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E-raamat: Histological Techniques: An Introduction for Beginners in Toxicology

(Sequani Limited, UK), (University of Birmingham, UK), (Sequani Limited, UK)
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-Nov-2015
  • Kirjastus: Royal Society of Chemistry
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781782625339
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Histological Techniques: An Introduction for Beginners in ToxicologySuurem pilt
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-Nov-2015
  • Kirjastus: Royal Society of Chemistry
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781782625339
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Histological techniques form the basis of many areas of research, yet they can often be poorly understood. Aimed at postgraduate students and those at an early stage of their career, this title provides a detailed and comprehensive introduction to histological techniques. With detailed images and slides, this book will provide a unique overview of the area while providing the reader with a guide to how to use and incorporate histological techniques within their own research. Written by experts working within the field, this book will be an essential handbook for anyone wanting to learn more about histological methods and how to apply them successfully.

This book will be an essential handbook for anyone wanting to learn more about histological methods and how to apply them successfully.

Arvustused

"Chapters 5, 6, and 7 constitute the core of the book and the most useful information for the target audience as well as for other professionals who are interested in understanding how tissue preparation occurs in a regular basis."







"some helpful hints to toxicologists, particularly in their formative years on how histology works. As such it is a valuable resource."







"The section on Introduction to Histopathology covers much ground in a succinct fashion and should be very useful to the audience in mind. It is factual and well organized. The section on the microscope is extensive and well written and should be useful to beginning pathologists as well as toxicologists and would be a good reference section to all interested in this field."







"In summary, this book is a valuable resource for training toxicologists, pathologists, and technicians, and it will be a good addition to ones reference library." * International Journal of Toxicology, 2015, Vol. 34(2) 211-214 *

