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E-raamat: High-Performance IT Services

(IT Consultant, Manchester, UK)
  • Formaat: 620 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 04-Oct-2016
  • Kirjastus: Auerbach Publishers Inc.
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781315350103
  • Formaat - EPUB+DRM
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  • Formaat: 620 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 04-Oct-2016
  • Kirjastus: Auerbach Publishers Inc.
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781315350103

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Written in plain language and a conversational tone, this book for students, managers, and staff in information technology (IT) will be useful to system operators, designers, programmers, coders, and architects. It explains issues related to system and network performance management of computer systems, offering much of the info in bullet points, numbered lists, tip boxes, and process diagrams. Theory and systems design concepts are applied to operating systems such as Linux, UNIX, OpenVMS, MVS, and other operating systems. After a section on performance principles and components, such as hardware and networks, sections are devoted to simple theory and concepts in performance, performance in practice, and benchmarks and benchmarking. About 170 pages of appendices give background on areas such as queuing theory, historical benchmarks, and math for performance measurement. Chapter summary points are included, as well as a 10-page summary of the book. Annotation ©2016 Ringgold, Inc., Portland, OR (protoview.com)

This book on performance fundamentals covers UNIX, OpenVMS, Linux, Windows, and MVS. Most of the theory and systems design principles can be applied to other operating systems, as can some of the benchmarks. The book equips professionals with the ability to assess performance characteristics in unfamiliar environments. It is suitable for practitioners, especially those whose responsibilities include performance management, tuning, and capacity planning. IT managers with a technical outlook also benefit from the book as well as consultants and students in the world of systems for the first time in a professional capacity.

List of Figures xxiii
List of Tables xxix
Foreword xxxi
Preface xxxiii
Acknowledgments xli
Author xliii
Section I Performance Principles And Components
1 What Is Performance?
3(22)
Introduction
3(1)
Performance Concept
3(4)
An Approach to a Solution
4(1)
Performance: Leveling the Playing Field
5(2)
What Is Performance?
7(6)
Performance of What?
8(1)
Performance in Numbers
9(1)
Misleading Clock Speed
9(1)
More on Misleading MIPS
10(1)
MIPS and Dhrystones
10(1)
Fixed-Point or Integer Performance
11(1)
Integer Performance Table
11(1)
Floating-Point Performance
11(1)
Single versus Double Precision
12(1)
Factors Affecting Performance
13(1)
Design
13(1)
Implementation
14(1)
Operation
14(1)
Performance Journey
14(5)
Performance Terminology
15(1)
Does Performance Have a Value?
16(1)
Interaction of Resources
16(1)
Resource Management
17(2)
What Can We Do about Performance?
19(6)
Preoperational Options
19(1)
Postoperational Options
20(2)
Monitoring Performance
22(1)
Performance Metrics
23(1)
Role of Testing in Performance
23(2)
2 Processor Hardware
25(30)
Moore's Law
25(1)
Moore's Law Giveth and... Taketh Away
25(1)
Central Processors
26(2)
Processor Usage
27(1)
Processor Utilization Breakdown
27(1)
Operating System
28(1)
Supporting Software
28(1)
Peripherals
29(1)
Processor Performance
29(1)
Central Processor (CPU) Architectures
30(1)
RISC and CISC Architectures
31(8)
Traditional System Design
32(1)
Superscalar Architectures
33(1)
Uniprocessor (UP) Architecture
34(1)
Symmetric Multiprocessor Architecture
35(1)
Clustered Systems
35(1)
Massively Parallel Processor Architecture
36(1)
Parallel Processing
37(1)
Implementations of Parallel Computing
38(1)
Evolution of Parallel Processing
39(1)
Processor Summary
39(1)
NUMA Systems
40(2)
NUMA Performance
41(1)
Performance Scaling Laws
42(7)
Introduction
42(5)
Amdahl's Law
43(1)
Gunther's Law
44(2)
Gustafson's Law
46(1)
Amdahl versus Gunther
47(1)
Speedup: Sun—Ni Law
48(1)
Memory Hierarchy
49(6)
Cache
49(1)
Cache Hierarchy
49(2)
Cache Consistency
51(1)
Cache Structure
51(1)
A Cache—Workman Analogy
52(1)
Cache Coherence in Multicore Chips
53(2)
3 Software and Performance
55(20)
Performance Role of Software
55(1)
Data Tiering
55(1)
Data Compression
56(2)
Data Compression Benchmarks
57(1)
HTTP Compression
58(1)
Software Formats
58(2)
IEEE 754-2008 Floating-Point Standard
58(2)
Software Optimization
60(2)
Compiler and Other Options
60(1)
Pipelining
61(1)
Cache Misses
61(1)
Software Performance "Gotchas"
62(5)
Security or Fault Tolerance
62(1)
Encryption
63(1)
Deadlocks
63(1)
Runaway Tasks
64(1)
Bad and Overdesign
64(1)
Indexing RDBMSs
65(1)
Indexing: A Cute Trick
65(1)
Poor Software Mixtures
65(1)
Java Performance
65(1)
Transaction Processing (OLTP)
66(1)
15 Performance Factors
66(1)
Virtualization Overheads
67(1)
VM Overhead Reasons
67(1)
Buffers and Performance
68(2)
Is Bigger Better?
