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E-raamat: Hunting Wildlife in the Tropics and Subtropics

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Hunting Wildlife in the Tropics and SubtropicsSuurem pilt
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The hunting of wild animals for their meat has been a crucial activity in the evolution of humans. It continues to be an essential source of food and a generator of income for millions of Indigenous and rural communities worldwide. Conservationists rightly fear that excessive hunting of many animal species will cause their demise, as has already happened throughout the Anthropocene. Many species of large mammals and birds have been decimated or annihilated due to overhunting by humans. If such pressures continue, many other species will meet the same fate. Equally, if the use of wildlife resources is to continue by those who depend on it, sustainable practices must be implemented. These communities need to remain or become custodians of the wildlife resources within their lands, for their own well-being as well as for biodiversity in general. This title is also available via Open Access on Cambridge Core.

A broad overview of hunting of wildlife for food (wild meat, bushmeat) in the most biodiverse regions of the world. This book is invaluable for advanced students, researchers and conservation and development professionals, as well as those interested in biodiversity, human livelihoods, culture and sustainability in the tropics and subtropics.

Arvustused

'An exceptionally detailed overview of hunting for subsistence and income by local and Indigenous people throughout the tropical regions. This wide-ranging review is combined with an equally thorough discussion of different approaches to the quantitative assessment of sustainability.' S. Sullivan, Conservation Biology

