List of Figures |
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xxiii | |
List of Tables |
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xxix | |
Foreword |
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xxxi | |
Preface |
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xxxiii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xli | |
Author |
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xliii | |
Section I Performance Principles And Components |
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3 | (22) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (4) |
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An Approach to a Solution |
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4 | (1) |
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Performance: Leveling the Playing Field |
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5 | (2) |
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7 | (6) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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Fixed-Point or Integer Performance |
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11 | (1) |
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Integer Performance Table |
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11 | (1) |
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Floating-Point Performance |
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11 | (1) |
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Single versus Double Precision |
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12 | (1) |
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Factors Affecting Performance |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (5) |
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15 | (1) |
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Does Performance Have a Value? |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (2) |
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What Can We Do about Performance? |
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19 | (6) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (2) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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Role of Testing in Performance |
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23 | (2) |
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25 | (30) |
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25 | (1) |
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Moore's Law Giveth and... Taketh Away |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (2) |
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27 | (1) |
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Processor Utilization Breakdown |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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Central Processor (CPU) Architectures |
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30 | (1) |
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RISC and CISC Architectures |
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31 | (8) |
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Traditional System Design |
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32 | (1) |
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Superscalar Architectures |
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33 | (1) |
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Uniprocessor (UP) Architecture |
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34 | (1) |
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Symmetric Multiprocessor Architecture |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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Massively Parallel Processor Architecture |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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Implementations of Parallel Computing |
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38 | (1) |
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Evolution of Parallel Processing |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (2) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (7) |
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42 | (5) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (2) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (6) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (2) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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Cache Coherence in Multicore Chips |
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53 | (2) |
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3 Software and Performance |
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55 | (20) |
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Performance Role of Software |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (2) |
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Data Compression Benchmarks |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (2) |
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IEEE 754-2008 Floating-Point Standard |
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58 | (2) |
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60 | (2) |
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Compiler and Other Options |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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Software Performance "Gotchas" |
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62 | (5) |
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Security or Fault Tolerance |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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Transaction Processing (OLTP) |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (2) |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (4) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (3) |
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4 Performance: Magnetic Storage and Clusters |
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75 | (40) |
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Disks and Disk Architecture |
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76 | (3) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (2) |
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78 | (1) |
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Measurement of Disk Characteristics |
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79 | (3) |
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79 | (2) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (6) |
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86 | (1) |
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Hardware versus Software RAID |
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87 | (1) |
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RAID Access Characteristics: 1 |
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87 | (1) |
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RAID Access Characteristics: 2 |
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88 | (1) |
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RAID Access Characteristics: 3 |
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88 | (1) |
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RAID Performance References |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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Is There Life after RAID? |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (10) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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Solid-State Drives Overview |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (2) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (2) |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (6) |
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100 | (1) |
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Storage Performance Management |
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100 | (2) |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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NAS Benchmarks and Test Tools |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (4) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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Fiber Channel Architecture |
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108 | (1) |
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IBM Serial Storage Architecture (SSA) |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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Storage Performance Gotchas |
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110 | (1) |
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Clusters of Compute Nodes |
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110 | (5) |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (3) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (3) |
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115 | (34) |
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Factors Affecting Network Performance |
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115 | (1) |
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Network Performance Measures |
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116 | (1) |
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Communications Architectures |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (6) |
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Network Performance Factors |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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Classical Network: Parameters |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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Network Transmission Management |
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123 | (6) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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Error Detection and Correction |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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Network Performance Article Series |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (5) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (2) |
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WAN Optimization References |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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WAN Optimization: Aberdeen Magic Quadrant |
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135 | (1) |
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Enterprise and Science Networks |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (7) |
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Web Performance Working Group |
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136 | (1) |
