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E-raamat: Hormones and Reproduction of Vertebrates, Volume 1: Fishes

Edited by David O. Norris (Professor Emeritus, University of Colorado, USA), Edited by Kristin H. Lopez (University of Colorado at Boulder, Colorado, USA)

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Ilmumisaeg: 04-May-2011
Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9780080962290

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Ilmumisaeg: 04-May-2011
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Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9780080962290

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This series of volumes represents a comprehensive and integrated treatment of reproduction in vertebrates from fishes of all sorts through mammals. It is designed to provide a readable, coordinated description of reproductive basics in each group of vertebrates as well as an introduction to the latest trends in reproductive research and our understanding of reproductive events. Whereas each chapter and each volume is intended to stand alone as a review of that topic or vertebrate group, respectively, the volumes are prepared so as to provide a thorough topical treatment across the vertebrates. Terminology has been standardized across the volumes to reduce confusion where multiple names exist in the literature, and a comprehensive glossary of these terms and their alternative names is provided.

* A complete, essential and up to date reference for research scientists working on vertebrate hormones and reproduction - and on animlals as models in human reproductive research.
* Covers the endocrinology, neuroendocrinology, physiology, behaviour and anatomy of vertebrate reproduction.
* Structured coverage of the major themes for all five vertebrate groups allows a consistent treatment for all.
* Special chapters elaborate on features specific to individual vertebrate groups and to comparative aspects, similarities and differences between them.

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An essential, one-stop reference for endocrinologists and those studying all aspects of the biology and control of vertebrate reproductive biology in fishes

Series Preface

xiii

Volume Preface

Contributors

xvii

1 Sex Determination in Fishes

(14)

1 Introduction

(1)

2 Sex Determination

(2)

3 Sexual Differentiation

(5)

3.1 Testicular Differentiation

(3)

3.2 Ovarian Differentiation

(2)

4 Environmental Effects on Sex Determination and Differentiation

(1)

5 Conclusions and Future Directions

(5)

Acknowledgements

(1)

References

(3)

2 Conserved and Divergent Features of Reproductive Neuroendocrinology in Teleost Fishes

(28)

1 Introduction

(1)

2 The Unique Hypothalamic---Pituitary---Gonadal (HPG) Axis of Teleosts

(1)

3 Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

(5)

3.1 Discovery of Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH) Genes in Teleosts

(1)

3.2 Two or Three Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH) Genes in Fishes

(1)

3.3 Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH) Distribution in the Brain of Fishes

(2)

3.4 Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH)'s Functions are Mediated by Multiple Receptors

(1)

3.5 Pulsatile Release of Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH) in Fishes?

(1)

4 Other Brain Factors Stimulating GTH Release

(1)

4.1 Neuropeptide Y (NPY)

(1)

4.2 γaminobutyric Acid (GABA)

(1)

4.3 Gonadotropin-inhibiting Hormone (GnIH)

(1)

5 Dopamine (DA), a Brain Inhibitor of Reproduction

(4)

5.1 Dual Brain Control of Pituitary Gonadotropins (GTHs) in Teleosts

(1)

5.2 Diversity of Dopamine (DA) Roles in the Control of Teleost Reproduction

(1)

5.3 Evolutionary Origin of Dopamine (DA) Inhibitory Control of Reproduction in Teleosts

(2)

5.4 Modulation of Dopamine (DA) Inhibitory System by Internal Factors

(1)

5.5 Modulation of Dopamine (DA) Inhibitory System by Environmental Cues

(1)

6 Kiss, a New Actor in the Brain's Control of Reproduction

(4)

6.1 Discovery of the Indispensable Role of Kiss in the Control of Reproduction in Mammals

(1)

6.2 Investigation of the Kisspeptin (Kp) System in Teleosts

(1)

6.3 Origin and Evolution of the Kisspeptin (Kp) System

(2)

6.4 The Kisspeptin (Kp) System in Fishes: Missing Link Between Growth/Metabolism and Reproduction

(1)

7 Sex Steroids in the Brain of Fishes

(3)

7.1 Aromatase Expression and High Sexual Plasticity of the Brain in Fishes

(1)

7.2 Classical Positive and Negative Feedbacks

(2)

7.3 Expression of Other Steroidogenic Enzymes in the Brain of Fishes

(1)

8 Conclusions and Perspectives

(9)

References

(8)

3 Testicular Function and Hormonal Regulation in Fishes

(22)

1 Introduction

(1)

2 Testis Structure and Spermatogenesis: an Overview

(3)

3 Testicular Hormones

(2)

3.1 Steroids

(1)

3.2 Additional Hormones and Signaling Molecules

(1)

3.3 Genomic Approaches

(1)

4 Endocrine Regulation of Testis Structure and Function

(2)