68(2)
Middleware
70(1)
Security Overheads
70(1)
Conclusions
70(1)
Network Losses
71(4)
Causes of Packet Loss
71(1)
TCP Loss Graph
72(3)
4 Performance: Magnetic Storage and Clusters
75(40)
Disks and Disk Architecture
76(3)
Traditional Disks (HDD)
76(1)
Disk Operation Timing
76(2)
IOPS Myths
78(1)
Measurement of Disk Characteristics
79(3)
Do It Yourself Method
79(2)
An Example
81(1)
Using Bonnie++
81(1)
Storage Configurations
81(1)
Network Attached Storage
82(1)
NAS Overview
82(1)
Storage Area Networks
83(1)
What Is a SAN?
83(1)
RAID Storage
84(6)
RAID Performance
86(1)
Hardware versus Software RAID
87(1)
RAID Access Characteristics: 1
87(1)
RAID Access Characteristics: 2
88(1)
RAID Access Characteristics: 3
88(1)
RAID Performance References
89(1)
RAID Applicability
89(1)
Is There Life after RAID?
90(1)
Solid-State Drives (SSD)
90(10)
Flash Storage
91(1)
All-Flash Data Centers?
92(1)
Solid-State Drives Overview
93(1)
Hybrid SSD/HDD Tiering
93(2)
SSD versus HDD RAID
95(1)
SSD Benchmarks
96(1)
Future of SSD
97(2)
Stop Press: Intel Optane
99(1)
SSD Myths and Legends
99(1)
SSD Performance
100(1)
Storage Performance
100(6)
Introduction
100(1)
Storage Performance Management
100(2)
NAS and SAN Management
102(1)
SAN Performance
102(1)
NAS Benchmarks and Test Tools
103(1)
Storage Futures
104(1)
RAID and Erasure Codes
104(1)
EC Recovery Scope
105(1)
Storage Connections
106(4)
Data Bus
106(1)
SCSI Architecture
107(1)
SATA and ATA
107(1)
Fiber Channel Architecture
108(1)
IBM Serial Storage Architecture (SSA)
109(1)
IBM Channels
109(1)
Storage Performance Gotchas
110(1)
Clusters of Compute Nodes
110(5)
Cluster Architectures
111(1)
Cluster Components
112(3)
Hardware Components
112(1)
Software Components
112(3)
5 Networks
115(34)
Factors Affecting Network Performance
115(1)
Network Performance Measures
116(1)
Communications Architectures
116(1)
Network Protocols
117(1)
Network Performance
117(6)
Network Performance Factors
117(1)
Latency
118(1)
Networks to Be Examined
118(1)
Classical Online System
119(1)
Classical Network: Parameters
119(1)
Client/Server Operation
120(1)
Ethernet LAN Operation
121(1)
Token Ring LAN Operation
122(1)
Network Transmission Management
123(6)
Data Compression
123(1)
Network Traffic Control
124(1)
Error Detection and Correction
124(1)
Routing Control
125(1)
More on Routing
126(1)
Congestion Control
127(1)
Bulk Data Transfers
127(1)
Traffic Shaping
127(1)
Network Monitoring
128(1)
Network Performance Article Series
129(1)
Web-Based Applications
129(1)
Wide Area Networks
130(5)
WAN Introduction
130(1)
WAN Design
131(1)
WAN Acceleration
131(1)
WAN Speedup
131(2)
WAN Optimization References
133(1)
WAN Optimization Vendors
134(1)
WAN Optimization: Aberdeen Magic Quadrant
135(1)
Enterprise and Science Networks
135(1)
Web Performance
135(7)
Web Performance Working Group
136(1)
Website Access Flow and Bottlenecks
137(1)
Web Performance by Design
138(1)
Web Access: Where Does the Time Go?
