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E-raamat: Honor-Based Violence: Policing and Prevention

(University of Western Sydney, Australia), (London, UK), (St. Albans, UK)
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Honor-based violence (HBV) is a crime committed to protect or defend the honor of a family and/or a community. It is usually triggered by the victims behavior, which the family and/or community regards as causing offense or dishonor. HBV has existed for thousands of years but has only very recently become a focus of law enforcement, policy makers, and statutory and non-statutory agencies. A volume in the CRC Press Advances in Police Theory and Practice Series, Honor-Based Violence: Policing and Prevention is designed to assist all those who confront these crimes in understanding what HBV is, how it can be recognized, and how we can support the victims, families, and communities that experience it.

Topics include:











An overview of what is known about the psychological and cultural factors relevant to understanding of HBV





Gaps in current knowledge and the strengths and weaknesses of various investigative and management strategies





Factors related to risk assessment of HBV





Best practices, based on the authors experience, for individuals involved in all levels of policing HBVfrom first responders to those involved in strategic management





How working in partnership with multiple agencies can reduce risk, support investigations, and help protect victims





The importance of sensitivity toward differences in race, culture, and religion

The research and best practices are drawn largely from the work done by the Violent Crime Directorate of the Metropolitan Police Service (London, UK) managed by authors Gerry Campbell and Glen Lloyd. The accessible style of this text makes it a valuable resource for law enforcement and policing professionals who investigate these crimes and a suitable textbook for policing and criminal justice courses.
Series Editor's Preface xix
Prologue xxiii
About the Authors xxv
Acknowledgments xxvii
Introduction xxix
1 What Is Honor-Based Violence?
1(16)
Defining Honor-Based Violence
1(2)
Crime Types Associated With HBV
3(10)
HBV Directed Toward Children
3(1)
Sex-Selective Abortion
3(1)
Child Abuse and Neglect
4(1)
Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)
4(2)
HBV Later in Life
6(1)
Dowry
6(1)
Bride Price
6(1)
Forced Marriage
7(2)
Honor Killing
9(2)
Acid Attacks
11(1)
Blood Feuds
12(1)
Rape
12(1)
Impact of HBV
13(2)
Self-Harm
13(1)
Self-Immolation
14(1)
Suicide
14(1)
Conclusions
15(2)
2 Explanatory Theories of Honor-Based Violence
17(22)
Cultural Theories of HBV
18(7)
Honor Cultures
18(4)
The Evolution of Honor Cultures
22(2)
Maintenance of Honor Codes
24(1)
Honor Norms and HBV
24(1)
HBV as Male Violence
25(2)
Psychological Models of HBV
27(7)
Identity and HBV
27(5)
Honor, Shame, and Violence
32(2)
The Role of the Environment/Situation
34(1)
Theory of Planned Behavior and HBV
34(3)
Conclusion
37(2)
3 Effective Investigation of Honor-Based Violence 1: Primary Investigation
39(20)
Law Enforcement Responsibilities
39(1)
First Report of an HBV Crime
40(2)
Responding to a First Report
41(1)
Attitudes and Behavior Toward Those Reporting HBV
41(1)
Recording of HBV
42(1)
Location of the Victim
42(3)
Victim's Location Is Unknown
42(2)
Victim's Location Is Known
44(1)
Immediate Response
44(1)
Scenes of Crimes
45(5)
Multiple Crime Scenes
45(1)
Initial Crime Scene Response
45(1)
Crime Scene Preservation
45(2)
Cordoning off the Crime Scene
47(1)
Inner and Outer Cordons
47(1)
Cordon Management
48(1)
Legal Powers to Enforce Cordons
48(1)
Access to Crime Scenes
49(1)
Wider Scene Considerations
49(1)
Forensic Considerations
50(1)
Packaging of Exhibits
50(1)
Victim Examination
50(1)
Victims
50(3)
Victim Taken to the Hospital
50(2)
Victim Statements
52(1)
Victim Has Died
52(1)
Informing Next of Kin
52(1)
Witnesses
53(1)
Locating Witnesses
53(1)
Taking Witness Statements
53(1)
Suspects
54(2)
Identification of Suspects
54(1)
Intelligence
54(1)
Arrest
54(1)
Verification of Details
55(1)
Suspect Examination
55(1)
Supervision of Primary Investigations
56(1)
Role of the Senior Supervisor (Duty Officer)
57(1)
Conclusion
57(2)
4 Effective Investigation of Honor-Based Violence 2: Secondary Investigation
59(28)
Specialist Investigators
