering Outlook for Heavy Water
219(20)
Penultimate pile experiments
219(5)
The ferry
224(9)
Prospects for heavy-water production in Germany
233(6)
Canada Enters the Race
239(8)
ZEEP
239(8)
Fears and Facts on the Continent
247(12)
Alsos
247(6)
In the Haigerloch cave
253(6)
Swabian Jura and Upper Telemark: Final Events
259(12)
The rush for Haigerloch
259(5)
Interrupted Sunshine
264(7)
Hiroshima Revealed; Further Contestants for Nuclear Energy
271(11)
Farm Hall: Operation Epsilon
271(4)
Belated entries: Russia and Japan
275(7)
Epilogue
282(11)
Whither heavy water; what if?
282(5)
A few of the personalities
287(6)
Appendix A: Some Properties of Heavy Water (D2O) Compared to Water (H2O) 293(1)
Appendix B: A Chronology of Heavy Water 294(6)
Abbreviations 300(3)
Notes 303(56)
Select bibliography 359(6)
Name index 365(20)
Subject index 385


Dahl\, Per F