138(1)
Good Web Performance References
139(1)
Poor Web Performance: Consequences
140(2)
Best Performance Practices
142(7)
Other Optimization Papers
142(1)
Web Scalability
143(1)
Web Bottlenecks
144(1)
A Small Experiment
144(1)
Nielsen's Internet Law
144(1)
Financial and Productivity Aspects of Performance
145(1)
Summary
146(3)
6 Graphics and Architecture
149(8)
Graphics Overview
149(2)
Graphics Performance
151(1)
Graphics Speed
151(6)
Characters per Second
151(1)
BitBLT
152(1)
2D Vectors per Second
152(1)
3D Vectors per Second
152(1)
Shaded Polygons per Second
152(1)
Gouraud Shading
153(1)
X Windows Performance
153(1)
Use of Graphics Power
153(1)
Growth in Graphics Power
154(3)
Section II The Performance Playing Field
7 Performance: Simple Theory and Concepts
157(38)
Queuing Theory Concepts
157(4)
Word of Advice
157(1)
Making Performance Estimates
158(1)
Queues and Resources
158(1)
Queuing: Two Railway Scenarios
159(2)
Basis of Theory
161(6)
Why Does It Matter?
161(1)
Workload Queues
161(1)
Arrival Process
162(1)
Response Time Factors
162(1)
What Determines Wait and Service Times?
163(1)
General Service Theory
164(1)
Statement of the Problem
165(1)
Terminology and Notations
166(1)
Utilization: What Is It?
167(1)
Why Is Utilization Important?
167(1)
Management of Performance
168(1)
Importance of Systems Management
168(1)
Importance of Performance Management
168(3)
Difference between Management and Monitoring
170(1)
Desired PM Solution Capabilities (BMC)
170(1)
Performance Management (PM)
171(4)
What Is PM?
171(1)
Importance of Performance Management
172(1)
Service Flow Overview
173(2)
Stages of the Performance Life Cycle
175(1)
Performance Definitions and Terms
175(2)
Benchmarks
176(1)
Tuning
177(1)
Simple Performance Model
177(1)
Performance Measures
177(2)
Vendor Measures
178(1)
User Measures
178(1)
Performance: Good and Bad
179(3)
Abnormal Systems Loads
179(1)
Activity Peaks
180(1)
Peakiness Lesson
181(1)
What Degrades Performance?
182(1)
Physical Bottlenecks
182(1)
Logical Bottlenecks
182(1)
System Performance Concepts
183(5)
Military Analogy of Throughput
185(1)
Percentile Responses
186(2)
Performance in Distributed Systems
188(3)
Distributed Systems Examples
188(1)
Systems Network Architecture Mainframe Example
189(1)
Client/Server Example
190(1)
Internet Example
191(1)
Why Bother at All?
191(4)
Section III Performance In Practice
8 Performance: Design, Sizing, and Management
195(78)
Is the APM Cost Worth It?
195(1)
Service Level Agreements
195(2)
SLAs: The Dawn of Realism
195(1)
Idea of User Service
196(1)
Systems Design
197(2)
Performance Architecture
199(2)
Sample Performance Architecture
199(1)
Performance Architecture White Papers
200(1)
System Sizing
201(3)
Sizing Background
201(1)
Peak-to-Average Concept
201(1)
Sizing What?