59(1)
Crime Scene Considerations
60(3)
Crime Scene Management
60(1)
Crime Scene Assessment
60(1)
Cross Contamination
61(1)
Crime Scene Search
61(1)
Appointment of a Crime Scene Investigator
61(1)
Recording of Crime Scenes
62(1)
Release of the Crime Scene
62(1)
Forensic Considerations
63(1)
Pathology
64(4)
Attendance of the Pathologist at the Crime Scene
65(1)
Postmortem
65(1)
Time of Death
65(1)
Identification of Victims
66(1)
Determining Fatal Injuries
66(1)
Attendance at Postmortem
66(1)
Postmortem Records
67(1)
Postmortem Photography
67(1)
Weapons
67(1)
Release of the Body
68(1)
Victims
68(4)
Risk Assessment
68(1)
Victim Age
69(1)
Medical Examination
69(1)
Interviewing Victims of HBV
69(1)
Consideration of a Victim's Wishes
70(1)
Victims Presenting Evidence in Court
70(1)
Witness Protection
71(1)
Partner Agencies
71(1)
Continued Engagement With Victims
71(1)
Uncooperative Victims
72(1)
Witnesses
72(7)
Identification of Witnesses
73(1)
Contacting Witnesses
73(1)
Risk Assessment of Witnesses
74(1)
Categorizing Witnesses
74(2)
Reluctant Witnesses
76(1)
Hostile Witnesses
76(1)
Interviewing Witnesses
76(2)
Interview Advisors
78(1)
Witnesses Who Become Suspects
78(1)
Witnesses Giving Evidence at Court
78(1)
Suspects
79(6)
Decision to Arrest
79(1)
Communication Strategy
80(1)
Arrest Strategy
80(1)
Arrest Strategy, Staff Requirements
81(1)
Briefing Arresting Officers
81(1)
Suspect Custody
82(1)
Collection of Material From Suspects
82(1)
Debrief of Arresting Officers
82(1)
Suspect Interviews
82(1)
Selection of Interviewers
82(1)
Briefing Interviewers
83(1)
Interviewer Access to Lead Investigator
83(1)
Debrief of Interviewers
83(1)
Interview Strategy
83(1)
Rapport-Based Interviews
84(1)
Interview Tactics
84(1)
Interview Topics
84(1)
Charging Suspects
84(1)
Overseas Offenses
85(1)
Use of Interpreters
85(1)
Conclusions
85(2)
5 Effective Investigation of Honor-Based Violence 3: Secondary Investigation, Issues With Offense Types
87(10)
Homicide
87(1)
Sexual Offenses
88(1)
Domestic Violence
89(1)
Threats
90(2)
Kidnapping
92(1)
False Imprisonment
93(1)
Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) Offenses
93(2)
Stalking and Harassment
95(1)
Offenses Abroad
95(1)
Conclusion
96(1)
6 Effective Investigation of Honor-Based Violence Offenses 4: Secondary Investigation, Family Liaison Officers, Supervision, and Prosecution
97(18)
Family Liaison Officers (FLOs)
97(8)
FLO Selection
98(1)
FLO Strategy
98(2)
FLO Priority Actions
100(1)
Record Keeping
101(1)
Family Confidence
101(1)
FLO Communication Policy
102(1)
Family Expectations
102(1)
Relationship Breakdown With FLOs
102(1)
FLOs and the Media
102(1)
Threats
103(1)
Timeline of Events
103(1)
FLOs and the Arrest of Family Members
103(1)
Interview of Family Members
103(1)
FLOs and Court
104(1)
Exiting Families
104(1)
FLO Welfare
104(1)
Supervision of Investigations
105(2)
Investigation Review
105(1)
Review of Primary Investigation
105(1)
Timing of Reviews
105(1)
Assigning Secondary Investigators
106(1)
Ad Hoc Supervision and Review
106(1)
Documentation
106(1)
Responsibilities
107(1)
Prosecution of HBV Offenses
107(5)
Complexity of HBV
107(1)
Early Consultation
108(1)
Covert Strategies
108(1)
Risk to Victims
108(1)
Decisions to Prosecute
108(1)
Disclosure of Evidence to Defense
109(1)
Prosecution of Minors
109(1)
Witness Protection During the Trial Process
110(1)
Child Witnesses
111(1)
Vulnerable Adults
111(1)
Use of Expert Evidence
111(1)
Use of Interpreters
112(1)
Immigration Status
112(1)
Conclusion
112(3)
7 Risk Management: Victim Risk and Community Impact Assessment
115(16)
What Is Risk Management?
115(3)
Defining Terms
116(1)
Risk Identification
116(1)
Risk Factors
116(1)
Dynamic and Static Risk Factors
117(1)
Repeated Risk Assessment
117(1)
Relative Risk
118(1)
Risk Management and HBV
118(8)
Information Sharing
119(1)
Cultural Background
119(1)
Models of Risk Identification and Assessment in HBV
120(1)
Risk Assessment Levels
121(1)
Risk Assessment to Risk Management
122(1)
Risk Aversion Is No Decision
123(3)
Community Impact Assessment
126(4)
Assessing the Impact of HBV on Communities
126(1)
Conducting a Community Impact Assessment
127(1)
Sources of Information
127(1)
EEP Model for Community Impact Assessment
127(1)
Community Risk Assessment and Management
128(1)
Community Consultation
129(1)
Conclusion
130(1)
8 Multiagency Working and Honor-Based Violence
