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E-raamat: Human Dignity in International Law

(Universiteit Leiden)
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Over the past two centuries, the concept of human dignity has moved from the fringes to the centre of the international legal system. This book is the first detailed historical, theoretical and legal investigation of human dignity as a normative value, the intellectual sources that shaped its legal recognition, and the main legal instruments used to give it expression in international law. Ginevra Le Moli addresses the broad historical and philosophical developments relating to the legal expression of dignity and the doctrinal geography of human dignity in international law, with a focus on international humanitarian law, international human rights law and international criminal law. The book fills a major lacuna in the literature by providing a comprehensive account of dignity within international law that draws on an extensive documentary and archival basis and a vast body of decisions of international judicial and quasi-judicial bodies.

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A theoretical, historical and juridical exegesis of human dignity in international law over two centuries.
List of Figures
xiv
Acknowledgements xv
Table of Instruments
xvii
Table of Cases
xlvi
List of Abbreviations
lxiii
Introduction 1(14)
1 Analytical Framework
15(35)
1.1 Introduction
15(1)
1.2 Two Circles of Dignity
15(11)
1.2.1 Framing the Debate
15(1)
1.2.2 Dignitas or `Sovereign' Dignity
16(3)
1.2.3 Human Dignity
19(7)
1.3 Three Constitutive Stages
26(1)
1.4 Instruments
27(18)
1.4.1 Principles
30(4)
1.4.2 Rights
34(2)
1.4.3 Obligations
36(5)
1.4.4 Crimes
41(4)
1.5 The Argument
45(5)
1.5.1 A Narrative of Two Rival Circles of Dignity
46(2)
1.5.2 A Narrative of Secularization
48(2)
2 Two Circles of Dignity
50(36)
2.1 Introduction
50(1)
2.2 Sovereign Dignity
50(12)
2.2.1 The Stoics and Cicero
52(2)
2.2.2 Renaissance Humanism
54(4)
2.2.3 Sovereign Dignity and `State' Sovereignty
58(4)
2.3 Human Dignity
62(22)
2.3.1 Religious Dignity
62(1)
2.3.1.1 Judaism
63(3)
2.3.1.2 Christianity
66(6)
2.3.1.3 Islamic Dignity
72(3)
2.3.2 Kantian and Post-Kantian Dignity
75(3)
2.3.2.1 Kantian Dignity
78(2)
2.3.2.2 Post-Kantian Dignity
80(2)
2.3.2.3 A `Non-relational' Dignity
82(2)
2.4 The Turn to Human Dignity
84(2)
3 Three Constitutive Stages
86(87)
3.1 Introduction
86(2)
3.2 First Constitutive Stage: Christian Dignity as a Benchmark for Civilization
88(19)
3.2.1 Overview
88(5)
3.2.2 A Christian Dignity: From Dunant to the `Laws of Humanity'
93(8)
3.2.3 A `Humanitarian' Age
101(6)
3.3 Second Constitutive Stage: The Secularization of Human Dignity as a Norm
107(50)
3.3.1 Overview
107(4)
3.3.2 The Transformation of Human Dignity in the Inter-war Period
111(8)
3.3.3 The Human Dignity of the Individual
119(1)
3.3.3.1 Dignity as an Individual Entitlement
119(2)
3.3.3.2 Human Dignity at the Heart of International Organization
121(6)
3.3.3.3 Crossing the Rubicon: The Two 1948 Declarations
127(10)
3.3.3.4 `Shadow' Human Dignity
137(5)
3.3.4 The Expansion of Human Dignity: Individual and Collective Expression
142(1)
3.3.4.1 Two Competing Views: An Initial Synthesis
142(6)
3.3.4.2 The Two Human Rights Covenants: Two Paradigms of Human Dignity
148(9)
3.4 Third Constitutive Stage: The Criminalization of Assaults to Human Dignity
157(16)
3.4.1 An Actionable Human Dignity
157(2)
3.4.2 Utilitas versus Humanitas
159(4)
