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E-raamat: Human Rights Accountability Mechanisms of International Organizations

(Universitetet i Oslo)
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 16-Jul-2020
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108852210
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Human Rights Accountability Mechanisms of International OrganizationsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 16-Jul-2020
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108852210
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International organizations are becoming increasingly powerful. Consequently, they are now more capable than ever of violating the rights of individuals. This book establishes a framework for analyzing and assessing the human rights accountability mechanisms of international organizations, and applies it to three case studies.

International organizations are becoming increasingly powerful. Today, they affect the lives of individuals across the globe through their decisions and conduct. Consequently, international organizations are more capable of violating the human rights of individuals. But how can they be held to account for such violations? This book studies the procedural mechanisms that may hold international organizations to account for their human rights violations. It establishes a general framework for identifying, analyzing, and assessing the accountability mechanisms of international organizations. This general framework is then applied to three distinct cases: the EU's Common Security and Defence Policy missions, refugee camp administration by the UNHCR, and detention by the International Criminal Court. The overall conclusion is that none of the existing accountability mechanisms across the three cases fulfill the normative requirements set out in the general framework. However, there are significant variations between cases, and between different types of accountability mechanisms.

Arvustused

'International organizations of all kinds have well-documented failings when it comes to their accountability. In analysis cutting across three international organizations that have a distinct impact on individual rights, Johansen offers a damning assessment of the research subjects. Given the ever-growing impact that international organizations have in the modern system of governance, Johansen makes a clear, compelling case for organizational redesign to rectify the highlighted deficiencies.' Graham Butler, Associate Professor of Law, Aarhus University, Denmark 'It is an unfortunate fact that in 2020 there is still a need for literary works to expose gaping shortcomings in the human rights accountability of some international organizations. However, there is a need and the present book goes beyond simply dissecting the problem to demonstrate that the situation is not beyond repair. Rich in detail and astute with its in-depth examination of the issues, this book develops the normative yardsticks to construct in abstract a not only viable, but truly meaningful accountability mechanism. Building on this it provides the reader with a perspicacious legal analysis of three case studies involving UNHCR refugee camps, the EU's overseas mission and the ICC detention centre, which reveal with varying degrees of urgency the need for action. It is, in short, a book that is required reading to change the existing accountability-adverse mindset of too many within international organizations.' Kirsten Schmalenbach, Professor, Universität Salzburg