5 Temporal Aspects of Testicular Function

(1)

5.1 Development from Undifferentiated Gonad to Functional Testis

(1)

5.2 Release of Sperm

(1)

5.3 Seasonal Aspects of Testicular Function

(1)

6 Accessory Gonadal Structures

(3)

6.1 Testicular Glands and Testicular Blind Pouches

(1)

6.2 Seminal Vesicles

(1)

6.2.1 Seasonal variation

(1)

6.2.2 Steroidogenesis

(1)

6.2.3 Hormonal regulation

(1)

6.2.4 Components of seminal vesicle plasma and their functions

(1)

6.2.4.1 Ionic concentration, pH, and osmolality

(1)

6.2.4.2 Lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins

(1)

6.2.4.3 Steroid glucuronides and olfaction

(1)

7 Intraspecific Variation in Sperm Characteristics and Testicular Function

(2)

8 Conclusions

(8)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(7)

4 Regulation of Ovarian Development and Function in Teleosts

(18)

1 Introduction: Fish Models of Reproductive Strategies

(1)

2 Morphological Aspects of the Teleost Ovary and Stages of Oocyte Development

(2)

3 Differentiation of Primordial Germ Cells into Oogonia

(2)

4 Oogenesis, Oocyte Growth, and Development

(3)

5 Oocyte Maturation and Ovulation

(3)

6 Final Considerations

(7)

References

(6)

5 Thyroid Hormones and Reproduction in Fishes

(20)

1 Introduction

(1)

2 Thyroid Hormone Delivery

(5)

2.1 Regulation of Circulating Thyroid Hormone (TH) Levels

(3)

2.2 Thyroid Hormone (TH) Transporters

(1)

2.3 Thyroid Hormone (TH) Clearance

(1)

2.4 Thyroid Hormone (TH) Receptors

(1)

2.4.1 Nuclear triiodothyronine (T3) receptors

(1)

2.4.2 Plasma membrane thyroxine (T4) receptor

(1)

3 The Thyroid Tissue of Fishes

(1)

3.1 Thyroid Hormone (TH) Synthesis and Release

(1)

4 Thyroid Hormone (TH) and Reproduction In Fishes

(5)

4.1 Correlative Studies Examining Changes in Thyroid Hormone (TH) Function During Reproductive Maturation

(1)

4.2 Identification of Thyroid Hormone (TH) Regulatory Elements in Gonadal Tissue

(1)

4.3 Assessment of Thyroid Function Using Sex Steroid Treatment

(1)

4.4 Manipulation of Thyroid Function to Induce Changes in the Reproductive System

(1)

5 Conclusions

(8)

References

(7)

6 Stress and Reproduction

103

(16)

1 Introduction

103

(2)

1.1 Effectors of the Stress Response

103

(1)

1.2 Effectors of Reproductive Functions

104

(1)

2 Effects of Stress on the Hypothalamic---Pituitary---Gonadal (HPG) Axis

105

(3)

2.1 Effects of Stress on the Central Nervous System (CNS)

105

(1)

2.2 Effects of Stress at the Level of the Pituitary

106

(1)

2.3 Effects of Stress on Hepatic Vitellogenesis

106

(1)

2.4 Effects of Stress on Gonadal Function

107

(1)

3 Life Stage-Specific Effects of Stress on Reproduction

108

(2)

3.1 Impact of Stress During Embryonic and Larval Stages

108

(1)

3.2 Impacts of Stress on Puberty

109

(1)

3.3 Impacts of Stress on Adults

109

(1)

4 Effects of Sex and Reproduction on the Hypothalamic---Pituitary---Interrenal (HPI) Axis

110

(1)

5 Reproduction and Resistance to Stress

111

(1)

6 Conclusions

112

(7)

References

113

(6)

7 Hormones and Sexual Behavior of Teleost Fishes

119

(30)

1 Theoretical Constructs: Appetitive and Consummatory Phases

119

(1)

2 Patterns of Sexual Behavior

120

(7)

2.1 Defending and Preparing a Spawning Site

120

(2)

2.2 Finding and Choosing a Mate: Species Identification, Sexual Discrimination, and Mate Choice

122

(2)

2.3 Internal and External Fertilization

124

(1)

2.4 Sex-role Reversal

125

(1)

2.5 Alternative Reproductive Tactics

126

(1)

3 Endocrine Mechanisms Regulating Sexual Behavior

127

(8)

3.1 Gonadal Steroids

127

(1)

3.1.1 Gonadal Steroids and male sexual behavior

128

(3)

3.1.2 Gonadal steroids and female sexual behavior

131

(1)

3.2 Neuropeptides

132

(1)

3.2.1 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

132

(1)

3.2.2 Arginine-vasotocin (AVT)

133

(1)