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Website Access Flow and Bottlenecks |
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137 | (1) |
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Web Performance by Design |
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138 | (1) |
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Web Access: Where Does the Time Go? |
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138 | (1) |
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Good Web Performance References |
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139 | (1) |
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Poor Web Performance: Consequences |
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140 | (2) |
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Best Performance Practices |
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142 | (7) |
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Other Optimization Papers |
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|
142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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|
144 | (1) |
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|
144 | (1) |
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Financial and Productivity Aspects of Performance |
|
|
145 | (1) |
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146 | (3) |
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6 Graphics and Architecture |
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149 | (8) |
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149 | (2) |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (6) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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Shaded Polygons per Second |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (3) |
Section II The Performance Playing Field |
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|
7 Performance: Simple Theory and Concepts |
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157 | (38) |
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157 | (4) |
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157 | (1) |
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Making Performance Estimates |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
|
Queuing: Two Railway Scenarios |
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159 | (2) |
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161 | (6) |
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161 | (1) |
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|
161 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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|
162 | (1) |
|
What Determines Wait and Service Times? |
|
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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Terminology and Notations |
|
|
166 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
|
Why Is Utilization Important? |
|
|
167 | (1) |
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Management of Performance |
|
|
168 | (1) |
|
Importance of Systems Management |
|
|
168 | (1) |
|
Importance of Performance Management |
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|
168 | (3) |
|
Difference between Management and Monitoring |
|
|
170 | (1) |
|
Desired PM Solution Capabilities (BMC) |
|
|
170 | (1) |
|
Performance Management (PM) |
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171 | (4) |
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171 | (1) |
|
Importance of Performance Management |
|
|
172 | (1) |
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|
173 | (2) |
|
Stages of the Performance Life Cycle |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
Performance Definitions and Terms |
|
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175 | (2) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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|
177 | (2) |
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178 | (1) |
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|
178 | (1) |
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Performance: Good and Bad |
|
|
179 | (3) |
|
|
179 | (1) |
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|
180 | (1) |
|
|
181 | (1) |
|
What Degrades Performance? |
|
|
182 | (1) |
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|
182 | (1) |
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|
182 | (1) |
|
System Performance Concepts |
|
|
183 | (5) |
|
Military Analogy of Throughput |
|
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185 | (1) |
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|
186 | (2) |
|
Performance in Distributed Systems |
|
|
188 | (3) |
|
Distributed Systems Examples |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
Systems Network Architecture Mainframe Example |
|
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (4) |
Section III Performance In Practice |
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|
8 Performance: Design, Sizing, and Management |
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195 | (78) |
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Is the APM Cost Worth It? |
|
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (2) |
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SLAs: The Dawn of Realism |
|
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (2) |
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199 | (2) |
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Sample Performance Architecture |
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199 | (1) |
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Performance Architecture White Papers |
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|
200 | (1) |
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201 | (3) |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (2) |
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204 | (3) |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (2) |
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207 | (7) |
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Web Server Sizing: One Method |
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207 | (1) |
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Web Server Sizing: Another Method |
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208 | (1) |
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Web Server Sizing: Other Sources |
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209 | (1) |
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Web Server Sizing: Testing and Simulation |
|
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (3) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (4) |
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214 | (1) |
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Generic Monitoring or Management |
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215 | (1) |
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Synthetic Workload: Generic Requirements |
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215 | (2) |
|
What Entities Do We Measure? |
|
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217 | (1) |
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Use of a Ping Transaction |
|
|
217 | (1) |
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Performance Monitoring Methodology |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (11) |
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219 | (2) |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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Network Performance Tools |
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222 | (5) |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (2) |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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Network Performance: Aberdeen Magic Quadrant |
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227 | (1) |
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Web Response Time Metrics |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
|
Types of Performance Tool |
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229 | (1) |
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Native System Performance Tools |
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230 | (9) |
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230 | (1) |
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UNIX Performance Commands |
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230 | (2) |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
|
LINUX Performance Commands |
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232 | (4) |
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Linux Performance Tool References |
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235 | (1) |
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MVS and z/OS Performance Tools |
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236 | (1) |
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OpenVMS Performance Tools |
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|
237 | (2) |
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238 | (1) |
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|
238 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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Management of Performance Data |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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|
239 | (1) |
|
Virtual Machine Performance |
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|
240 | (6) |
|
Cloud or Virtualization Gotcha |
|
|
240 | (1) |
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Monitoring Virtual Environments |
|
|
241 | (1) |
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|
241 | (2) |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
Virtualization Management |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
Virtualization Performance Metrics |
|
|
243 | (2) |
|
Maturity of Virtualization Monitoring |
|
|
245 | (1) |
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|
245 | (1) |
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|
245 | (1) |
|
Cloud Monitoring and Performance |
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|
246 | (8) |
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|
246 | (1) |
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|
247 | (2) |
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|
249 | (1) |
|
Cloud Performance Variations |
|
|
250 | (1) |
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|
251 | (1) |
|
External Performance Measures |
|
|
251 | (2) |
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|
252 | (1) |
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|
