| Acknowledgements |
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xi | |
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xiii | |
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xxi | |
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xxv | |
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1 | (18) |
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I The Never-Ending Problem of Terrorist and Pirate Hostage-Taking |
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1 | (2) |
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II Hostage-Taking and Human Rights: The Need for a Victim's Perspective |
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3 | (5) |
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8 | (2) |
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IV Defining the Hostage-Taking Offences |
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10 | (1) |
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A Terrorist Hostage-Taking |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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D Hostage-Taking and Kidnapping |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (3) |
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2 Terrorist Hostage-Taking and the Anti-terrorism Conventions: The Lack of a Victim's Perspective in the Fight against Terrorism |
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19 | (31) |
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19 | (1) |
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II The Escalation and Changing Nature of Hijackings in the Era 1960-1970 |
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20 | (1) |
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III International Responses to Aircraft Hijackings |
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21 | (9) |
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A The 1963 Tokyo Convention |
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22 | (1) |
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B The 1970 Hague Convention |
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23 | (4) |
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C The 1971 Montreal Convention |
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27 | (3) |
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D The Missed Opportunities to Protect the Victims of Aircraft Hijackings |
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30 | (1) |
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IV The 1979 International Convention against the Taking of Hostages (the Hostages Convention) |
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30 | (13) |
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31 | (1) |
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B The Entebbe Rescue Operation |
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32 | (1) |
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C The Iran Hostage Crisis |
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33 | (3) |
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D A Hostages Convention Not for Hostages |
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36 | (7) |
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43 | (5) |
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48 | (2) |
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3 Pirate Hostage-Taking and Counter-Piracy Measures: The Lack of a Victim's Perspective in the Fight against Modern Piracy |
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50 | (28) |
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50 | (1) |
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II Definitional Issues and Modern Piracy |
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51 | (2) |
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III The Nature of Modern Piracy |
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53 | (7) |
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53 | (2) |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (2) |
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D The Caribbean and Latin America |
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59 | (1) |
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IV The Impact of Modern Piracy on the Human Rights of Seafarers Taken Hostage |
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60 | (4) |
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V Counter-Piracy Responses: Pirates Come First |
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64 | (8) |
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64 | (2) |
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B Criminal Law Enforcement |
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66 | (6) |
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VI Counter-Piracy Responses: A Glimpse of the Needs of the Victims of Piracy |
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72 | (5) |
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73 | (2) |
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B Declaration Condemning the Acts of Violence against Seafarers |
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75 | (1) |
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C Other Soft Law Measures |
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76 | (1) |
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D Hostage Support Programme |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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4 Jurisdiction in International Law and State Responsibility: Why Accountability Cannot Protect the Human Rights of Hostages |
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78 | (39) |
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78 | (1) |
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II Jurisdiction in International Law |
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78 | (14) |
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A Treaty-Based Jurisdiction |
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80 | (5) |
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B The Universal Principle |
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85 | (5) |
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C Other Bases of Jurisdiction |
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90 | (2) |
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III State Responsibility for Hostage-Taking by Non-state Actors |
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92 | (24) |
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A The Grotian Conceptualisation of State Responsibility |
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93 | (2) |
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B The Law on State Responsibility and Hostage-Taking |
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95 | (2) |
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C Effective Control over Hostage-Taking |
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97 | (8) |
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D Hostage-Taking Acknowledged or Adopted by a State As Its Own |
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105 | (2) |
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E Hostage-Taking Carried Out in the Absence or Default of the Official Authorities |
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107 | (3) |
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F Failure to Prevent Hostage-Taking |
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110 | (5) |
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G Concluding Remarks on State Responsibility and Hostage-Taking |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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5 International Human Rights Law and the Human Rights of Hostages |
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117 | (52) |
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117 | (1) |
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II The Development of Negative and Positive Human Rights Obligations in IHRL |
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118 | (3) |
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III Negative Human Rights Obligations and Hostage-Taking: The Obligation of States Not to Take Hostages |
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121 | (2) |
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IV Positive Human Rights Obligations and Hostage-Taking |
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123 | (31) |
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A The Obligation of States to Prevent Hostage-Taking |
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123 | (5) |
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B The Obligation of States to Intervene and Put an End to Hostage-Taking |
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128 | (15) |
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G The Obligation of States to Investigate Hostage-Taking Situations |
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143 | (5) |
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D The Obligation of States to Remedy the Victims of Hostage-Taking |
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148 | (6) |
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V Extraterritorial Human Rights Obligations in Hostage Situations |
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154 | (13) |
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A The Jurisdictional Clauses of International Human Rights Treaties |
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154 | (2) |
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B The Extraterritoriality Tests in the Human Rights Jurisprudence |
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156 | (8) |
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C Applying the Tests to Extraterritorial Hostage-Taking "Situations: Two Scenarios |
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164 | (3) |
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VI Can the Human Rights Framework Fill the Gaps in the Protection of Hostages? |
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167 | (2) |
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6 State Practice in Hostage Crises and Human Rights: Mapping Gaps and Best Practices |
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169 | (48) |
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169 | (1) |
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II Prevention of Hostage-Taking |
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170 | (8) |
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170 | (5) |
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175 | (3) |
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III Negotiations, Ransom Payments and Other Concessions |
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178 | (16) |
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179 | (12) |
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191 | (3) |
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194 | (9) |
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195 | (7) |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (2) |
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203 | (2) |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (8) |
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206 | (4) |
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210 | (3) |
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VII Conclusion: Lessons Learnt from State Practice |
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213 | (4) |
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217 | (6) |
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I Revisiting Anti-terrorism Conventions and Counter-Piracy Measures from a Victim's Perspective |
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217 | (2) |
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II Looking for Answers in International Law |
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219 | (2) |
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III Hostage-Taking and State Practice: Towards a Victim-Centred Approach |
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221 | (2) |
| Bibliography |
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223 | (14) |
| Index |
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237 | |