Chapter 1 Introduction
1(31)
1.1 Histology for Toxicologists
1(3)
1.2 So Who is this Book for?
4(2)
1.3 What is Histology and What is Histopathology?
6(2)
1.4 Changes Often seen in Tissues
8(2)
1.5 Reasons for Studying Histology
10(7)
1.6 Organisation
17(1)
1.7 Histological Sections as Frames from a Cine Film
18(2)
1.8 Planning Toxico-histological Observations
20(12)
1.8.1 Defining the Question
20(2)
1.8.2 Choosing Staining Methods
22(1)
1.8.3 Planning the Observations
23(1)
1.8.4 Refining the Methods
23(1)
1.8.5 Identifying the Changes
24(7)
1.8.6 Where Next?
31(1)
Chapter 2 An Introduction to Histopathology
32(26)
2.1 The Responses of Tissues to Injury
32(6)
2.2 Acute Inflammation
38(4)
2.2.1 Vascular Component
38(2)
2.2.2 Cellular Component
40(2)
2.3 Chronic Inflammation
42(3)
2.4 Healing or Repair of Damaged Tissues
45(2)
2.5 Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia and Metaplasia
47(3)
2.5.1 Hypertrophy
47(1)
2.5.2 Hyperplasia
47(3)
2.5.3 Metaplasia
50(1)
2.6 Tumours: Benign and Malignant
50(6)
2.6.1 Benign Tumours
54(1)
2.6.2 Malignant Tumours
55(1)
2.7 Special Terms
56(1)
2.8 Concluding Remarks
57(1)
Chapter 3 The Light Microscope
58(47)
3.1 Introduction
58(3)
3.2 Ray Diagrams
61(3)
3.3 The Objective Lens
64(14)
3.3.1 Resolution
65(5)
3.3.2 Magnification
70(2)
3.3.3 Focal Length, Working Distance, Diameter of Field and Depth of Field
72(2)
3.3.4 Depth of Focus
74(1)
3.3.5 Coverslips and Spherical Aberration
75(1)
3.3.6 Labelling of Objectives
76(1)
3.3.7 Spring-loaded Objectives
77(1)
3.4 The Condenser
78(13)
3.4.1 Conjugate Planes
81(2)
3.4.2 Illumination of the Specimen and the Functions of the Lamp Condenser Diaphragm and the Sub-stage Diaphragm
83(6)
3.4.3 The Condenser, Again
89(2)
3.5 The Eyepiece(s)
91(3)
3.5.1 The Exit Pupil of the Eyepiece
93(1)
3.6 The Lamp Housing
94(1)
3.7 The Stage
94(1)
3.8 Operation
95(2)
3.8.1 How the Sub-stage Condenser is Locked in Place
95(1)
3.8.2 Centring the Condenser
95(1)
3.8.3 Adjusting the Sub-stage Diaphragm and Recording its Optimal Position
95(1)
3.8.4 The Focusing Controls
95(1)
3.8.5 The Objective Carrier and Parfocality
96(1)
3.8.6 Dealing with Dust and Dirt
96(1)
3.9 Field Finders
97(1)
3.10 Using the Microscope
98(3)
3.10.1 Setting up for Oil Immersion Microscopy
100(1)
3.11 Fluorescence Microscopy
101(4)
Chapter 4 How to Examine Histological Sections
105(33)
4.1 Introduction
105(1)
4.2 Scanning
106(1)
4.3 Examining Blind: “r;Blinding the Pathologist”r;
107(1)
4.4 Recognition of Tissues: Diagnosis of Sections
107(26)
4.4.1 What is the Tissue?
107(17)
4.4.2 Is the Tissue Normal?
124(8)
4.4.3 The Morphological Method
132(1)
4.5 Drawing (for Enthusiasts Only)
133(2)
4.5.1 Drawing as an Aid to Examining Histological Sections: How to do it
134(1)
4.6 Artefacts
135(3)
Chapter 5 Tissue Processing: Fixation, Dehydration and Clearing
138(32)
5.1 Fixation of Tissue
138(2)
5.2 Objectives of Fixation
140(2)
5.2.1 Preservation of Tissue
140(1)
5.2.2 Protection of Tissue from the Effects of Dehydration and Embedding
141(1)
5.3 Chemicals Used as Fixatives
142(1)
5.4 The Mechanisms of Fixation
142(1)
5.5 Other Properties of Primary Fixatives
143(3)
5.5.1 Penetration
143(2)
5.5.2 Swelling and Shrinking
145(1)
5.6 Fixative Mixtures
146(6)
5.6.1 Formaldehyde (HCHO)
146(2)
5.6.2 Which Fixative to Use?
148(1)
5.6.3 Deciding on the Quality of the Fixation
149(3)
5.7 How to Fix Samples of Tissue
152(5)
5.7.1 Immersion
152(1)
5.7.2 Fixation of Organs by Perfusion
153(2)
5.7.3 Fixation of Tissues that Curl or Contract
155(2)
5.8 Examining Sections to Assess the Quality of Fixation of the Tissue
157(1)
5.8.1 Diffusion Artefacts
157(1)
5.8.2 Distortion and Shrinkage Artefacts
157(1)
5.8.3 Pigment Formation
158(1)
5.9 Cytological Fixatives
158(2)
5.10 Tissue Processing
160(10)
5.10.1 Dehydration, with Alcohol
161(2)
5.10.2 Clearing
163(4)
5.10.3 Infiltration or Impregnation with Paraffin Wax
167(3)
Chapter 6 Paraffin Wax: Embedding and Section Cutting
170(38)
