Preface |
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xiii | |
Acknowledgements |
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xvii | |
About the Companion Website |
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xix | |
1 Introduction to Power Transmission |
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1 | (58) |
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1 | (3) |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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1.2 Mechanical Transmissions |
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4 | (11) |
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4 | (2) |
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6 | (2) |
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8 | (3) |
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1.2.4 Continuously and Infinitely Variable Transmissions |
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11 | (4) |
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1.3 Hydraulic Transmissions |
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15 | (4) |
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1.4 Hydrostatic Transmissions |
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19 | (21) |
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1.4.1 Operational Principles |
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19 | (13) |
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1.4.2 Formal Definition of Hydrostatic Transmissions |
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32 | (2) |
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1.4.3 Classification of Hydrostatic Transmissions |
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34 | (6) |
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1.4.4 Efficiency Considerations |
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40 | (1) |
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1.5 Hydromechanical Power-Split Transmissions |
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40 | (11) |
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1.5.1 General Classification |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (7) |
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1.6 Mechanical and Hydrostatic Actuators |
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51 | (5) |
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1.6.1 Mechanical Actuators |
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51 | (1) |
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1.6.2 Hydrostatic Actuators |
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52 | (1) |
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1.6.3 Hydrostatic Actuation Versus Valve Control |
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53 | (2) |
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1.6.4 Multiple Cylinder Actuators |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (2) |
2 Fundamentals of Fluid Flows in Hydrostatic Transmissions |
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59 | (39) |
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59 | (20) |
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59 | (5) |
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64 | (15) |
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2.2 Fluid Flow in Hydraulic Circuits |
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79 | (15) |
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79 | (2) |
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2.2.2 Internal Flow in Conduits |
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81 | (4) |
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2.2.3 Flow Through Orifices |
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85 | (2) |
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2.2.4 Leakage Flow in Pumps and Motors |
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87 | (6) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (2) |
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96 | (2) |
3 Hydrostatic Pumps and Motors |
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98 | (68) |
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3.1 Hydrostatic and Hydrodynamic Pumps and Motors |
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98 | (4) |
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3.2 Hydrostatic Machine Output |
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102 | (15) |
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3.2.1 Average Input—Output Relations |
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102 | (2) |
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3.2.2 Instantaneous Pump Output |
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104 | (8) |
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3.2.3 Instantaneous Motor Output |
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112 | (4) |
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3.2.4 Further Efficiency Considerations |
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116 | (1) |
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3.3 Hydrostatic Pump and Motor Types |
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117 | (18) |
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3.3.1 Radial Piston Pumps and Motors |
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117 | (2) |
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3.3.2 Axial Piston Pumps and Motors |
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119 | (9) |
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3.3.3 Gear Pumps and Motors |
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128 | (2) |
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3.3.4 Vane Pumps and Motors |
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130 | (1) |
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3.3.5 Digital Displacement Pumps and Motors |
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131 | (4) |
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3.4 Energy Losses at Steady-State Operation |
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135 | (6) |
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135 | (3) |
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3.4.2 Overall Efficiencies |
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138 | (1) |
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3.4.3 Simplified Efficiency Equations |
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138 | (1) |
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3.4.4 Efficiency Relations |
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139 | (2) |
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3.5 Modelling Pump and Motor Efficiencies |
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141 | (21) |
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141 | (3) |
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3.5.2 Volumetric Efficiency Modelling |
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144 | (10) |
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3.5.3 Overall Efficiency Modelling |
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154 | (6) |
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3.5.4 Mechanical Efficiency |
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160 | (2) |
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162 | (2) |
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164 | (2) |
4 Basic Hydrostatic Transmission Design |
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166 | (41) |
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4.1 General Considerations |
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166 | (2) |
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4.1.1 Output Speed Control |
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166 | (1) |
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4.1.2 Transmission Losses |
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167 | (1) |
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4.2 Hydrostatic Transmission Efficiency |
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168 | (15) |
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169 | (2) |
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171 | (2) |
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4.2.3 Minor Pressure Losses |
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173 | (3) |
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4.2.4 Practical Application |
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176 | (7) |
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183 | (1) |
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4.4 Steady-State Design Applications |
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184 | (14) |
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4.4.1 Case Study 1. Fixed-Displacement Motor and Variable-Displacement Pump |
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185 | (7) |
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4.4.2 Case Study 2. Fixed-Displacement Pump and Variable-Displacement Motor |
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192 | (6) |
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4.5 External Leakages and Charge Circuit |
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198 | (3) |
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4.6 Heat Losses and Cooling |