Muu info

Establishes a framework for analyzing and assessing the accountability mechanisms of international organizations, and applies it to three case studies.
Acknowledgments xiv
Table of Cases
xvi
Table of Treaties
xxv
Table of Documents and Instruments of International Organizations
xxviii
Table of Domestic Legislation
xxxvi
List of Abbreviations
xxxvii
Introduction 1(2)
1 Introduction
3(24)
1.1 Research Design: A Framework and Three Case Studies
5(3)
1.1.1 The Research Question
5(1)
1.1.2 A Framework
6(1)
1.1.3 Three Case Studies
7(1)
1.2 Methodology
8(7)
1.2.1 Doctrinal Legal Analysis
9(1)
1.2.2 Normative Standards for Assessing IO Accountability Mechanisms
10(2)
1.2.3 Qualitative Research Interviews as a Supporting Method
12(3)
1.3 Legal Sources
15(3)
1.3.1 Legal Sources and IO Accountability Mechanisms
15(1)
1.3.2 Secondary Law of IOs - Legal Status, Identification, and Interpretation
16(2)
1.4 Applying the Concept of Accountability to IOs and Individuals
18(9)
1.4.1 Defining Accountability
18(3)
1.4.2 The Accountability Relationship between IOs and Individuals
21(6)
A FRAMEWORK
27(90)
2 The Responsibility of IOs for Human Rights Violations
29(31)
2.1 Introduction
29(2)
2.2 IOs, Individuals, and the Law of International Responsibility
31(6)
2.2.1 IOs and the Codification of the Law of International Responsibility
32(3)
2.2.2 Internationa] Responsibility toward Individuals
35(2)
2.3 Attribution of Conduct and Indirect Responsibility
37(8)
2.3.1 Conduct of Organs or Agents of an IO
38(3)
2.3.2 Conduct of Organs of States Placed at the Disposal of an IO
41(2)
2.3.3 Indirect Responsibility - Complicity
43(2)
2.4 The Breach of an International (Human Rights) Obligation
45(15)
2.4.1 IO Constitutions and Secondary Law as Sources of Human Rights Obligations
47(2)
2.4.2 Treaty Law as a Source of IO Human Rights Obligations
49(2)
2.4.3 Customary Law as a Source of IO Human Rights Obligations
51(4)
2.4.4 General Principles of Law as a Source of IO Human Rights Obligations
55(3)
2.4.5 Summary
58(2)
3 IO Accountability Mechanisms: Definition, Typology, and Assessment
60(57)
3.1 Definition - What Is an IO Accountability Mechanism?
60(3)
3.2 A Typology of IO Accountability Mechanisms
63(27)
3.2.1 Administrative Appeals Procedures
64(3)
3.2.2 Internal Oversight Mechanisms
67(6)
3.2.3 Ombudspersons
73(2)
3.2.4 Inspection and Review Panels
75(2)
3.2.5 Treaty Bodies
77(1)
3.2.6 International Courts
78(6)
3.2.7 International Arbitral Tribunals
84(1)
3.2.8 Domestic Courts
85(5)
3.3 Assessing 10 Accountability Mechanisms
90(27)
3.3.1 The Theoretical Approaches
93(1)
3.3.1.1 The Right to an Effective Remedy as Lex Ferenda
93(5)
3.3.1.2 Procedural Justice
98(7)
3.3.1.3 The Relationship between the Two Theoretical Approaches
105(1)
3.3.2 The Normative Yardsticks
106(1)
3.3.2.1 Access
106(3)
3.3.2.2 Participation
109(1)
3.3.2.3 Neutrality
110(3)
3.3.2.4 Outcome
113(4)
THREE CASE STUDIES
117(185)
4 Case Study: The EU's Common Security and Defense Policy Missions
119(27)
4.1 Introduction
119(1)
4.2 CSDP Missions and the Need for Accountability
120(17)
4.2.1 CSDP Missions as Part of the Common Foreign and Security Policy
120(2)
4.2.2 FU Human Rights Obligations and CSDP Missions
122(3)
4.2.3 NAVFOR Atalanta - A Military CSDP Mission
125(1)
4.2.3.1 Structure and Exercise of Power
125(3)
4.2.3.2 Potential for Human Rights Violations
128(3)
4.2.4 EULEX Kosovo - a Civilian CSDP Mission
131(1)
4.2.4.1 Structure and Exercise of Power
131(3)
4.2.4.2 Potential for Human Rights Violations
134(3)
4.2.5 The Accountability Mechanisms Applicable to CSDP Missions - an Overview
137(1)
4.3 The Court of Justice of the EU
137(7)
4.3.1 Access - the CJEU's (Lacking) Jurisdiction over the CFSP
138(1)
4.3.1.1 The CFSP Carve-Out and Its Limits
138(2)
4.3.1.2 The Two Claw-Back Provisions
140(4)
4.3.2 Conclusion
144(1)
4.4 The European Ombudsman
144(2)
4.4.1 Access
145(1)
4.4.1.1 Lack of Direct Access
145(1)
4.4.1.2 Indirect and Informal Avenues for Complaints
146(28)
4.4.2 Participation
149(1)
4.4.3 Neutrality
150(1)
4.4.4 Outcome
151(2)
4.4.5 Summary
153(1)
4.5 Domestic Courts
153(7)
4.5.1 Access
153(1)
4.5.1.1 Jurisdictional Immunity before Domestic Courts in the Mission Area
153(1)