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Provides a comprehensive review of all topics related to the use and overuse of wildlife for their meat.
Foreword xiii
John G. Robinson
Preface xvii
Acknowledgements xx
List of Abbreviations
xxi
1 Eating Wild Animals
1(37)
1.1 Introduction
1(4)
1.2 Meat Eating and Hunting in Human Evolution
5(2)
1.3 Importance of Wild Animal Foods in Human Diets
7(4)
1.4 Species Hunted for Wild Meat
11(5)
1.4.1 Mammals
12(2)
1.4.2 Birds
14(1)
1.4.3 Reptiles and Amphibians
15(1)
1.5 Regional Differences in Species Hunted for Wild Meat
16(2)
1.6 Indigenous and Rural Peoples Hunt Differently
18(2)
1.7 Understanding Urban Wild Meat Markets
20(8)
1.8 How Much Wild Meat Do People Eat?
28(6)
1.9 The Aim of This Book
34(4)
2 The Backdrop
38(37)
2.1 Introduction
38(1)
2.2 Defining Tropics and Subtropics
39(1)
2.3 Main Biomes within the Tropics and Subtropics
40(2)
2.4 Wildlife Communities in Tropical and Subtropical Habitats
42(2)
2.5 Wildlife Biomass and Primary Productivity
44(6)
2.6 Available Huntable Mammalian Biomass Variation
50(12)
2.6.1 General
50(2)
2.6.2 Comparing Continents
52(10)
2.7 Pressures Affecting Wild Species
62(4)
2.8 Global Consumption of Wild Meat and Future Trends
66(3)
2.9 Overhunting: The Consequences of Increasing Demand
69(6)
3 How Human Hunters Hunt
75(48)
3.1 Introduction
75(2)
3.2 Hunting Technology
77(7)
3.2.1 Projectile Hunting: Changes for the Better
78(3)
3.2.2 Nets, Traps, Snares and Other Methods
81(3)
3.3 Modern Hunting Techniques
84(29)
3.3.1 Hunters Use Many Different Technologies
95(1)
3.3.2 Techniques Differ between Neighbouring Villages and Regions
96(2)
3.3.3 Firearms Are the Dominant Hunting Technology Today
98(4)
3.3.4 Modern Snares Are the Second Most Utilized Hunting Technology Globally
102(3)
3.3.5 Traditional Hunting Technology Generally Augments Modern Technology Today
105(8)
3.4 The Hunters
113(3)
3.5 Cultural Hunting Aspects
116(4)
3.6 The `Ecologically Noble Savage' Debate
120(3)
4 Hunting Optimally
123(26)
4.1 Introduction
123(1)
4.2 Optimal Foraging Theory Models
124(8)
4.3 Cultural Settings and the Optimal Foraging Theory
132(2)
4.4 Optimal Foraging Theory Applied to Human Foraging and Its Critics
134(2)
4.5 Alternatives to the Optimal Foraging Theory Models
136(3)
4.5.1 Theory of the Prudent Predator or Intelligent Predator
136(1)
4.5.2 Theory of Passive Selection of Prey
137(1)
4.5.3 Robust-Satisficing Model
138(1)
4.5.4 Optimal Stopping Diet Choice Model
138(1)
4.6 Prey Selection
139(1)
4.7 Selection of the Foraging Space
140(2)
4.8 Group Hunting versus Individual Hunting
142(1)
4.9 Sexual Division of Hunting Roles
143(1)
4.10 Handling and Distribution Strategies of Catches
144(1)
4.11 Conservation and Sustainability
145(4)
5 Estimating Sustainability
149(43)
5.1 Introduction
149(1)
5.2 Growth Rate and Maximum Sustainable Yield
150(3)
5.3 Indices Quantifying Population Trends over Time
153(4)
5.3.1 Direct Surveys of Population Density
154(1)
5.3.2 Catch Per Unit Effort over Time
155(2)
5.4 Indices Based on Full Demographic Models
157(5)
5.4.1 Estimation of the Population Growth Rate
160(2)
5.4.2 Population Viability Analysis and the Madingley General Ecosystem Model
162(1)
5.5 Quantitative Indices Based on Surplus Production Models
162(9)
5.5.1 Maximum Sustainable Yield Model
164(1)
5.5.2 Robinson and Redford Index
165(1)
5.5.3 Bodmer A and B Indices
166(1)
5.5.4 US National Marine Fisheries Service Index
167(2)
5.5.5 Modelling Parameter Uncertainty
169(2)
5.6 Early Warning Systems
171(10)
5.6.1 Comparing Populations between Sites
171(2)
5.6.2 Differences in Harvest Characteristics
173(2)
5.6.3 Changes in Body Mass
175(3)
5.6.4 Market Indices
178(3)
5.7 Ecosystem-Based Management
181(7)
5.7.1 Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management
181(3)
5.7.2 Shifting from Biological Indicators to Resilience Analysis for Wild Meat
184(4)
5.8 Putting the Theory into Practice
188(3)
5.9 Final Considerations
191(1)
6 Use and Overuse
192(34)
6.1 Introduction
192(1)
6.2 Global Wild Meat Extraction Estimates
192(5)
6.3 Evidence of Sustainability
197(3)
6.4 Drivers of Extraction
200(6)
6.4.1 Wealth and Proximity to Wildlife Areas
200(4)
6.4.2 Non-wealth Factors
204(2)
6.5 Spatial Patterns of Extraction
206(7)
6.6 Estimates of Overextraction
213(2)
6.7 Defaunation
215(11)
6.7.1 Defaunation Index
220(1)
6.7.2 Ecological Consequences of Defaunation
221(5)
7 Wild Meat and Zoonotic Diseases
226(40)
7.1 Introduction
226(2)
7.2 Re-emergent Zoonotic Diseases
228(2)
7.2.1 Plague
229(1)
7.2.2 Yellow Fever
230(1)
7.3 Pandemic Zoonotic Emerging Infectious Diseases
230(8)
7.3.1 COVID-19
231(2)
7.3.2 HIV/AIDS
233(2)
7.3.3 Ebola
235(3)
7.3.4 SARS
238(1)
7.4 Other Zoonotic Infectious Diseases
238(7)
7.4.1 Anthrax
239(1)
7.4.2 Hepatitis Viruses
239(1)
7.4.3 Lassa Virus
239(1)
7.4.4 Marburg Virus
240(1)
7.4.5 Mayaro Virus
240(1)
7.4.6 Monkeypox Virus
240(1)
7.4.7 Nipah Virus
241(1)
7.4.8 Simian Foamy Virus
242(1)
7.4.9 T-lymphotropic Viruses
242(1)
7.4.10 Tularaemia
243(1)
7.4.11 Others
243(2)
7.5 Risk Factors for Zoonotic Disease Emergence
245(11)
7.5.1 Hosts
245(1)
7.5.2 Wild Meat Hunting and Trade
245(6)
7.5.3 Environmental Change
251(4)
7.5.4 Poverty
255(1)
7.6 Solutions
256(10)
8 Closing the Gap
266(39)
8.1 Introduction
266(1)
8.2 Achieving Sustainable Wild Meat Use
266(12)
8.2.1 Improving the Sustainability of Local Wild Meat Supply
267(7)
8.2.2 Understanding the Drivers at a Landscape Level
274(4)
8.3 Governance and Legal Control of Wild Meat Use
278(12)
8.3.1 International Conventions
278(4)
8.3.2 Regional Governance Related to the Wild Meat Sector
282(4)
8.3.3 The Challenge of Legislating for Subsistence Hunting and Limited Sale
286(4)
8.4 Reducing the Demand for Wild Meat
290(5)
8.4.1 Stemming Increased Commercialization of the Wildlife Harvest
290(2)
8.4.2 Substituting with Other Meat Alternatives
292(3)
8.5 Balancing Conservation and Needs of Rural and Indigenous Peoples
295(3)
8.6 Concluding Remarks
298(7)
Appendix 1 Species and Genera 305(4)
Appendix 2 Glossary 309(10)
References 319(84)
Index 403
Julia E. Fa is Professor of Biodiversity and Human Development at Manchester Metropolitan University and Senior Research Associate at the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Indonesia. Her research embraces ecology, anthropology and development issues. She leads projects in Europe, Africa and Latin America. Stephan M. Funk is a passionate scientist leading the consultancy Nature Heritage to conserve biodiversity and natural heritage for our sustainable future. After training in ecology, genetics and biology and environmental management, he has worked in Europe, Southeast Asia, Africa, the Caribbean and South America. Robert Nasi is the Director General of the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Indonesia. He has lived and travelled extensively in Africa, Asia and the Pacific, undertaking research in ecology and management of tropical forests.
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