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201 | (3) |
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4.6.1 Sizing of the Heat Exchanger |
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201 | (2) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (2) |
5 Dynamic Analysis of Hydrostatic Transmissions |
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207 | (36) |
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207 | (12) |
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5.1.1 Pressure Surges during Transients |
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208 | (3) |
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5.1.2 Mechanical Vibrations and Noise |
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211 | (3) |
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5.1.3 Natural Circuit Oscillations |
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214 | (3) |
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5.1.4 Resonance and Beating |
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217 | (2) |
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219 | (1) |
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5.2 Modelling and Simulation |
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219 | (21) |
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220 | (3) |
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5.2.2 Case Study 1. Purely Inertial Load with a Step Input |
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223 | (8) |
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5.2.3 Case Study 2. Variable Pump Flow |
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231 | (9) |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (2) |
6 Hydrostatic Actuators |
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243 | (40) |
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6.1 Introductory Concepts |
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243 | (4) |
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6.1.1 Circuit Operational Quadrants |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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6.1.4 Double-Rod and Single-Rod Actuators |
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245 | (2) |
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6.2 Hydrostatic Actuator Circuits |
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247 | (28) |
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6.2.1 Design 1. Dual-Pump, Open-Circuit, Displacement-Controlled Actuator |
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247 | (2) |
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6.2.2 Design 2. Dual-Pump, Closed-Circuit, Displacement-Controlled Actuator |
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249 | (2) |
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6.2.3 Design 3. Dual-Pump Electrohydrostatic Actuator with Accumulators |
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251 | (2) |
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6.2.4 Design 4. Circuit with an Inline Hydraulic Transformer |
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253 | (4) |
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6.2.5 Design 5. Single-Pump Circuit with a Directional Valve |
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257 | (3) |
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6.2.6 Design 6. Single-Pump Circuit with Pilot-Operated Check Valves |
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260 | (3) |
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6.2.7 Design 7. Single-Pump Circuit with Inline Check Valves |
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263 | (4) |
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6.2.8 Design 8. Energy Storage Circuit |
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267 | (6) |
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6.2.9 Design 9. Double-Rod Actuator |
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273 | (2) |
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6.3 Common Pressure Rail and Hydraulic Transformers |
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275 | (6) |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
7 Dynamic Analysis of Hydrostatic Actuators |
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283 | (24) |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (14) |
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284 | (4) |
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288 | (6) |
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7.2.3 Pilot-Operated Check Valves |
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294 | (4) |
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298 | (6) |
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7.3.1 Determination of the Pump Flow Period |
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299 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Numerical Simulation |
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300 | (4) |
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304 | (2) |
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306 | (1) |
8 Practical Applications |
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307 | (32) |
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8.1 Infinitely Variable Transmissions in Vehicles |
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307 | (3) |
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8.2 Heavy Mobile Equipment |
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310 | (3) |
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313 | (10) |
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315 | (1) |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (5) |
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321 | (2) |
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323 | (8) |
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8.4.1 Asynchronous Generators |
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324 | (2) |
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8.4.2 Synchronous Generators |
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326 | (2) |
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8.4.3 General Aspects of Power Transmission in Wind Turbines |
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328 | (1) |
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8.4.4 Hydrostatic Transmission in Wind Turbines |
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329 | (2) |
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8.5 Wave Energy Extraction |
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331 | (3) |
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8.6 Aeronautical Applications |
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334 | (2) |
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336 | (3) |
Appendix A Hydraulic Symbols |
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339 | (6) |
Appendix B Mathematics Review |
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345 | (16) |
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B.1 The Nabla Operator Oh |
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345 | (1) |
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B.2 Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) |
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346 | (14) |
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B.2.1 General Aspects and Definitions for ODEs |
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347 | (4) |
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B.2.2 The Laplace Transform Method |
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351 | (9) |
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360 | (1) |
Appendix C Fluid Dynamics Equations |
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361 | (18) |
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361 | (2) |
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C.2 Fluid Stresses and Distortion Rates |
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363 | (2) |
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C.3 Differential Fluid Dynamics Equations |
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365 | (6) |
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C.3.1 Conservation of Mass |
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365 | (2) |
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C.3.2 Conservation of Momentum |
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367 | (3) |
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C.3.3 Navier—Stokes Equations in Cylindrical Coordinates |
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370 | (1) |
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C.4 Control Volume Analysis |
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371 | (7) |
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C.4.1 The Reynolds Transport Theorem |
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371 | (2) |
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C.4.2 Mass and Momentum Conservation |
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373 | (2) |
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C.4.3 Conservation of Energy |
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375 | (3) |
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378 | (1) |
Index |
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379 | |