3.4.3 From The Hague to Nuremberg: The Rise of Individual Criminal Responsibility
163(7)
3.4.4 Back to The Hague: The Institutionalization of International Prosecution
170(3)
4 Human Dignity in International Humanitarian Law
173(43)
4.1 Introduction
173(2)
4.2 Human Dignity as a Principle
175(12)
4.2.1 The Principle of Humanity
176(1)
4.2.1.1 The Martens Clause and `Principles of Humanity'
176(4)
4.2.1.2 `Humanity' and `Human Dignity'
180(2)
4.2.1.3 Principle of Humanity and Its Functions
182(3)
4.2.2 The Principle of Distinction
185(2)
4.3 Human Dignity as a Right
187(7)
4.3.1 Individual Rights and Human Dignity
187(4)
4.3.2 Human Dignity as a Mother-Right
191(3)
4.4 Human Dignity as an Obligation
194(16)
4.4.1 Constraints Related to the Protective Regime
195(4)
4.4.2 Constraints on the Means and Methods of Warfare
199(1)
4.4.2.1 Prohibition of Indiscriminate Attacks
200(2)
4.4.2.2 Prohibition of Unnecessary Suffering
202(2)
4.4.2.3 Autonomous Weapons
204(6)
4.5 Human Dignity versus Sovereign Dignity
210(6)
5 Human Dignity in Human Rights Law
216(53)
5.1 Introduction
216(2)
5.2 Human Dignity as a Foundational Principle
218(20)
5.2.1 Regional Dimension
219(1)
5.2.1.1 Formulations and Terminology
219(4)
5.2.1.2 Incompatibility with the Principle of Human Dignity
223(4)
5.2.2 International Dimension
227(1)
5.2.2.1 Formulations and Terminology
227(8)
5.2.2.2 Incompatibility with the Principle of Human Dignity
235(3)
5.3 Human Dignity as a Right
238(15)
5.3.1 Right to Dignity
239(1)
5.3.1.1 Regional Dimension
239(4)
5.3.1.2 International Dimension
243(3)
5.3.2 Dignity as a Mother-Right
246(1)
5.3.2.1 Regional Dimension
247(3)
5.3.2.2 International Dimension
250(3)
5.4 Human Dignity as an Obligation
253(7)
5.4.1 Obligation to Respect Human Dignity
254(3)
5.4.2 Obligation to Protect Human Dignity
257(1)
5.4.3 Obligation to Ensure, Promote and Foster Human Dignity
258(2)
5.5 Human Dignity versus Sovereign Dignity
260(9)
5.5.1 Derogations and Human Dignity
261(2)
5.5.2 Unilateral Coercive Measures and Human Dignity
263(6)
6 Human Dignity in International Criminal Law
269(37)
6.1 Introduction
269(2)
6.2 International Crimes
271(24)
6.2.1 Genocide
271(3)
6.2.2 Crimes against Humanity
274(3)
6.2.2.1 Murder
277(1)
6.2.2.2 Imprisonment or Other Severe Deprivation of Physical Liberty
278(2)
6.2.2.3 Sexual Violence
280(3)
6.2.2.4 Persecution
283(1)
6.2.2.5 Other Inhuman Acts
283(1)
6.2.3 War Crimes
284(2)
6.2.3.1 Torture, Cruel or Inhuman Treatment
286(3)
6.2.3.2 Outrages upon Personal Dignity
289(3)
6.2.3.3 Causing Great Suffering
292(1)
6.2.3.4 Sexual Violence
293(1)
6.2.3.5 Slavery
294(1)
6.3 Prosecution
295(5)
6.3.1 Universal Jurisdiction: Principle of Universality and Aut dedere aut judicare
295(3)
6.3.2 Adjudicative Power
298(2)
6.4 Humanitas as the Foundation of International Criminal Law
300(6)
7 Bridging Narratives: Human Dignity and the Transformation of Internationa] Law
306(22)
7.1 Two Circles of Dignity
306(1)
7.2 Human Dignity and the Architecture of International Law
307(12)
7.2.1 Legal Consolidation
308(8)
7.2.2 Instruments
316(3)
7.3 A Secularized Dignity
319(4)
7.4 Widening the Circle: Anthropocentrism and the Dignity of Nature
323(5)
Select Bibliography 328(23)
Index 351
Ginevra Le Moli is Assistant Professor of International Law at the Grotius Centre for International Legal Studies, Leiden University, and a Fellow of the Cambridge Centre for Environment, Energy and Natural Resources Governance (C-EENRG), University of Cambridge.
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