252 | (1) |
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|
253 | (1) |
|
Cloud Vendors' Performance |
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|
253 | (1) |
|
Commercial Performance Tools |
|
|
254 | (1) |
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|
254 | (1) |
|
Application Performance Management |
|
|
254 | (3) |
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|
257 | (1) |
|
Database Performance Management |
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|
257 | (7) |
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|
257 | (5) |
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|
258 | (1) |
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|
258 | (1) |
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|
258 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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|
259 | (1) |
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|
260 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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|
260 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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|
261 | (1) |
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|
262 | (1) |
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|
262 | (1) |
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|
262 | (1) |
|
In-Memory Database Performance |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
Capacity Management and Planning |
|
|
264 | (9) |
|
Introduction and Justification |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
What Is Capacity Management? |
|
|
264 | (1) |
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|
265 | (1) |
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|
265 | (1) |
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|
266 | (1) |
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|
267 | (1) |
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|
268 | (1) |
|
Network Capacity Planning |
|
|
269 | (1) |
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|
269 | (1) |
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|
270 | (3) |
Section IV Benchmarks And Benchmarking |
|
|
9 Overview of Benchmarking |
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|
273 | (10) |
|
Notes on Benchmarking Metrics |
|
|
273 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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|
275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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|
277 | (4) |
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|
277 | (1) |
|
Simulating Multiple Users: Character Terminals |
|
|
278 | (1) |
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|
279 | (1) |
|
Structured Approach to Performance Testing |
|
|
280 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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|
281 | (1) |
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|
282 | (1) |
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|
282 | (1) |
|
10 Commercial and Scientific Benchmarks |
|
|
283 | (8) |
|
Integer and Fixed-Point Benchmarks |
|
|
283 | (1) |
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|
283 | (3) |
|
SAP Standard Application Benchmarks |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
Oracle Applications Benchmark |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
Relational Database Benchmarks |
|
|
285 | (1) |
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|
285 | (1) |
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|
286 | (1) |
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|
286 | (5) |
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287 | (1) |
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|
287 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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|
289 | (1) |
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|
289 | (2) |
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|
291 | (6) |
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|
291 | (1) |
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|
291 | (1) |
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|
292 | (1) |
|
|
292 | (2) |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
Graphics and Workstation Performance |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
High-Performance Computing, OpenMP, MPI, OpenACC, OpenCL |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
|
293 | (1) |
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|
293 | (1) |
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|
293 | (1) |
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|
293 | (1) |
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|
294 | (1) |
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|
294 | (1) |
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|
294 | (1) |
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|
294 | (1) |
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|
294 | (1) |
|
|
295 | (2) |
|
New Features in SPECjbb2013 |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
12 The TPC and Other Benchmarks |
|
|
297 | (20) |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
Virtualization Environment Benchmarks |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
Virtualization Performance Terminology |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
SPECvirt_sc2013 Benchmark |
|
|
303 | (2) |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
|
305 | (3) |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
|
306 | (2) |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
TPC Benchmarks That Didn't Make It |
|
|
308 | (2) |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
Classic Benchmark Reference |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
|
310 | (7) |
|
Standard Storage Benchmarks |
|
|
311 | (2) |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
|
314 | (3) |
|
13 Network Performance Benchmarks |
|
|
317 | (8) |
|
|
317 | (4) |
|
|
317 | (2) |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
Using Netperf to Measure Bulk Data Transfer |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
CPU Utilization in a Virtual Guest |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
Five Free Network Performance Tools |
|
|
319 | (2) |
|
Commercial and Other Tools |
|
|
321 | (4) |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
|
323 | (2) |
|
14 Virtualization Overview |
|
|
325 | (10) |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
|
325 | (4) |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
Performance Aspects of Virtualization |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
Monitoring Virtual Machines |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
329 | (6) |
|
Origins of Cloud Environment |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
Cloud Characteristics (NIST 800-145) |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
Resource Management in Virtualized Environments |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
Physical versus Virtual Management |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
|
333 | (2) |
|
15 High Availability and Disaster Recovery |
|
|
335 | (12) |
|
Relationship to Performance |
|
|
335 | (12) |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
Backup and Recovery Performance Requirements |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
|
337 | (4) |
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
Backup and Restore Environment |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
Backup and Restore Performance |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
Virtual Environment Backup |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
Other VM Backup Literature |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
Backup and Restore: Speedup Methods |
|
|
343 | (5) |
|
Compression and Decompression |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
|
344 | (3) |
|
|
347 | (22) |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
Virtual Machine Overheads |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
|
348 | (4) |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
More Transmission Considerations |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
352 | (10) |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
Some Transmission Physics |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
Importance of Differentiation |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
|
356 | (2) |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
|
362 | (7) |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
Ethernet Alliance "Speed" Road Map |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
366 | (3) |
|
17 Performance-Related Disciplines |
|
|
369 | (32) |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
|
370 | (16) |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
Performance Metrics Environment |
|
|
370 | (6) |
|
|
371 | (2) |
|
B: Internal Management Metrics |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
Using Performance Metrics |
|
|
376 | (2) |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
Performance Visualization |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
378 | (2) |
|
|
378 | (2) |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
SLA: Availability and Quality of Service |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
|
382 | (2) |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
Potential Business Benefits of SLAs |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
Performance Management: The Project |
|
|
386 | (6) |
|
Start-Up and Design Phase |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
|
386 | (2) |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
Operations and Management |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Project Definition Workshop |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
Project Initiation Document |
|
|
389 | (3) |
|
PID Structure and Purpose |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
Delphi Techniques and Intensive Planning |
|
|
392 | (2) |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
|
394 | (3) |
|
Change or Configuration Management |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
Change Management and Control: Best Practice |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
|
397 | |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
|
397 | |
Section V Appendices |
|
|
Appendix I Basic Queuing Theory |
|
|
401 | (34) |
|
Appendix II Historical Benchmarks |
|
|
435 | (62) |
|
|
497 | (22) |
|
Appendix IV Some Performance Math |
|
|
519 | (12) |
|
Appendix V Distributed Systems Topics |
|
|
531 | (14) |
|
Appendix VI High-Performance Computing |
|
|
545 | (14) |
|
Appendix VII Summary and Overview of the Book |
|
|
559 | (10) |
Index |
|
569 | |