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E-raamat: Hydropneumatic Suspension Systems

  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 30-Sep-2021
  • Kirjastus: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783662637722
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Hydropneumatic Suspension SystemsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 30-Sep-2021
  • Kirjastus: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783662637722
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Hydropneumatic suspension systems combine the excellent properties of gas springs with the favourable damping properties of hydraulic fluids. The advantages of these systems are particularly appropriate for mobile applications, such as agricultural and construction equipment as well as passenger cars, trucks and busses. Based on his 20 years of experience with this technology, Dr. Bauer provides in this book an extensive overview of hydropneumatic suspension systems. Starting with a comparison of different types of suspension systems, the author subsequently describes the theoretical background associated with spring and damping characteristics of hydropneumatic systems. Furthermore, he explains the design of the most important system components and gives an overview of level control systems, various special functions, patents and design examples. Finally, an outlook for future hydropneumatic suspension systems is discussed. Compared to the first edition, this new edition puts an additional focus on damping functions as well as applications / projects and contains various additional details such as proportional valves, all-wheel suspension or dediated power supply. Furthermore, suspension testing has been added as a new chapter.

Arvustused

 

1 Suspension Systems Basics
1(22)
1.1 Requirements for Suspension Systems
1(4)
1.1.1 Minimize Accelerations on the Isolated Side
2(2)
1.1.2 Equalize Variations of Vertical Wheel Forces
4(1)
1.2 Suspension Technology Basics
5(7)
1.2.1 General Setup of a Suspension System
6(1)
1.2.2 General Behavior of a Suspension System
6(4)
1.2.3 Alteration of Suspension Parameters
10(2)
1.3 Hydropneumatic Suspension Compared to Other Suspension Methods
12(9)
1.3.1 Comparison of Spring Characteristics
12(4)
1.3.2 Comparison of Damping Characteristics
16(1)
1.3.3 Level Control
17(1)
1.3.4 Non-functional Requirements
18(3)
1.4 Applications for Hydropneumatic Suspension Systems
21(2)
2 Spring and Damping Characteristics of Hydropneumatic Suspension Systems
23(54)
2.1 General Setup and Working Principle
23(2)
2.2 Spring Characteristics
25(32)
2.2.1 Thermodynamic Background
26(3)
2.2.2 Calculation Predeterminations
29(1)
2.2.3 Non Preloaded Hydropneumatic Suspension Systems
30(9)
2.2.4 Systems with Mechanical Preload
39(6)
2.2.5 Systems with Constant Hydraulic Preload
45(8)
2.2.6 Systems with Variable Hydraulic Preload
53(4)
2.3 Damping Characteristics
57(16)
2.3.1 Boundary Friction Damping
59(5)
2.3.2 Fluid Friction Damping
64(7)
2.3.3 End-of-Stroke Damping
71(2)
2.4 Combined Operation of Spring and Damper
73(4)
3 Dimensioning of the Hydropneumatic Suspension Hardware
77(30)
3.1 Dimensioning of the Hydraulic Spring Components
77(19)
3.1.1 Cylinder
79(2)
3.1.2 Accumulator Gas Precharge
81(3)
3.1.3 Detailed Calculation of p0 and V0
84(12)
3.2 Dimensioning of the Hydraulic Damping Elements
96(11)
3.2.1 Single-Acting Cylinder in a System Without Hydraulic Preload
97(2)
3.2.2 Double-Acting Cylinder in a System Without Hydraulic Preload
99(3)
3.2.3 Double-Acting Cylinder in a System with Hydraulic Preload
102(1)
3.2.4 End-of-Stroke Damping
103(4)
4 Hydraulic Components Design
107(56)