202(2)
Outline
204(3)
Classical Systems
204(1)
Processor
204(1)
Rough Sizing Method
205(2)
Web-Based Applications
207(7)
Web Server Sizing: One Method
207(1)
Web Server Sizing: Another Method
208(1)
Web Server Sizing: Other Sources
209(1)
Web Server Sizing: Testing and Simulation
209(1)
Network Simulation Tools
210(3)
NetSim
210(1)
Wireshark
211(1)
ns-3
211(1)
OPNET
212(1)
GNS3
212(1)
Web Network Sizing
213(1)
Monitoring Overview
214(4)
Introduction
214(1)
Generic Monitoring or Management
215(1)
Synthetic Workload: Generic Requirements
215(2)
What Entities Do We Measure?
217(1)
Use of a Ping Transaction
217(1)
Performance Monitoring Methodology
218(1)
Network Management Tools
219(11)
Network Monitoring
219(2)
Network Factors
221(1)
Network Entities
221(1)
Network Performance Tools
222(5)
Internet2
222(1)
Extrahop
223(1)
Products and Metrics
224(2)
Cisco
226(1)
Sflow
226(1)
Paessler
226(1)
SevOne
226(1)
Juniper Networks
227(1)
Riverbed
227(1)
Capterra Product Sources
227(1)
Fluke Networks eBook
227(1)
Other Sources
227(1)
Network Performance: Aberdeen Magic Quadrant
227(1)
Web Response Time Metrics
228(1)
Network Documentation
229(1)
Types of Performance Tool
229(1)
Native System Performance Tools
230(9)
Windows Performance
230(1)
UNIX Performance Commands
230(2)
sar
231(1)
vmstat
231(1)
iostat
232(1)
LINUX Performance Commands
232(4)
Linux Performance Tool References
235(1)
MVS and z/OS Performance Tools
236(1)
OpenVMS Performance Tools
237(2)
$ Monitor Command
238(1)
$ MONITOR SYSTEM Command
238(1)
MONITOR DISK/Qualifier
238(1)
Management of Performance Data
239(1)
Collection of Data
239(1)
Analysis of Data
239(1)
Virtual Machine Performance
240(6)
Cloud or Virtualization Gotcha
240(1)
Monitoring Virtual Environments
241(1)
Scope of the Problem
241(2)
Hypervisors
242(1)
Virtualization Management
242(1)
Virtualization Performance Metrics
243(2)
Maturity of Virtualization Monitoring
245(1)
VM Time
245(1)
VM Interference
245(1)
Cloud Monitoring and Performance
246(8)
Cloud Visibility
246(1)
Cloud Monitoring Metrics
247(2)
Cloud Benchmarking
249(1)
Cloud Performance Variations
250(1)
SLAB for the Cloud
251(1)
External Performance Measures
251(2)
Operational Metrics
252(1)
Capacity Planning
252(1)
Cloud KPIs
253(1)
Cloud Vendors' Performance
253(1)
Commercial Performance Tools
254(1)
System Performance Tools
254(1)
Application Performance Management
254(3)
Gartner and APM
257(1)
Database Performance Management
257(7)
RDBMS Monitors
257(5)
High-Level Metrics
258(1)
Database Metrics
258(1)
Operational Metrics
258(1)
General
258(1)
Oracle
259(1)
SolarWinds
259(1)
IBM DB2
260(1)
MySQL
260(1)
Informix
260(1)
Sybase
261(1)
NoSQL
261(1)
MongoDB
261(1)
Dell
262(1)
Other Databases
262(1)
In-Memory Databases
262(1)
In-Memory Database Performance
263(1)
Capacity Management and Planning
264(9)
Introduction and Justification
264(1)
What Is Capacity Management?
264(1)
ITIL View
265(1)
Capacity Planning Scope
265(1)
Methodology
266(1)
Steps to Take
267(1)
Modes of Operation
268(1)
Network Capacity Planning
269(1)
Suggested Method
269(1)
Summary
270(3)
Section IV Benchmarks And Benchmarking
9 Overview of Benchmarking
273(10)
Notes on Benchmarking Metrics
273(1)
What Is a Benchmark?
274(1)
Benchmark Metrics
275(1)
Why Run Benchmarks?
