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E-raamat: Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Diseases: The COX-2 Controversy

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  • Sari: Subcellular Biochemistry 42
  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-May-2007
  • Kirjastus: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781402056888
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Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Diseases: The COX-2 ControversySuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Sari: Subcellular Biochemistry 42
  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-May-2007
  • Kirjastus: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781402056888
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In "Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Diseases: The COX-2 Controversy", a worldwide panel of leading experts discusses the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of major chronic diseases and the current controversy regarding risk versus benefit of selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors. This volume is intended for scientists in medicine, epidemiology, pharmacology, molecular biology, and related fields. The authors provide exciting and enlightening perspectives on COX-2 and related molecular targets in the future of medicine, including historical perspectives on the discovery and development of aspirin, ibuprofen, and compounds that selectively inhibit COX-2, and the potential for development of new compounds with better efficacy and safety in the 21st century. Specfic chapters illuminate the role of inflammatory mechanisms in the pathogenesis of arthritis, cardiovascular disease, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and other life-threatening and debilitating conditions. Experts in cardiovascular medicine explore the "COX-2 controversy" regarding adverse effects of some (not all) selective COX-2 inhibitors on the cardiovasculature. Recent findings suggest that cardiovascular risk associated with some COX-2 inhibitors may not be due to a class effect, but rather depends upon the molecular structure of specific compounds. Important findings are documented in cancer research showing that selective COX-2 inhibitors have powerful antineoplastic effects against major forms of cancer. A special section explores the current evidence supporting the role of COX-2 and inflammation in the development of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative conditions and the potential benefit of compounds that modulate COX-2 and other inflammatory cytokines. The final section addresses nutritional modulation of inflammation and the chemopreventive value of anti-inflammatory nutraceutical agents.

In this book, a worldwide panel of leading experts discuss the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of major chronic diseases and the current controversy regarding risk versus benefit of selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors. The authors provide exciting and enlightening perspectives on COX-2 and related molecular targets in the future of medicine, including historical perspectives.

Arvustused

From the reviews:

This is an up-to-date review of the current understanding of inflammation, the mechanisms by which it affects disease, and the role of anti-inflammatory medications pertaining to COX-2 and its inhibition. Physicians and researchers with a particular interest in the current research and understanding of inflammation and COX-2 inhibition are the intended readers. It is detailed, but written with great clarity and exhaustive references. It will be a great addition to any medical library. (Vladimir N. Despotovic, Doodys Review Service, February, 2010)