3.2.3 Isotocin (IST)

134

(1)

3.3 Prostaglandins (PGs)

135

(1)

4 Brain Circuits Underlying Sexual Behavior in Fishes

135

(2)

5 Prospects for Future Research

137

(12)

5.1 In-vivo Imaging of Brain Activity

137

(1)

5.2 Molecular Biology

137

(1)

5.3 Genetics

138

(1)

Acknowledgements

138

(1)

References

139

(10)

8 Neuroendocrine Regulation in Sex-changing Fishes

149

(20)

1 Introduction

149

(1)

2 Hermaphroditism in Fishes

149

(3)

2.1 Protogynous Sex Reversal

151

(1)

2.2 Protandrous Sex Reversal

151

(1)

2.3 Bidirectional (Serial) Sex Reversal

152

(1)

3 Hypotheses of Natural Sex Reversal

152

(1)

4 Social Factors Affecting Sex Reversal

153

(1)

5 Neuroendocrine Factors Affecting Sex Reversal

154

(4)

5.1 Gonadal Steroids

154

(2)

5.2 Peptides

156

(1)

5.3 Monoamines

157

(1)

6 Studies on the Saddleback Wrasse

158

(11)

Future Research

164

(1)

References

164

(5)

9 Hormonally Derived Sex Pheromones in Fishes

169

(24)

1 Introduction

169

(1)

2 Hormonal Pheromones in Fishes

170

(14)

2.1 Goldfish and Related Cypriniforms

172

(1)

2.1.1 Female preovulatory steroid pheromone

173

(1)

2.1.2 Female Postovulatory prostaglandin pheromone

174

(1)

2.1.3 The male goldfish pheromone(s)

175

(1)

2.1.4 Hormonal pheromones in other cypriniforms

176

(1)

2.2 Order Salmoniformes

177

(1)

2.2.1 Genus Salmo: Atlantic Salmon and brown trout

177

(1)

2.2.2 Genus Salvelinus (chars)

178

(1)

2.2.3 Genus Oncorhynchus (Pacific salmon)

178

(1)

2.2.4 Hormonal pheromones and salmonid phylogeny

179

(1)

2.3 Order Perciformes

179

(1)

2.3.1 The Eurasian ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus)

179

(1)

2.3.2 The black and round gobies

180

(2)

2.3.3 Family Cichlidae

182

(2)

3 Hormonal Pheromones and the Issue of Species Specificity

184

(9)

Acknowledgements

188

(1)

References

188

(5)

10 Reproduction in Agnathan Fishes: Lampreys and Hagfishes

193

(16)

1 Introduction

193

(1)

2 Hagfish Reproduction

194

(3)

2.1.1 Sex differentiation

195

(1)

2.1.2 The ovary

195

(1)

2.1.3 The testis

196

(1)

2.2 Secondary Sexual Characteristics

196

(1)

2.3 The Hypothalamic---pituitary---gonadal (HPG) Axis of Hagfishes

196

(1)

2.3.1 Neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis

196

(1)

2.3.2 Reproductive hormones

196

(1)

3 Lamprey Reproduction

197

(7)

3.1 The Lamprey Gonad

197

(1)

3.1.1 Lifecycle

197

(1)

3.1.2 Development of larval gonads

197

(1)

3.1.3 The ovary

198

(1)

3.1.4 The testis

198

(1)

3.2 Secondary Sexual Characteristics

198

(1)

3.3 The Hypothalamic---pituitary---gonadal (HPG) Axis of Lampreys

198

(1)

3.3.1 Neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis

198

(1)

3.3.2 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

198

(1)

3.3.3 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRH-R)

199

(1)

3.3.4 Gonadotropin (GTH)

199

(1)

3.3.5 Glycoprotein hormone (GpH) receptors

200

(2)

3.3.6 Reproductive steroids

202

(1)

3.4 Circulating Hormones During Reproductive Cycles

203

(1)

4 Summary

204

(5)

References

205

(4)

11 Hormones and Reproduction in Chondrichthyan Fishes

209

(30)

1 Reproduction in Chondrichthyan Fishes

209

(2)

1.1 Reproductive Modes

209

(1)

1.2 Reproductive Cycles

210

(1)

1.3 Mating and Reproductive Behaviors

211

(1)

2 The Hypothalamic---Pituitary---Gonadal (HPG) Axis

211

(4)

2.1 Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH)

211

(2)

2.2 Pituitary Structure and Gonadotropins (GTHs)

213

(2)

3 Hormonal Regulation in Females

215

(4)

3.1 Structure and Function of the Female Reproductive Tract

215

(1)

3.2 Steroidogenesis, Steroidogenic Enzymes, and Steroid Receptors

216

(1)