6.1 Paraffin Wax: Embedding and Section Cutting
171(1)
6.2 Embedding
171(17)
6.2.1 Trimming the Wax Block (not Needed if an Embedding Centre and Plastic or Metal Embedding Moulds have been Used)
173(2)
6.2.2 Fixing the Block to the Chuck of the Microtome
175(1)
6.2.3 Double Embedding Cutting Sections
176(1)
6.3.1 Basic Types of Microtome
177(2)
6.3.2 Microtome Knives
179(1)
6.3.3 Tilt and Clearance
180(1)
6.3.4 Starting to Cut: Using a Rotary Microtome
181(3)
6.3.5 Dodges and Tricks of the Trade
184(1)
6.3.6 When Things go Wrong
185(3)
6.4 Alternative Embedding Solutions: Celloidin and Frozen Sections
188(9)
6.4.1 Celloidin Sections
188(5)
6.4.2 Frozen Sections
193(4)
6.5 Attaching Sections to Slides and Mounting Finished Sections
197(11)
6.5.1 Attaching Sections to Slides
198(4)
6.5.2 Mounting Sections under Coverslips
202(6)
Chapter 7 Standard Staining Techniques
208(46)
7.1 Introduction
209(1)
7.2 Apparatus Needed for Staining
209(3)
7.3 Standard Methods
212(13)
7.3.1 Haematoxylin and Eosin, Iron Haematoxylin Stains
212(3)
7.3.2 The Staining Microscope
215(1)
7.3.3 Technique for Staining with Alum Haematoxylin and Eosin
216(4)
7.3.4 An Alternative Haematoxylin: One of Many
220(1)
7.3.5 Substitutes for Eosin
220(1)
7.3.6 Another Alternative Haematoxylin Stain
221(1)
7.3.7 Criticisms of H&E Staining
221(2)
7.3.8 Iron Haematoxylin
223(1)
7.3.9 The Celestine Blue-haemalum Method for Staining Nuclei
224(1)
7.4 Connective Tissue Stains
225(13)
7.4.1 Staining of Collagen Fibres
226(6)
7.4.2 Ribrin Stains
232(2)
7.4.3 Reticulin Fibres
234(3)
7.4.4 Staining for Elastic Fibres
237(1)
7.5 Staining for Carbohydrates and Mucosubstances
238(10)
7.5.1 The Complex Chemistry of Mucosubstances
238(3)
7.5.2 Why should One Wish to Stain Carbohydrates and Mucosubstances?
241(3)
7.5.3 Staining for Glycogen
244(2)
7.5.4 Alcian Blue Methods
246(2)
7.5.5 Further Remarks on the Staining of Mucosubstances
248(1)
7.6 Staining for Lipids
248(4)
7.6.1 Why should We Wish to “r;Stain”r; Lipids?
249(1)
7.6.2 Histological Appearance of Lipids
250(1)
7.6.3 Fixation of Tissue Prior to Preparation of Frozen Sections
250(1)
7.6.4 Oil Red O-triethyl Phosphate Method
251(1)
7.6.5 Other Methods
251(1)
7.7 Celloidin and Frozen Sections
252(1)
7.7.1 Celloidin Sections
252(1)
7.7.2 Frozen Sections
253(1)
7.8 Conclusion
253(1)
Chapter 8 The Theoretical Basis of Histological Staining
254(21)
8.1 Introduction
254(2)
8.2 Dyeing
256(15)
8.2.1 The Chemistry of Dyes
256(2)
8.2.2 Spectrophotometry Applied to Solutions of Dyes
258(2)
8.2.3 Naming of Dyes
260(1)
8.2.4 Chemical Classifications of Dyes
261(1)
8.2.5 Mechanisms of Attachment of Dyes to Components of Tissues
261(5)
8.2.6 Digression on Leucobases (for Enthusiasts Only)
266(1)
8.2.7 Accentuators and Accelerators
267(1)
8.2.8 Differential Staining
268(2)
8.2.9 Metachromasia
270(1)
8.3 Colouring but not Dyeing
271(3)
8.3.1 Silver Impregnation
271(1)
8.3.2 Production of Coloured Material in Tissue
272(1)
8.3.3 Colouring by Dissolving a Coloured Substance in a Fluid Contained in the Tissue
273(1)
8.4 Conclusion
274(1)
Chapter 9 Histochemistry
275(20)
9.1 Principles of Histochemical Methods
275(3)
9.2 Requirements of Histochemical Techniques
278(2)
9.2.1 Controls
279(1)
9.3 Why use Histochemical Techniques?
280(1)
9.4 Alkaline Phosphatase Histochemistry
281(1)
9.5 Immunohistochemistry
281(14)
9.5.1 What is Immunohistochemistry?
281(2)
9.5.2 Antibody Production
283(1)
9.5.3 Considerations before Applying IHC Techniques
284(1)
9.5.4 Optimising Your Method (Antibody Optimisation)
285(1)
9.5.5 Antigen Retrieval Methods
286(1)
9.5.6 Reducing Background Staining
287(2)
9.5.7 Amplification kits
289(1)
9.5.8 Using IHC as an Experimental Tool
290(1)
9.5.9 Basic Immunohistochemistry Protocol: Using Horseradish Peroxidise and DAB Detection
291(2)
9.5.10 Other Useful IHC Markers
293(2)
References 295(1)
Appendix 296(3)
Annotated Bibliography 299(11)
Subject Index 310
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