Preface ix
List of Contributors xi
SECTION I HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES 1
1 Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in the 21st Century
3
K.D. Rainsford
1. Historical Developments
4
1.1. Discovery of NSAIDs
5
2. Cox-2 Selective Agents and the Coxibs
6
2.1. Rationale for the Discovery of Coxibs
9
2.1.1. Prototypes of the coxibs
9
2.1.2. Development of the coxibs
10
3. Novel NSAIDs and Derivatives
11
3.1. Nitric Oxide – Donating NSAIDs
11
3.2. Resolvins or Epilipoxins
12
3.3. COX-3 as a Therapeutic Target?
12
4. Disease-Modifying Agents & Corticosteroids
13
5. Anti-Cytokine Agents and Signal Transduction Inhibitors
15
6. Novel Non-Arthritic Uses of NSAIDs
19
7. Future Scope
20
8. Conclusions
21
References
21
SECTION II INFLAMMATORY MECHANISMS OF PATHOGENESIS 29
2 Nitric Oxide Synthase and Cyclooxygenase Interactions in Cartilage and Meniscus: Relationships to joint physiology, arthritis, and tissue repair
31
J. Brice Weinberg, Beverley Fermor, Farshid Guilak
1. Introduction
32
2. NO and NO Synthases
32
3. Arginine
34
4. Arginases
36
5. Cyclooxygenases and Prostaglandins
37
6. NOS/NO — COXJPG Interactions
39
7. Cartilage and Meniscus
40
8. Our Studies of Cartilage and Meniscus
46
9. Summary and Conclusions
52
Acknowledgements
53
References
53
3 Obesity, Inflammation, and Vascular Disease: The role of the adipose tissue as an endocrine organ
63
Paolo Calabro', and Edward T.H. Yeh
1. Introduction
64
2. The Important Role of Fat Tissue for Human Health
64
3. Inflammation and Obesity
66
4. Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ
67
4.1. Adiponectin
69
4.2. Leptin
72
4.3. Resistin
73
4.4. Newly Emergent Adipokines
77
4.4.1. Acute phase protein
77
4.4.2. Other adipokines
78
5. Future Directions
79
References
81
4 Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and the Inflammogenesis of Cancer
93
Randall E. Harris
1. Introduction
94
2. Evolution of Cancer
95
2.1. Dysplasia (Premalignant Lesions)
95
2.2. Carcinoma in situ
95
2.3. Invasive Cancer
96
2.4. Metastatic Cancer
96
3. COX-2 in Malignant and Premalignant Neoplasms
96
4. Model of lnflammogenesis of Cancer
101
4.1. Induction of COX-2
102
4.2. Mutagenesi s
103
4.3. Mitogenesis
104
4.4. Angiogenesis
105
4.5. Metastasis
105
4.6. Suppression of Apoptosis
106
4.7. Immunosuppression
106
5. COX-2 Blockade in Cancer Prevention and Therapy
107
5.1. Animal Studies
107
5.2. Human Studies of Non-Selective COX-2 Inhibitors
108
5.3. Human Studies of Selective COX-2 Inhibitors
109
6. Summary and Conclusions
110
References
111
5 Role of COX-2 in Inflammatory and Degenerative Brain Diseases
127
Luisa Minghetti
1. Introduction
127
2. COX Isoforms in the Brain
129
3. COX-2 in Brain Functions
130
4. COX-2 in Chronic Degenerative Diseases
132
4.1. Alzheimer's Disease
132
4.2. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
134
5. Conclusions
136
References
137
SECTION III INFLAMMATION AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: THE COXIB CONTROVERSY 143
6 Cardiovascular Effects of the Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors
145
William B. White
1. Introduction
146
2. Effects of COX-2 Selective Inhibitors on the Gastrointestinal Tract
146
3. Gastrointestinal Risk with COX-2 Selective Inhibitors is Reduced
147
4. COX-2 Inhibitors in Patients with Hypertension
148
5. Pathophysiologic Effects of nsaids and COX-2 Inhibitors that Induce Hypertension
149
6. Effects of nsaids and COX-2 Inhibitors in Normotensive Patients
150
7. Effects of nsaids and COX-2 Inhibitors in Treated Hypertensive Patients
150
8. Evaluating Cardiovascular Events in Clinical Trials with COX-2 Selective Agents
153
9. Observational Studies that Have Assessed the Cardiovascular Risk of NSAIDs and COX-2 Selective Inhibitors
154