131(8)
Developing Strategies
131(1)
HBV Lead Officer
131(1)
Health Professionals
132(1)
Education
133(2)
Children's Social Services
135(1)
Adult Social Services
136(1)
Vulnerable Adults
136(1)
Conclusions
137(2)
9 Communication Strategies
139(10)
Barriers to Reporting HBV
139(1)
Stakeholders to Whom Communication Is Directed
140(5)
Key Messages
141(1)
Key Messages to Victims of HBV
142(1)
Key Messages to Perpetrators
143(1)
Key Messages for Professionals
143(1)
Key Messages to Communities
144(1)
Methods of Communication
145(3)
Communication Media
145(1)
Manner of Communication
146(1)
Who Should Communicate Messages?
146(2)
Conclusion
148(1)
10 Children and Honor-Based Violence
149(22)
Age
149(1)
Age and HBV Crime Type
149(1)
Reporting Offenses
150(1)
Missing Persons
150(3)
Motives for Running Away From Home
150(1)
Reporting Missing Children
150(1)
Family Reports a Child Missing
151(1)
Friends or Peers Report a Child Missing
151(1)
School Teachers, Youth Leaders, or Other Professionals Report Child Missing
151(1)
False Allegations of Criminality
152(1)
Avoiding Making Assumptions
152(1)
HBV Incidents Involving Children
153(4)
Child Abduction
153(1)
Homicide
153(1)
Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)
154(1)
Forced Marriages
154(1)
Rape and Sexual Assault
154(1)
Domestic Violence
154(1)
Emotional Abuse
155(1)
Child Neglect
155(1)
Historical Abuse
156(1)
Psychological and Physical Effects of HBV Abuse on Children
156(1)
Intervention
157(1)
Safety of a Child
157(1)
Agencies Involved in HBV
157(1)
Multiagency Working
157(7)
Initial Assessment
158(1)
Initial Multiagency Strategy Meeting
158(1)
Records of Meetings
159(1)
Gathering of Evidence
159(1)
Interviewing of Child Victims
159(1)
Sharing of Information Between Agencies
160(1)
Security of Information
160(1)
HBV Child Protection Strategy Meetings
161(1)
Purpose of Child Protection Strategy Meetings
161(1)
Timing the First Child Protection Strategy Meeting
162(1)
Child Protection Strategy Meeting Attendees
162(1)
Key Issues to Be Addressed at All Child Protection Strategy Meetings
162(1)
Information Provided to Meetings
163(1)
Child Protection Plan
163(1)
Key Worker
163(1)
Law Enforcement Agencies Responsibilities in Child Protection Meetings
164(6)
Involvement of Family Members in Child Protection Strategy Meetings
165(1)
Risk Assessment and Management
166(1)
Child Protection Interventions
166(1)
Child Protection Strategy Review Meeting
167(1)
Removal of Child Protection
167(1)
Law Enforcement and the Investigation of Child HBV Crimes
168(1)
Investigator Expertise
168(1)
Roles of Primary and Secondary Investigation Officers
168(1)
Primary Investigating Officers in Child HBV Offenses
168(1)
Secondary Investigating Officers in Child HBV Offenses
169(1)
Use of Intelligence
169(1)
Geographical Transience
169(1)
Conclusion
170(1)
11 Concluding Remarks
171(6)
Defining HBV
171(1)
Explaining HBV
172(1)
Investigation, Risk Assessment, and Management of HBV
173(1)
Risk of Harm
173(1)
Risk Management
173(1)
Cultural Sensitivity and Managing HBV
174(1)
Communication
174(1)
Children and HBV
174(1)
Concluding Comments
175(2)
References 177(4)
Index 181(10)
International Police Executive Symposium (IPES) 191(4)
A Call for Authors 195
Karl Roberts is a forensic psychologist and professor of policing and criminal justice at the University of Western Sydney in Australia. He also has a joint appointment as associate professor of Criminal Justice at the University of Massachusetts, Lowell. His specific areas of expertise are within the broad field of interpersonal violence and law enforcement investigation, focusing on psychological and behavioral assessment of offenders, investigative interviewing, and threat assessment and management. He has particular interests in the psychology of honor and honor-based violence, and threat identification and management of violent crimes, such as stalking and honor-based crimes. He also has expertise in investigative interviewing by law enforcement and other agencies and has published a number of papers. He works closely with law enforcement and other agencies throughout Australia, the United Kingdom, Europe, and the United States providing training and advice to investigations in the form of threat assessments and investigative strategies. To date, he has provided advice to over 450 major police investigations.