3.3 Gonadal Steroid Cycling and Functions

217

(1)

3.3.1 17β-estradiol (E2)

217

(2)

3.3.2 Progesterone (P4)

219

(1)

3.3.3 Androgens

219

(1)

4 Hormonal Regulation in Males

219

(4)

4.1 Testicular Structure and Spermatogenesis

219

(1)

4.2 Steroidogenesis, Steroidogenic Enzymes, and Steroid Receptors

220

(1)

4.3 Gonadal Steroid Cycling and Functions

221

(1)

4.3.1 Androgens

221

(1)

4.3.2 Estrogens

222

(1)

4.3.3 Progesterone (P4)

223

(1)

5 Other Hormones Involved in Reproduction in Males and Females

223

(3)

5.1 Corticosterone (CORT)

223

(1)

5.2 Relaxin

223

(1)

5.3 Thyroid Hormones

224

(1)

5.4 Calcitonin (CT)

224

(1)

5.5 Serotonin (5-HT)

224

(1)

5.6 Neurohypophysial Hormones

225

(1)

6 Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Sexual Maturation

226

(3)

7 Hormones, Reproductive Behaviors, and Sensory Function

229

(1)

8 Environmental Influences on Circulating Hormone Levels and Reproduction

229

(1)

9 Conclusions and Future Directions

230

(9)

Acknowledgements

231

(1)

References

231

(8)

12 Hormones and Reproduction of Sarcopterygian Fishes

239

(6)

1 Introduction

239

(1)

2 Coelacanths

240

(1)

3 Lungfishes

240

(3)

3.1 Spawning

241

(1)

3.2 Parental Care of Young

241

(1)

3.3 Hormones Involved in Reproduction

241

(2)

4 Concluding Remarks

243

(2)

References

243

(2)

13 Endocrine-active Chemicals (EACs) in Fishes

245

(20)

1 Introduction

245

(1)

1.1 Endocrine Disruption in Fishes

246

(1)

2 Mechanisms of Endocrine-Active Chemical (EAC) Signaling

246

(2)

2.1 Estrogenic Signaling Pathways

247

(1)

2.1.1 Estrogen receptors (ERs)

247

(1)

2.1.2 Estrogen receptor (ER) ligand promiscuity

247

(1)

2.1.3 Estrogen additivity

247

(1)

2.2 Androgenic Signaling Pathways

248

(1)

2.3 The Effect of Endocrine-active Chemicals (EACs) on Steroidogenesis and Steroid Metabolism

248

(1)

3 Multidimensional Mixture Complexity

248

(1)

4 Consequences of Specific Life-Stage Exposures

248

(1)

5 Organizational and Activational Effects of Endocrine-Active Chemicals (EACs)

248

(4)

5.1 Organizational Disruption

249

(1)

5.1.1 Gonadal differentiation

249

(1)

5.1.2 Gonadal intersex

249

(2)

5.2 Activational Disruption

251

(1)

5.2.1 Vitellogenin (Vtg) induction in male fishes

251

(1)

5.2.2 Central activational effects: feedback disruption

252

(1)

5.2.3 Activation of gametogenesis

252

(1)

6 Evidence of Reproductive Disruption in Free-Living Fishes

252

(3)

6.1 Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) Effluent Interaction with Estrogen Signaling Networks

253

(1)

6.1.1 Steroidal estrogens in waste water treatment plant (WWTP) effluents

253

(1)

6.1.2 Synthetic steroidal estrogens in waste water treatment plant (WWTP) effluents

253

(1)

6.1.3 Nonsteroidal estrogenic compounds in waste water treatment plant (WWTP) effluent

253

(1)

6.2 Masculinizing Effects of Endocrine-active Chemicals (EACs)

254

(1)

6.3 Pesticides in the Environment

254

(1)

6.4 Neuroactive Pharmaceuticals in the Environment

255

(1)

6.5 Polycholorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in the Environment

255

(1)

7 Conclusions

255

(10)

References

256

(9)

Species Index

265

(2)

Subject Index

267

David O. Norris is Professor Emeritus at the University of Colorado. He obtained his BS from the Baldwin-Wallace University and his PhD from the University of Washington. His broad research areas include environmental endocrinology and forensic botany. In the area of environmental endocrinology, his studies have focused on the neuroendocrine control of thyroid, adrenal, and reproductive functions with special interest in the role of environmental factors that alter the activities of these neuroendocrine systems. Kristin H. Lopez obtained her MA and PhD at the University of Colorado Boulder. Her research interests include morphological and physiological aspects of vertebrate reproduction and development, especially sex differentiation and ovarian function in reptiles and amphibians. She has enthusiastically supported the development of young scientists through teaching, textbook development, outreach, and programs to increase diverse representation in STEM.

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