10. Longer Term Placebo-Controlled Trials with NSAIDs and COX-2 Selective Inhibitors
154
11. Conclusions
155
References
156
7 COX-2 Inhibitors And Cardiovascular Risk
159
Daniel J. Salzberg, and Matthew R. Weir
1. Review of Prostanoid Production
160
2. Rationale for Development of COX-2 Inhibitors
161
3. Balance Between PGI2 and TXA2: Theoretical Explanation for Thrombophilia
162
4. COX-2 Inhibitors and Cardiovascular Events
163
4.1. Risk of Myocardial Infarction
163
4.2. Effects on Blood Pressure
169
5. Conclusion
171
References
171
8 A Biological Rationale for the Cardiotoxic Effects of Rofecoxib: Comparative analysis with other COX-2 selective agents and NSAIDs
175
R. Preston Mason, Mary F. Walter, Charles A. Day, and Robert F. Jacob
1. Introduction
176
2. Evidence for the Cardiotoxic Effects of Rofecoxib: Comparison to other COX Inhibitors
176
3. COX-2 Inhibitors Have Distinct Pharmacologic Properties
178
4. Rofecoxib Forms a Highly Reactive Metabolite that has Potent Pro-Oxidant Activity
180
5. Rofecoxib Increases the Susceptibiliy of Human LDL to Oxidative Modification: Comparison to other COX-2 Inhibitors and NSAIDs
182
6. Effect of COX-2 Inhibitors and NSAIDs on Isoprostane Formation From Membrane sulfonamide
184
7. Effect of Rofecoxib and Celecoxib on the Oxygen Radical Antioxidant Capacity (ORAC) of Human Plasma
184
8. Effect of COX-2 Inhibitors on Lipid Structure
186
9. Conclusion
187
References
188
SECTION IV COX-2 BLOCKADE IN CANCER PREVENTION AND THERAPY 191
9 Cancer Chemoprevention by Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) Blockade: Results of case control studies
193
Randall E. Harris, Joanne Beebe-Donk and Galal A. Alshafie
1. Introduction
194
1.1. Burden of Cancer
194
1.2. Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and Cancer
195
1.3. Antineoplastic Effects of NSAIDs
195
1.4. Breast Cancer and NSAIDs
197
1.5. Prostate Cancer and NSAIDs
198
1.6. Colon Cancer, Colon Polyps and NSAIDs
198
1.7. Lung Cancer and NSAIDs
199
1.8. Rationale for Epidemiologic Investigation of Selective COX-2 Inhibitors
199
2. Research Design and Methods
200
2.1. Experimental Design and Population Studied
200
2.2. Data Collection
200
2.3. Biostatistical Analysis
201
3. Results
201
3.1. Breast Cancer Results
201
3.2. Prostate Cancer Results
201
3.3. Colon Cancer Results
203
3.4. Lung Cancer Results
203
4. Discussion
204
5. Conclusions
206
References
207
10 Strategies for Colon Cancer Prevention: Combination of chemopreventive agents
213
Bandaru S. Reddy
1. Introduction
214
2. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
215
2.1. Epidemiologic Evidence
215
2.2. Evidence from Preclinical Studies
215
2.3. Phytochemicals with Anti-inflammatory Activities
217
2.4. Combination of Low Doses of NSAIDs with other Chemopreventive Agents
219
3. Translational Studies
221
3.1. Randomized Clinical Trials
221
3.2. Curcuminoids
221
3.3. Celecoxib
221
4. Conclusion
222
Acknowledgements
222
References
223
SECTION V INFLAMMATION AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE 227
11 NSAIDs for the Chemoprevention of Alzheimer's Disease
229
Christine A. Szekely, Terrence Town, and Peter P. Zandi
1. Introduction
230
2. Mechanisms of Action
231
3. Evidence from Epidemiologic Studies
234
3.1. Observational Studies
234
3.2. Randomized Trials
238
4. Summary and Conclusions
242
References
243
12 Inflammation in parkinson's disease: Causative or epiphenomenal?
249
Andreas Hald, Johan van Beek, and Julie Lotharius
1. Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease
250
1.1. Clinical Characteristics
250
1.2. Molecular Pathways Leading to Neurodegeneration in PD
250
1.3. Dopamine-dependent Oxidative Stress: Evidence and Implications
253
1.4. Evidence of Oxidative Stress in PD
254
2. Inflammatory Process in Parkinson's Disease
255
2.1. Brain Inflammation in PD
