Acknowledgements |
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xiii | |
Introduction |
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1 | (4) |
1 Which words should be learned? |
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5 | (20) |
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5 | (1) |
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Importance of learning vocabulary |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (3) |
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9 | (12) |
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10 | (4) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (3) |
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Measuring knowledge of words according to their frequency |
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19 | (2) |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (2) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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24 | (1) |
2 Learning burden |
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25 | (18) |
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25 | (1) |
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Defining the learning burden |
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25 | (1) |
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Factors affecting difficulty |
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26 | (1) |
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Analysing the learning burden |
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27 | (9) |
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Aspect 1: Form-meaning connection |
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27 | (3) |
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Aspect 2: Word form: sounds and spelling |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (1) |
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Aspect 4: Receptive and productive use |
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33 | (1) |
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Aspect 5: Presentation and interference |
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34 | (2) |
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Some implications of the learning burden |
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36 | (2) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (2) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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40 | (3) |
3 Vocabulary size and growth |
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43 | (18) |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (3) |
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46 | (2) |
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Deliberate and incidental learning |
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48 | (2) |
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Incidental Learning Hypothesis: input through reading |
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50 | (2) |
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Spoken input and incidental vocabulary learning |
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52 | (2) |
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How 'intentional' is incidental vocabulary learning? |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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Expanding on incidental vocabulary learning theory |
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55 | (3) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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59 | (2) |
4 Conditions contributing to vocabulary learning |
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61 | (16) |
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61 | (1) |
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Framework of vocabulary learning conditions |
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61 | (3) |
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64 | (4) |
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Repetition and incidental learning |
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65 | (1) |
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Repetition and deliberate learning |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (6) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (2) |
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Varied encounters and varied use |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (1) |
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Effects of errors and wrong examples |
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74 | (1) |
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Implications for learning collocations |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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76 | (1) |
5 Analysing vocabulary learning activities |
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77 | (54) |
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77 | (1) |
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Principles for the selection of activities |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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Vocabulary learning activities |
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79 | (47) |
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79 | (2) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (2) |
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4 Task-focused spoken interaction |
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84 | (2) |
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86 | (2) |
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88 | (2) |
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90 | (3) |
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93 | (4) |
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97 | (2) |
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10 Vocabulary-focused comprehension questions |
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99 | (2) |
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101 | (2) |
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12 Reading with text highlighting |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (3) |
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107 | (2) |
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15 Computer-mediated written interaction |
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109 | (2) |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (3) |
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115 | (2) |
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117 | (2) |
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119 | (2) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (2) |
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124 | (2) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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128 | (3) |
6 Learning vocabulary in different contexts |
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131 | (20) |
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131 | (1) |
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Learning vocabulary in the EFL context |
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131 | (2) |
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Learning vocabulary in the ESL context |
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133 | (4) |
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135 | (2) |
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Teaching vocabulary to children |
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137 | (3) |
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Learning vocabulary in small classes |
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140 | (1) |
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Learning vocabulary in large classes |
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141 | (3) |
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Learning vocabulary at different levels of proficiency |
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144 | (3) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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Upper-intermediate to Advanced |
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145 | (2) |
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Teaching vocabulary when time is limited |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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149 | (2) |
7 Developing autonomous learners of vocabulary |
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151 | (28) |
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151 | (1) |
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Why do vocabulary learning strategies need to be taught? |
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151 | (1) |
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Three principles for teaching vocabulary learning strategies |
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152 | (1) |
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Principle 1: Classroom time |
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152 | (1) |
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Principle 2: The value of strategies |
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152 | (1) |
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Principle 3: Training and assessment |
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153 | (1) |
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Key strategies for autonomous vocabulary learning |
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153 | (22) |
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Strategy 1: Finding ways to encounter the L2 outside the classroom |
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154 | (5) |
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Strategy 2: Finding ways to use the L2 outside the classroom |
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159 | (3) |
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Strategy 3: Learning word parts: affixes and stems |
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162 | (7) |
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Strategy 4: Guessing from context |
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169 | (2) |
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Strategy 5: Using dictionaries effectively |
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171 | (2) |
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Strategy 6: Using flashcards |
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173 | (2) |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (2) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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177 | (2) |
8 Developing an effective vocabulary learning programme |
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179 | (16) |
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179 | (1) |
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Defining the four strands |
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179 | (3) |
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Flexibility of the four strands principle |
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181 | (1) |
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Contributions of the four strands to vocabulary learning |
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182 | (6) |
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Key features of meaning-focused input |
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182 | (3) |
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Key features of meaning-focused output |
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185 | (1) |
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Key features of language-focused learning |
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185 | (1) |
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Key features of fluency development |
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186 | (2) |
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Deciding what vocabulary to focus on |
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188 | (3) |
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188 | (2) |
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Measuring vocabulary knowledge |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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193 | (2) |
9 Resources for vocabulary learning |
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195 | (30) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (6) |
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196 | (1) |
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Lists of high-frequency words |
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197 | (2) |
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199 | (1) |
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Lists of multi-word combinations |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (7) |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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Picture Vocabulary Size Test |
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203 | (1) |
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Guessing from Context Test |
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204 | (2) |
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206 | (2) |
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208 | (1) |
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Corpora and concordancers |
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209 | (2) |
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211 | (6) |
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Resources for increasing incidental vocabulary learning |
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217 | (4) |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (3) |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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223 | (2) |
10 Key questions about vocabulary learning |
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225 | (20) |
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225 | (1) |
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Question 1: What is the teacher's role? |
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225 | (3) |
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Question 2: What is the student's role? |
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228 | (1) |
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Question 3: Why do some students make greater progress than others? |
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229 | (1) |
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Question 4: How much classroom time should be spent teaching vocabulary? |
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230 | (1) |
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Question 5: How many words should students learn at a time, and how often? |
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231 | (1) |
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Question 6: How much vocabulary should students learn per year? |
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232 | (1) |
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Question 7: What is the best way to group vocabulary for learning? |
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233 | (1) |
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Question 8: How should teachers select vocabulary activities? |
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234 | (3) |
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Question 9: When is meaning-focused input appropriate inside the classroom? |
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237 | (1) |
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Question 10: Is there value in language-focused learning? |
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238 | (2) |
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Question 11: Is it useful to provide students with the L1 translations of unknown words? |
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240 | (1) |
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Question 12: To what extent are words which are taught by teachers ever really known by students? |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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243 | (2) |
Appendices |
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245 | (30) |
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Appendix 1 Essential Word List |
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245 | (6) |
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Appendix 2 Vocabulary Levels Test (Version B) |
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251 | (12) |
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Appendix 3 25 useful word stems |
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263 | (4) |
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Appendix 4 Word Part Levels Test: Intermediate |
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267 | (8) |
Glossary |
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275 | (12) |
Website references |
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287 | (3) |
Bibliography |
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290 | (25) |
Index |
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315 | |