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E-raamat: How Vocabulary is Learned

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How Vocabulary Is Learned presents the major issues that relate to the teaching and learning of vocabulary. Written by leading voices in the field of second language acquisition, the book evaluates a wide range of practical activities designed to help boost students' vocabulary learning.

Arvustused

"Teachers will find answers to many of their perennial questions about vocabulary learning-as well as some they had not yet thought to ask! There is research evidence to support established practices, but also new evidence that challenges old ideas." * Patsy Lightbown (co-author of How Languages are Learned, with Nina Spada) * "a tremendous resource... the authors have worked at the cutting edge of research into teaching and learning vocabulary. This factor is apparent throughout the book. They revisit questions previously asked but which till now were never properly answered. Perhaps most importantly, they pose and address new ones for us all to consider." * EL Gazette * "...a comprehensive theoretical understanding of vocabulary learning and teaching, and a rich resource for pre-service and in-service teachers to conduct informed and efficient vocabulary teaching programmes... [ It is] particularly welcome for its effectiveness in linking state-of-the-art research findings and tools with classroom pedagogy in an accessible, cogent, and compendious reading. I am certain many teacher trainers will follow in placing it at the top of their recommended reading list for its thought-provoking and intriguing activities, and attentively chosen suggestions for further reading." * System * "How Vocabulary is Learned provides a balanced, accessible and thoughtful account of this most important of topics... This is an indispensable book for any language teacher interested in the role vocabulary should play in their teaching and their learners' list of priorities." * EFL Magazine * "The book is a fascinating and illuminating read." * Humanising Language Teaching * "The particular interest and value of this book for teachers, teacher trainers and materials writers is in its clear presentation of research results and, closely linked to these, persuasive recommendations for classroom practice." * Modern English Teacher *