275(1)
Choosing a Benchmark
276(1)
Summary
276(1)
Running Benchmarks
277(4)
Introduction
277(1)
Simulating Multiple Users: Character Terminals
278(1)
Benchmarking "Do's"
279(1)
Structured Approach to Performance Testing
280(1)
Types of Benchmark
281(1)
Multitasking
281(1)
Multiuser
282(1)
Summary
282(1)
10 Commercial and Scientific Benchmarks
283(8)
Integer and Fixed-Point Benchmarks
283(1)
Commercial Benchmarks
283(3)
SAP Standard Application Benchmarks
283(1)
Oracle Applications Benchmark
284(1)
Relational Database Benchmarks
285(1)
Sysbench
285(1)
AS3AP
286(1)
Scientific Benchmarks
286(5)
Linpack
287(1)
Lapack
287(1)
NAMD V2.7b1
288(1)
ANSYS V11
289(1)
HPCG
289(1)
HPCC Benchmark
289(2)
11 SPEC Benchmarks
291(6)
Origins of SPEC
291(1)
SPEC Subgroups
291(1)
Current SPEC Benchmarks
292(1)
SPEC's Benchmarks
292(2)
CPU
292(1)
Graphics and Workstation Performance
292(1)
Handheld
292(1)
High-Performance Computing, OpenMP, MPI, OpenACC, OpenCL
293(1)
Java Client/Server
293(1)
Mail Servers
293(1)
Solution File Server
293(1)
Power
293(1)
SIP
294(1)
Virtualization
294(1)
Web Servers
294(1)
SPEC Tools
294(1)
SPEC CPU2006
294(1)
Specjbb
295(2)
New Features in SPECjbb2013
296(1)
12 The TPC and Other Benchmarks
297(20)
TPC Organization
297(1)
TPC-C Benchmark
298(1)
TPC-C Workload
298(1)
Typical TPC-C Setup
299(1)
TPC-D Benchmark
299(1)
TPC-H Benchmark
300(1)
TPC-R Benchmark
300(1)
Virtualization Environment Benchmarks
301(1)
Virtualization Performance Terminology
301(1)
TPC-VMS Benchmark
302(1)
SPECvirt_sc2013 Benchmark
303(2)
SPECvirt_sc2013 Metrics
304(1)
vConsolidate Benchmark
305(1)
VMmark Benchmark
305(3)
Original VMmark
306(1)
VMmark V2.x
306(2)
VMmark Results
308(1)
TPC Benchmarks That Didn't Make It
308(2)
TPC-S
308(1)
TPC-E
309(1)
TPC-CS
309(1)
TPC: State of the Art
309(1)
Classic Benchmark Reference
310(1)
Storage Benchmarks
310(7)
Standard Storage Benchmarks
311(2)
SPC
311(1)
SPC-1
311(1)
SPC-2
312(1)
SPC-2 Reported Data
313(1)
SPECsfs Benchmarks
313(1)
SPEC SFS2014 Results
314(1)
Other Storage References
314(3)
13 Network Performance Benchmarks
317(8)
Network Benchmarks
317(4)
Netperf
317(2)
CPU Utilization
318(1)
Using Netperf to Measure Bulk Data Transfer
318(1)
CPU Utilization in a Virtual Guest
319(1)
CPU Rate Calibration
319(1)
Five Free Network Performance Tools
319(2)
Commercial and Other Tools
321(4)
NetSpec
322(1)
Nettest
322(1)
TTCP
323(1)
Network Load Testing
323(2)
14 Virtualization Overview
325(10)
What Is Virtualization?
325(1)
Virtual Machines Today
325(4)
Full Virtualization
325(1)
Paravirtualization
326(1)
Performance Aspects of Virtualization
326(1)
Monitoring Virtual Machines
327(1)
Risks of Virtualization
328(1)
Cloud Overview
329(6)
Origins of Cloud Environment
329(1)
What Is Cloud Computing?
329(1)
Cloud Characteristics
329(1)
Cloud Characteristics (NIST 800-145)
330(1)
Cloud Service Models
330(1)
Cloud Deployment Models
331(1)
Resource Management in Virtualized Environments
332(1)
Physical versus Virtual Management
332(1)
SLAs and the Cloud
333(2)
15 High Availability and Disaster Recovery
335(12)
Relationship to Performance
335(12)
What Is HA?