255
2.2. The Role of Astrocytes in Inflammation and in PD
256
2.3. The Role of Microglia in Inflammation and in PD
257
2.4. The Role of Cytokines in PD
260
2.5. The Role of NO in PD
261
2.6. The Role of Complement in Neurodegeneration in PD
262
2.7. Linking Pathogenic Mechanisms in Nigral Dopaminergic Neurons to Activation of Surrounding Microglia
263
2.8. Cyclooxygenases Revisited
265
2.9. The Effect of COX Inhibition on Neurotoxicity
266
2.10. The Effect of Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Parkinson's Disease
267
2.11. A Vicious Cycle
268
Acknowledgements
268
Abbreviations
269
References
270
SECTION VI NUTRITION, INFLAMMATION AND CHRONIC DISEASE 281
13 Essential Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Inflammation. Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases
283
Michel de Lorgeril
1. Introduction
284
2. Inflammation, Atherosclerosis and Essential PUFAs
284
3. What are Essential PUFAs?
286
4. Inflammatory Eicosanoid Synthesis from Essential PUFAs
289
5. Other Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Omega-3 PUFAs
291
6. Essential PUFAs, COX, Aspirin and Coxibs
292
References
294
14 Nutritional Intervention in Brain Aging: Reducing the effects of inflammation and oxidative stress
299
Francis C. Lau, Barbara Shukitt-Hale, James A. Joseph
1. Introduction
300
2. Inflammation
300
3. Oxidative Stress
301
4. Brain Aging
302
5. Beneficial Effects of Flavonoids in Berryfruits
303
5.1. Flavonoids
303
5.1.1. Anthocyanins
303
5.1.2. Bioavailability of anthocyanins in rat brains
304
5.2. Blueberry Supplementation: Animal Studies
304
5.2.1. Motor and cognitive behavioral improvements
304
5.2.2. Cell signaling
304
5.2.3. Surgically-induced neurodegeneration
307
5.3. Blueberry Treatment: Cell and Worm Studies
308
5.3.1. Muscarinic receptors in COS-7 cells
308
5.3.2. Anticancer activity in cancer cell lines
309
5.3.3. Antioxidant/Anti-inflammatory effects on murine microglia
309
5.3.4. Longevity and thermotolerance in caenorhabditis elegans
310
6. Conclusions
310
References
311
Index 319
9780061233944
INTRODUCTION ix
1. HISTORY OF MAH-JONGG 1
Ancient Times
1
The Nineteenth Century
4
The Twentieth Century
5
The Twenty-first Century
19
2. MAH-JONGG BASICS 21
A. The Set of Tiles
21
The Three Suits—Dots, Bann, and Craks
22
The Honors—Winds and Dragons
24
The Flowers and Jokers
24
Variations
25
One Bams
25
Dragons
26
Flowers
28
Jokers
29
Put It All Together—The Big Square
29
B. Additional Pieces
31
C. Setting Up
32
D. Dealing
34
E. The Play
36
3. AMERICAN MAH-JONGG: 39
Distinguishing Characteristics of American Mah-Jongg
39
A. Rules of American Mah-Jongg
42
B. How to Play American Mah-Jongg
67
C. How to Win
110
D. Variations
118
4. CHINESE OFFICIAL MAHJONG: 127
Distinguishing Characteristics of Chinese Official Mahjong
128
A. Rules of Chinese Official Mahjong
128
B. How to Play Chinese Official Mahjong
157
C. Strategy for Chinese Official Mahjong
203
APPENDIX
1. Where to Buy a Mah-Jongg Set, & What Not to Buy		 217
What to Buy If You Play American Mah-Jongg
218
What to Buy If You Play Chinese Official Mahjong
218
APPENDIX
2. How to Order a Card for American Mah-Jongg		 219
APPENDIX
3. Playing Mah-Jongg on the Computer & on the Internet		 221
Real Mah-Jongg Games vs. Solitaire Tile-Matching Games
221
Online vs. Off-line Play
222
Limited Choices
222
APPENDIX
4. General Principles for Resolving Disagreements or Errors		 224
APPENDIX
5. Other Popular Mah-Jongg Variants		 226
Hong Kong Old Style (Cantonese)
226
Japanese RiicheDora Majan
226
Western Style
227
Wright-Patterson
227
Taiwanese
221
Filipino
228
Vietnamese
228
Chinese Classical
228
APPENDIX
6. Glossary of Mahjong Terms		 229
APPENDIX
7. Chinese Official Mahjong Scoring at a Glance		 248
INDEX 251


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