4.1 Cylinders
107(17)
4.1.1 Function and Requirements
107(1)
4.1.2 Types of Cylinders
108(6)
4.1.3 Sealing Elements
114(5)
4.1.4 End-of-Stroke Damping
119(3)
4.1.5 Types of Support Elements
122(2)
4.2 Accumulators
124(11)
4.2.1 Function and Requirements
124(2)
4.2.2 Types of Accumulators
126(3)
4.2.3 Methods to Reduce Diffusion Pressure Loss
129(2)
4.2.4 Usage of Pressure Relief Valves
131(2)
4.2.5 Integration into Available Design Space
133(2)
4.3 Flow Resistors
135(10)
4.3.1 Non Adjustable Orifices and Throttles
135(2)
4.3.2 Flow Direction Depending Resistors
137(4)
4.3.3 Adjustable Flow Resistors
141(4)
4.4 Hydraulic Lines and Fittings
145(10)
4.4.1 Function and Requirements
145(2)
4.4.2 Required Flow Cross Section
147(1)
4.4.3 Tubes
148(3)
4.4.4 Hoses
151(3)
4.4.5 Fittings
154(1)
4.5 Control Manifolds
155(8)
4.5.1 Functions and Requirements
156(2)
4.5.2 Block Design
158(5)
5 Level Control
163(28)
5.1 Self-Pumping Suspension Elements
163(3)
5.2 Mechanical Level Control with External Hydraulic Power Supply
166(3)
5.3 Electronic Level Control with External Hydraulic Power Supply
169(18)
5.3.1 Function
169(1)
5.3.2 Hydraulic Circuits Using On/Off-Valves
170(4)
5.3.3 Hydraulic Circuits Using Proportional Valves
174(4)
5.3.4 Control Algorithms
178(9)
5.4 Electronic Level Control with Dedicated Power Supply
187(4)
6 Special Functions of Hydropneumatic Suspension Systems
191(24)
6.1 Suspension Lockout
191(5)
6.1.1 Lockout by Blocking the Hydraulic Circuit
192(2)
6.1.2 Lockout at the Compression End Stop
194(1)
6.1.3 "Quasi-lockout" Through High Spring Stiffness
195(1)
6.2 Adjustment of the Zero Position
196(2)
6.3 Alteration of Roll and Pitch Behavior
198(7)
6.3.1 Coupling Cylinders on Corresponding Sides
199(1)
6.3.2 Decoupling Cylinders
200(1)
6.3.3 Coupling Double-Action Cylinders on Opposite Sides
201(4)
6.4 Spring Rate Adjustment by Selective Connection of Accumulators
205(2)
6.5 Tire-to-Ground Force Optimization in All-Wheel Suspension Systems
207(8)
7 Suspension Testing
215(20)
7.1 Goals of Suspension Testing
216(4)
7.1.1 Functional Testing
216(2)
7.1.2 Durability Testing
218(2)
7.2 Test Scenarios and Methods
220(3)
7.3 Measurements, Evaluation and Optimization
223(5)
7.3.1 Pressure
224(1)
7.3.2 Position/Displacement
225(1)
7.3.3 Acceleration
226(1)
7.3.4 Online Versus Offline Evaluation
227(1)
7.4 Typical Project Testing Steps
228(7)
7.4.1 Initial Function Testing/Analysis
229(1)
7.4.2 Hardware-In-The-Loop (HIL) Testing
230(1)
7.4.3 Laboratory Functional Testing
231(1)
7.4.4 Machine Functional Testing
232(1)
7.4.5 Durability Testing
233(2)
8 Design Examples
235(22)
8.1 Tractor Front Axle Suspension TLS by John Deere
235(7)
8.2 Passenger Car Axle Suspension by Citroen
242(10)
8.3 Suspension Projects---Lessons Learned
252(5)
9 Important Patents
257(24)
9.1 Improvement of Suspension Characteristics
258(13)
9.1.1 DE1755095
258(1)
9.1.2 DE19719076
259(1)
9.1.3 DE10107631
259(3)
9.1.4 DE10337600
262(1)
9.1.5 DE4221126
263(1)
9.1.6 DE4234217
263(1)
9.1.7 US9039021
264(2)
9.1.8 DE4223783
266(1)
9.1.9 US6167701
267(1)
9.1.10 DE19949152
267(2)
9.1.11 US6398227
269(1)
9.1.12 DE102008012704
270(1)
9.2 Roll Stabilization and Slope Compensation
271(6)
9.2.1 GB890089
271(1)
9.2.2 DE3427508
272(1)
9.2.3 DE10112082
273(1)
9.2.4 US4411447
273(2)
9.2.5 US6923453
275(2)
9.3 Suspension Lockout
277(4)
9.3.1 US3953040
277(1)
9.3.2 DE4308460
277(2)
9.3.3 DE4032893
279(2)
10 Looking into the Future
281(6)
10.1 Components
281(1)
10.2 Systems
282(2)
10.3 Energy Consumption
284(1)
10.4 Trend Towards Electronics
285(2)
Index of Symbols and Abbreviations 287(4)
References 291(6)
Index 297
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