Gerry Campbell is detective chief superintendent with 26 years of service in Londons Metropolitan Police Service (MPS). He is currently the borough commander in central Inner London. He also is currently the United Kingdoms Association of Chief Officers deputy lead for honor-based violence, forced marriage, and female genital mutilation. He co-authored ACPOs first honor-based strategy. While leading high-risk operations, he has also led Scotland Yards policy development relating to public protection including domestic violence, honor-based violence, hate crimes, and the management of registered sexual offenders and dangerous offenders. He has chaired and led a number of strategic groups relating to these crime genres and has been an important part of key national strategy groups. He has worked with the U.K. government and law enforcement and NGO colleagues from around the world including the United States, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Iraqi Kurdistan, Pakistan, and Australia.

Glen Lloyd is a detective chief inspector in Londons Metropolitan Police Service (MPS). He is currently working as a senior investigating officer in the Homicide and Serious Crime Command where his responsibilities include murder and other serious crime investigations. In his 21 years of service, Lloyd has served on some of Londons most challenging boroughs, investigating a wide variety of crimes as well as managing many criminal investigation departments from major crime, burglary, and robbery as well as within the field of public protection. He worked with co-author Gerry Campbell in the MPS Violent Crime Directorate where they had the lead for service delivery of HBV across the MPS. This involved working with Her Majestys (HM) government, ACPO (Association of Chief Police Officers), strategic partners, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in developing and enhancing the MPS response to HBV. This included providing both tactical and strategic advice on many and some of the most high profile HBV investigations in London and the United Kingdom.
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