Acknowledgements xiii
Introduction 1(4)
1 Which words should be learned? 5(20)
Introduction
5(1)
Importance of learning vocabulary
5(1)
Relative value of words
6(3)
Word frequency lists
9(12)
High-frequency words
10(4)
Low-frequency words
14(1)
Technical words
15(1)
Academic words
16(3)
Measuring knowledge of words according to their frequency
19(2)
Summary
21(1)
Keys to activities
22(2)
Suggestions for further reading
24(1)
2 Learning burden 25(18)
Introduction
25(1)
Defining the learning burden
25(1)
Factors affecting difficulty
26(1)
Analysing the learning burden
27(9)
Aspect 1: Form-meaning connection
27(3)
Aspect 2: Word form: sounds and spelling
30(2)
Aspect 3: Collocation
32(1)
Aspect 4: Receptive and productive use
33(1)
Aspect 5: Presentation and interference
34(2)
Some implications of the learning burden
36(2)
Summary
38(1)
Keys to activities
38(2)
Suggestions for further reading
40(3)
3 Vocabulary size and growth 43(18)
Introduction
43(1)
L1 vocabulary growth
43(3)
L2 vocabulary growth
46(2)
Deliberate and incidental learning
48(2)
Incidental Learning Hypothesis: input through reading
50(2)
Spoken input and incidental vocabulary learning
52(2)
How 'intentional' is incidental vocabulary learning?
54(1)
Attention
54(1)
Teacher explanation
54(1)
Dictionary use
55(1)
Expanding on incidental vocabulary learning theory
55(3)
Summary
58(1)
Keys to activities
59(1)
Suggestions for further reading
59(2)
4 Conditions contributing to vocabulary learning 61(16)
Introduction
61(1)
Framework of vocabulary learning conditions
61(3)
Repetition
64(4)
Repetition and incidental learning
65(1)
Repetition and deliberate learning
66(1)
Spacing of repetitions
66(1)
Increasing repetition
67(1)
Quality of attention
68(6)
Noticing
68(1)
Retrieval
69(2)
Varied encounters and varied use
71(2)
Elaboration
73(1)
Effects of errors and wrong examples
74(1)
Implications for learning collocations
75(1)
Summary
75(1)
Keys to activities
76(1)
Suggestions for further reading
76(1)
5 Analysing vocabulary learning activities 77(54)
Introduction
77(1)
Principles for the selection of activities
77(1)
Note on skill focus
78(1)
Vocabulary learning activities
79(47)
1 Extensive listening
79(2)
2 Classification
81(1)
3 Information transfer
82(2)
4 Task-focused spoken interaction
84(2)
5 Linked skills
86(2)
6 4/3/2
88(2)
7 Extensive reading
90(3)
8 Guessing from context
93(4)
9 Speed-reading
97(2)
10 Vocabulary-focused comprehension questions
99(2)
11 Interactive reading
101(2)
12 Reading with text highlighting
103(1)
13 Glossing
104(3)
14 Writing with feedback
107(2)
15 Computer-mediated written interaction
109(2)
16 Ten-minute writing
111(1)
17 Flashcards
112(3)
18 Keyword technique
115(2)
19 Word parts
117(2)
20 Dictionary use
119(2)
21 Dictation
121(1)
22 Semantic mapping
122(2)
23 Intensive reading
124(2)
Summary
126(1)
Keys to activities
127(1)
Suggestions for further reading
128(3)
6 Learning vocabulary in different contexts 131(20)
Introduction
131(1)
Learning vocabulary in the EFL context
131(2)
Learning vocabulary in the ESL context
133(4)
Priorities for teaching
135(2)
Teaching vocabulary to children
137(3)
Learning vocabulary in small classes
140(1)
Learning vocabulary in large classes
141(3)
Learning vocabulary at different levels of proficiency
144(3)
Beginner to Elementary
144(1)
Intermediate
145(1)
Upper-intermediate to Advanced
145(2)
Teaching vocabulary when time is limited
147(1)
Summary
147(1)
Keys to activities
148(1)
Suggestions for further reading
149(2)
7 Developing autonomous learners of vocabulary 151(28)
Introduction
151(1)
Why do vocabulary learning strategies need to be taught?
151(1)
Three principles for teaching vocabulary learning strategies
152(1)
Principle 1: Classroom time
152(1)
Principle 2: The value of strategies
152(1)
Principle 3: Training and assessment
153(1)
Key strategies for autonomous vocabulary learning
153(22)
Strategy 1: Finding ways to encounter the L2 outside the classroom
154(5)
Strategy 2: Finding ways to use the L2 outside the classroom
159(3)
Strategy 3: Learning word parts: affixes and stems
162(7)
Strategy 4: Guessing from context
169(2)
Strategy 5: Using dictionaries effectively
171(2)
Strategy 6: Using flashcards
173(2)
Summary
175(1)
Keys to activities
175(2)
Suggestions for further reading
177(2)
8 Developing an effective vocabulary learning programme 179(16)
Introduction
179(1)
Defining the four strands
179(3)
Flexibility of the four strands principle
181(1)
Contributions of the four strands to vocabulary learning
182(6)
Key features of meaning-focused input
182(3)
Key features of meaning-focused output
185(1)
Key features of language-focused learning
185(1)
Key features of fluency development
186(2)
Deciding what vocabulary to focus on
188(3)
Word frequency
188(2)
Measuring vocabulary knowledge
190(1)
Summary
191(1)
Keys to activities
192(1)
Suggestions for further reading
193(2)
9 Resources for vocabulary learning 195(30)
Introduction
195(1)
Word lists
195(6)
Criteria for selection
196(1)
Lists of high-frequency words
197(2)
Lists of academic words
199(1)
Lists of multi-word combinations
200(1)
Tests
201(7)
Vocabulary Levels Test
201(1)
Vocabulary Size Test
202(1)
Picture Vocabulary Size Test
203(1)
Guessing from Context Test
204(2)
Word Part Levels Test
206(2)
Flashcards
208(1)
Corpora and concordancers
209(2)
Lexical profilers
211(6)
Resources for increasing incidental vocabulary learning
217(4)
Written input
217(1)
Spoken input
218(3)
Summary
221(1)
Keys to activities
222(1)
Suggestions for further reading
223(2)
10 Key questions about vocabulary learning 225(20)
Introduction
225(1)
Question 1: What is the teacher's role?
225(3)
Question 2: What is the student's role?
228(1)
Question 3: Why do some students make greater progress than others?
229(1)
Question 4: How much classroom time should be spent teaching vocabulary?
230(1)
Question 5: How many words should students learn at a time, and how often?
231(1)
Question 6: How much vocabulary should students learn per year?
232(1)
Question 7: What is the best way to group vocabulary for learning?
233(1)
Question 8: How should teachers select vocabulary activities?
234(3)
Question 9: When is meaning-focused input appropriate inside the classroom?
237(1)
Question 10: Is there value in language-focused learning?
238(2)
Question 11: Is it useful to provide students with the L1 translations of unknown words?
240(1)
Question 12: To what extent are words which are taught by teachers ever really known by students?
240(1)
Summary
241(1)
Keys to activities
242(1)
Suggestions for further reading
243(2)
Appendices 245(30)
Appendix 1 Essential Word List
245(6)
Appendix 2 Vocabulary Levels Test (Version B)
251(12)
Appendix 3 25 useful word stems
263(4)
Appendix 4 Word Part Levels Test: Intermediate
267(8)
Glossary 275(12)
Website references 287(3)
Bibliography 290(25)
Index 315