335(1)
What Is DR?
336(1)
Backup and Recovery Performance Requirements
336(1)
RTO and RPO
336(1)
Recovery Time Objective
336(1)
Recovery Point Objective
336(1)
Backup and Restore
337(4)
Overview
337(1)
Backup and Restore Environment
338(1)
Backup Modes
339(1)
Backup Types
339(1)
Data Deduplication
340(1)
Data Replication
340(1)
Restoring Data
341(1)
Backup and Restore Performance
341(1)
Backup and Restore Media
341(1)
Virtual Environment Backup
342(1)
VCB
342(1)
Backup Products
342(1)
Other VM Backup Literature
343(1)
Backup and Restore: Speedup Methods
343(5)
Compression and Decompression
343(1)
WAN Optimization
344(3)
16 Other Topics
347(22)
Performance Overheads
347(1)
Virtual Machine Overheads
347(1)
Network Overheads
348(4)
Frame Relay
349(1)
ATM
349(1)
M PLS
350(1)
Ethernet
350(1)
Routing in TCP/IP
350(1)
Simple Transmission Math
351(1)
More Transmission Considerations
351(1)
Monitoring Overheads
352(1)
Other Overheads
352(1)
Latency: An Examination
352(10)
Overview
352(1)
Latency: More Detail
353(1)
Some Transmission Physics
353(1)
Latency: Some Math
354(1)
The Logic
355(1)
Importance of Differentiation
356(1)
Latency: Visual Detail
356(2)
Effective Data Rate
358(1)
Measuring Latency
359(1)
Latency: Summary
360(1)
Latency: Corroboration
361(1)
References
362(1)
Future Developments
362(7)
Network Speeds
362(1)
Ethernet Alliance "Speed" Road Map
363(1)
Photonic Chip
364(1)
Storage Speeds
364(1)
Processor Speed: Futures
365(1)
Memory Futures?
365(1)
Other Useful Documents
366(3)
17 Performance-Related Disciplines
369(32)
Introduction
369(1)
Why Discipline?
369(1)
Content
369(1)
Service Level Agreements
370(16)
SLA Introduction
370(1)
SLA Metrics
370(1)
Performance Metrics Environment
370(6)
A: Internal Metrics
371(2)
B: Internal Management Metrics
373(1)
C: Internal SLA Metrics
373(1)
D: External SLA Metrics
374(1)
E: Application Metrics
375(1)
Using Performance Metrics
376(2)
How Do We Measure Them?
376(1)
What Do We Do with Them?
376(1)
Performance Visualization
377(1)
Cloud Scenario
378(2)
SLAs and the Cloud
378(2)
Aside on Viewpoints
380(1)
Multilayer SLAs
381(1)
SLA: Availability and Quality of Service
382(1)
Elements of SLAs
382(2)
Types of SLA
384(1)
Potential Business Benefits of SLAs
384(1)
Potential IT Benefits
384(1)
Reasons for SLAs
384(1)
Cloud Supplier SLAs
385(1)
Cloud SLA References
385(1)
Performance Management: The Project
386(6)
Start-Up and Design Phase
386(1)
Management Flow
386(2)
Design and Start-Up
386(1)
Operations and Management
387(1)
Management Framework
388(1)
Project Definition Workshop
388(1)
Outline of the PDW
388(1)
PDW Method Overview
389(1)
Project Initiation Document
389(3)
PID Structure and Purpose
391(1)
Multistage PDW
392(1)
Delphi Techniques and Intensive Planning
392(2)
Delphi Technique
392(1)
Delphi: The Steps
393(1)
Change Management
394(3)
Change or Configuration Management
394(1)
Change Management and Control: Best Practice
394(1)
Change Operations
395(1)
Patch Management
396(1)
War Room
397
War Room Location
397(1)
Documentation
397
Section V Appendices
Appendix I Basic Queuing Theory
401(34)
Appendix II Historical Benchmarks
435(62)
Appendix III Terminology
497(22)
Appendix IV Some Performance Math
519(12)
Appendix V Distributed Systems Topics
531(14)
Appendix VI High-Performance Computing
545(14)
Appendix VII Summary and Overview of the Book
559(10)
Index 569
Terry Critchley