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E-raamat: Hostages and Human Rights: Towards a Victim-Centred Approach

(University of Bristol)
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 08-Jul-2021
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108755795
  • Formaat - PDF+DRM
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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 08-Jul-2021
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108755795

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Hostage-taking has increased in recent years and has become a problem of worldwide concern. Terrorists and pirates have used hostages in a rising number of incidents and the violence used has escalated alarmingly. Sofia Galani examines the taking of hostages from a victim's perspective, arguing that the international community has failed to protect them. By evaluating various international law concepts and frameworks, including jurisdiction in international law, state responsibility and international human rights law, Galani explains why we are still far from recognizing hostages as victims of human rights violations. She then addresses the question of what can be done to safeguard the human rights of hostages both in theory and practice. Being the first comprehensive study of the human rights of hostages, this book fills a critical gap in the literature for human rights lawyers and researchers in the field.

Arvustused

'This important book draws much-needed attention to the neglected human rights of hostages in international legal responses to hostage taking, particularly in countering terrorism and piracy. It deftly shows how the dominant framework of criminal suppression has paradoxically recognised the rights of perpetrators but not necessarily of victims, while state responsibility has focused largely on states' not victims' rights. It calls for victims to be protected through a human rights-centred approach, including by careful attention to its extraterritorial application. The book provides a rich account of doctrine, state practice, and policy, and stands out as the leading work in this area.' Ben Saul, University of Sydney 'The book adds a new critical perspective to the field. Its analysis of the jurisprudence is clear and informative, the discussion of the responsibilities and positive obligations of state and non-state actors is full of important insights and the analysis concerning preventive measures and safeguards is fascinating. This book is an outstanding piece of work.' Silvia Casale, CMG, Former President of the CPT / Former Chairperson of the SPT

Muu info

The first comprehensive study of the human rights of hostages.
Acknowledgements xi
Table of Cases
xiii
Table of Treaties
xxi
List of Abbreviations
xxv
1 Introduction
1(18)
I The Never-Ending Problem of Terrorist and Pirate Hostage-Taking
1(2)
II Hostage-Taking and Human Rights: The Need for a Victim's Perspective
3(5)
III Why Hostages?
8(2)
IV Defining the Hostage-Taking Offences
10(1)
A Terrorist Hostage-Taking
11(2)
B Pirate Hostage-Taking
13(1)
C Aerial Piracy
14(1)
D Hostage-Taking and Kidnapping
15(1)
V Structure of the Book
16(3)
2 Terrorist Hostage-Taking and the Anti-terrorism Conventions: The Lack of a Victim's Perspective in the Fight against Terrorism
19(31)
I Introduction
19(1)
II The Escalation and Changing Nature of Hijackings in the Era 1960-1970
20(1)
III International Responses to Aircraft Hijackings
21(9)
A The 1963 Tokyo Convention
22(1)
B The 1970 Hague Convention
23(4)
C The 1971 Montreal Convention
27(3)
D The Missed Opportunities to Protect the Victims of Aircraft Hijackings
30(1)
IV The 1979 International Convention against the Taking of Hostages (the Hostages Convention)
30(13)
A The Munich Massacre
31(1)
B The Entebbe Rescue Operation
32(1)
C The Iran Hostage Crisis
33(3)
D A Hostages Convention Not for Hostages
36(7)
V Hostage-Taking at Sea
43(5)
VI Conclusion
48(2)
3 Pirate Hostage-Taking and Counter-Piracy Measures: The Lack of a Victim's Perspective in the Fight against Modern Piracy
50(28)
I Introduction
50(1)
II Definitional Issues and Modern Piracy
51(2)
III The Nature of Modern Piracy
53(7)
A Southeast Asia
53(2)
B East Africa
55(2)
C West Africa
57(2)
D The Caribbean and Latin America
59(1)
IV The Impact of Modern Piracy on the Human Rights of Seafarers Taken Hostage
60(4)
V Counter-Piracy Responses: Pirates Come First
64(8)
A UNSC Resolutions
64(2)
B Criminal Law Enforcement
66(6)
VI Counter-Piracy Responses: A Glimpse of the Needs of the Victims of Piracy
72(5)
A Regional Agreements
73(2)
B Declaration Condemning the Acts of Violence against Seafarers
75(1)
C Other Soft Law Measures
76(1)
D Hostage Support Programme
76(1)
VII Conclusion
77(1)
4 Jurisdiction in International Law and State Responsibility: Why Accountability Cannot Protect the Human Rights of Hostages
78(39)
I Introduction
78(1)
II Jurisdiction in International Law
78(14)
A Treaty-Based Jurisdiction
80(5)
B The Universal Principle
85(5)
C Other Bases of Jurisdiction
90(2)
III State Responsibility for Hostage-Taking by Non-state Actors
92(24)
A The Grotian Conceptualisation of State Responsibility
93(2)
B The Law on State Responsibility and Hostage-Taking
95(2)
C Effective Control over Hostage-Taking
97(8)
D Hostage-Taking Acknowledged or Adopted by a State As Its Own
105(2)
E Hostage-Taking Carried Out in the Absence or Default of the Official Authorities
107(3)
F Failure to Prevent Hostage-Taking
110(5)
G Concluding Remarks on State Responsibility and Hostage-Taking
115(1)
IV Conclusion
116(1)
5 International Human Rights Law and the Human Rights of Hostages
117(52)
I Introduction
117(1)
II The Development of Negative and Positive Human Rights Obligations in IHRL
118(3)
III Negative Human Rights Obligations and Hostage-Taking: The Obligation of States Not to Take Hostages
121(2)
IV Positive Human Rights Obligations and Hostage-Taking
123(31)
A The Obligation of States to Prevent Hostage-Taking
123(5)
B The Obligation of States to Intervene and Put an End to Hostage-Taking
128(15)
G The Obligation of States to Investigate Hostage-Taking Situations
143(5)
D The Obligation of States to Remedy the Victims of Hostage-Taking
148(6)
V Extraterritorial Human Rights Obligations in Hostage Situations
154(13)
A The Jurisdictional Clauses of International Human Rights Treaties
154(2)
B The Extraterritoriality Tests in the Human Rights Jurisprudence
156(8)
C Applying the Tests to Extraterritorial Hostage-Taking "Situations: Two Scenarios
164(3)
VI Can the Human Rights Framework Fill the Gaps in the Protection of Hostages?
167(2)
6 State Practice in Hostage Crises and Human Rights: Mapping Gaps and Best Practices
169(48)
I Introduction
169(1)
II Prevention of Hostage-Taking
170(8)
A Terrorism
170(5)
B Piracy
175(3)
III Negotiations, Ransom Payments and Other Concessions
178(16)
A Terrorism
179(12)
B Piracy
191(3)
IV Rescue Operations
194(9)
A Terrorism
195(7)
B Piracy
202(1)
V Investigations
203(2)
A Terrorism
203(2)
B Piracy
205(1)
VI Compensation
205(8)
A Terrorism
206(4)
B Piracy
210(3)
VII Conclusion: Lessons Learnt from State Practice
213(4)
7 Concluding Remarks
217(6)
I Revisiting Anti-terrorism Conventions and Counter-Piracy Measures from a Victim's Perspective
217(2)
II Looking for Answers in International Law
219(2)
III Hostage-Taking and State Practice: Towards a Victim-Centred Approach
221(2)
Bibliography 223(14)
Index 237
Sofia Galani is a Lecturer in Law at the University of Bristol Law School. She has published in the areas of human rights, maritime security, the law of the sea and terrorism. She has provided legal advice to the UNODC, NGOs and the maritime industry on the protection of human rights at sea.