4.5.1.2 The Lack of Jurisdictional Immunity before the Courts of EU Member States
154(1)
4.5.1.3 Jurisdictional Competence
155(1)
4.5.2 Outcome
156(1)
4.5.2.1 The Potential Obstacle of Foto-Frost (Lack of Annulment Powers)
156(2)
4.5.2.2 Immunity as an Obstacle for Enforcement
158(2)
4.5.3 Summary
160(1)
4.6 Mission-Specific Accountability Mechanisms
160(12)
4.6.1 An Overview
160(1)
4.6.2 NAVFOR Atalanta's SOFA Claims Procedure(s)
161(3)
4.6.3 EULEX Kosovo's Human Rights Review Panel
164(1)
4.6.3.1 Access
165(3)
4.6.3.2 Participation
168(1)
4.6.3.3 Neutrality
169(1)
4.6.3.4 Outcome
170(1)
4.6.4 Summary
171(1)
4.7 Overall Assessment and Conclusion
172(2)
5 Case Study: UNHCR-Administered Refugee Camps
174(58)
5.1 Introduction
174(2)
5.2 The Evolution of the UNHCR's Mandate
176(2)
5.3 Refugee Camp Administration and the UNHCR
178(6)
5.3.1 Refugee Camp Administration as Exercise of Power
178(1)
5.3.2 The UNHCR's Role in Refugee Camp Administration
179(3)
5.3.3 Implementing Partners and the Attribution of Conduct to the UNHCR
182(2)
5.4 The Need for Accountability
184(7)
5.4.1 The Human Rights Obligations of the UNHCR
184(4)
5.4.2 Human Rights Violations in UNHCR-Administered Refugee Camps
188(3)
5.5 An Overview of UNHCR Accountability Mechanisms
191(2)
5.6 The UNHCR Inspector General's Office
193(16)
5.6.1 Introduction
193(2)
5.6.2 Access
195(4)
5.6.3 Participation
199(2)
5.6.4 Neutrality
201(1)
5.6.4.1 Independence
201(2)
5.6.4.2 Impartiality
203(3)
5.6.5 Outcome
206(2)
5.6.6 Summary
208(1)
5.7 The UN Office of Internal Oversight Services
209(10)
5.7.1 Access
211(2)
5.7.2 Participation
213(1)
5.7.3 Neutrality
214(4)
5.7.4 Outcome
218(1)
5.7.5 Summary
219(1)
5.8 Domestic Courts
219(11)
5.8.1 Access - Jurisdictional Competence
219(2)
5.8.2 Access - the UNHCR's Absolute Jurisdictional Immunity
221(8)
5.8.3 Summary
229(1)
5.9 Overall Assessment and Conclusion
230(2)
6 Case Study: The ICC Detention Centre
232(55)
6.1 Introduction
232(2)
6.2 The ICC Detention Centre
234(5)
6.2.1 The Conditions of Detention
234(1)
6.2.2 The Three Groups of Detainees
235(2)
6.2.3 Management of the Detention Centre
237(2)
6.3 The Need for Accountability
239(7)
6.3.1 The Human Rights Obligations of the ICC
239(4)
6.3.2 Human Rights Violations in Connection with ICC Detention
243(3)
6.4 An Overview of ICC Accountability Mechanisms
246(1)
6.5 The ICC's Administrative Appeals Procedure
247(15)
6.5.1 Introduction
247(1)
6.5.1.1 The Right to Complain and the Procedure before the CCO
247(2)
6.5.1.2 Appeals to the Registrar and the Presidency
249(1)
6.5.2 Access
250(1)
6.5.2.1 Appeals to the Registrar
250(3)
6.5.2.2 Appeals to the Presidency
253(2)
6.5.3 Participation
255(2)
6.5.4 Neutrality
257(2)
6.5.5 Outcome
259(2)
6.5.6 Summary
261(1)
6.6 (Pre-)Trial and Appeals Chambers
262(11)
6.6.1 Introduction
262(1)
6.6.2 Access
262(1)
6.6.2.1 Jurisdiction
263(6)
6.6.2.2 Admissibility
269(2)
6.6.3 Participation
271(1)
6.6.4 Neutrality
271(1)
6.6.5 Outcome
272(1)
6.6.6 Summary
273(1)
6.7 The Independent Oversight Mechanism
273(8)
6.7.1 Access
274(3)
6.7.2 Participation
277(1)
6.7.3 Neutrality
277(3)
6.7.4 Outcome
280(1)
6.7.5 Summary
281(1)
6.8 Domestic Courts
281(2)
6.9 Overall Assessment and Conclusion
283(4)
Conclusion
285(2)
7 Conclusion
287(15)
7.1 Key Findings and Overall Conclusion
287(5)
7.1.1 Access
287(1)
7.1.2 Participation
288(1)
7.1.3 Neutrality
289(2)
7.1.4 Outcome
291(1)
7.1.5 Overall Conclusion
292(1)
7.2 Hypotheses Generated by the Case Studies
292(3)
7.2.1 Variations between Cases
292(2)
7.2.2 Variations between Different Types of Accountability Mechanisms
294(1)
7.3 Broader Implications: Sketching an Agenda for Reform
295(7)
7.3.1 Enhancing Accountability by Curtailing Jurisdictional Immunity?
298(2)
7.3.2 Enhancing Accountability through Reform at the International Level
300(2)
Bibliography 302(18)
Index 320
Stian Øby Johansen is Associate Professor at the Centre for European Law at the University of Oslo. His scholarship has appeared in European Papers, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, German Law Journal, and Oxford International Organizations. He is Secretary of the Norwegian Branch of the International Law Association.
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