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E-raamat: Inflectional Defectiveness

(Ohio State University)
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Inflectional DefectivenessSuurem pilt
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"Paradigmatic gaps ('missing' inflected forms) have traditionally been considered to be the random detritus of a language's history and marginal exceptions to the normal functioning of its inflectional system. Arguing that this is a misperception, Inflectional Defectiveness demonstrates that paradigmatic gaps are in fact normal and expected products of inflectional structure. Sims offers an accessible exploration of how and why inflectional defectiveness arises, why it persists, and how it is learned. The book presents a theory of morphology which is rooted in the implicative structure of the paradigm. This systematic exploration of the topic also addresses questions of inflection class organization, the morphology-syntax interface, the structure of the lexicon, and the nature of productivity. Presenting a novel synthesis of established research and new empirical data, this work is significant for researchers and graduate students in all fields of linguistics"--

"The book presents a theory of morphology which is rooted in the implicative structure of the paradigm. This systematic exploration of the topic also addresses questions of inflection class organization, the morphology-syntax interface, the structure of the lexicon, and the nature of productivity. Presenting a novel synthesis of established research and new empirical data, this work is significant for researchers and graduate students in all fields of linguistics"--

Arvustused

'Sims' study is an important contribution to our understanding of inflectional systems. It is a very wide-ranging survey of defectiveness and makes a compelling case for treating it as an important and often very systematic property of inflectional systems. At the same time the book provides a clear and readable survey of the key features of the information-theoretic word-and-paradigm model, and shows how defectiveness can provide a strong motivation for that model.' Andrew Spencer, University of Essex 'In Inflection Defectiveness, Andrea D. Sims shines a light on a specific, controversial, problematic, and therefore often ignored aspect of many of the world's languages. In doing so, the author describes a number of paradigmatic gaps in multiple languages.' Daniel Walter, The Linguist List

Muu info

An accessible exploration of how defectiveness emerges from the implicative organization of paradigms and the structure of the lexicon.
List of figures
xiii
List of tables
xiv
Preface xvii
List of abbreviations
xx
1 Introduction
1(21)
1.1 The problem of missing word-forms
1(6)
1.2 Random anomalies, epiphenomena, or (almost) normal morphological objects'?
7(4)
1.3 Words, paradigms, and the organization of the lexicon
11(9)
1.3.1 The lexicon is not like a prison
12(1)
1.3.2 Words and paradigms in formal morphology
13(3)
1.3.3 Words and associative networks in lexical representations and processing
16(3)
1.3.4 Convergences and almost-intersections
19(1)
1.4 Structure and organization of the book
20(2)
2 Defining inflectional defectiveness
22(35)
2.1 Introduction
22(1)
2.2 What it means for an inflected form to be "missing"
22(4)
2.3 A working definition of inflectional defectiveness
26(3)
2.4 Drawing a line between defectiveness and other phenomena
29(4)
2.5 The definition of defectiveness and the morphology-syntax interface
33(5)
2.6 Defectiveness and periphrasis
38(6)
2.6.1 Motivating a distinction
38(2)
2.6.2 The distinction in theoretical terms
40(2)
2.6.3 The fuzzy boundary
42(2)
2.7 Defectiveness and suppletion
44(1)
2.8 Gradient defectiveness
44(8)
2.8.1 Gradient expectations
44(4)
2.8.2 Weak defectiveness
48(4)
2.8.3 Canonical and non-canonical defectiveness
52(1)
2.9 The (in)significance of (not so) isolated attestations
52(3)
2.10 Conclusions
55(2)
3 On the causes of inflectional defectiveness
57(25)
3.1 Introduction
57(1)
3.2 Defectiveness related to lack of semantic or pragmatic need
58(1)
3.3 Defectiveness related to the morphology-phonology interface
59(4)
3.4 Defectiveness related to morphological structure
63(6)
3.5 Defectiveness related to morphosyntactic structure
69(4)
3.6 Patterns of defectiveness with no discernible causes
73(1)
3.7 Interim summary
74(1)
3.8 Irreducible patterns of defectiveness and the inflectional system
75(3)
3.9 On causation and explanation
78(4)
4 Productivity, defectiveness, and syncretism
82(51)
4.1 Introduction
82(4)
4.2 Inflectional productivity
86(9)
4.2.1 Morphosyntactic productivity
87(2)
4.2.2 M-feature non-productivity
89(6)
4.3 Syncretism and defectiveness in the context of m-feature non-productivity
95(6)
4.3.1 Mohawk
95(3)
4.3.2 Martuthunira
98(3)
4.3.3 Interim summary
101(1)
4.4 Defectiveness is orthogonal to productivity
101(2)
4.5 Defectiveness and syncretism in formal interaction
103(16)
4.5.1 Sanskrit
104(2)
4.5.2 Icelandic
106(6)
4.5.3 Greek
112(1)
4.5.4 Mohawk
113(1)
4.5.5 Latvian
113(5)
4.5.6 Interim summary
118(1)
4.6 Formal approaches to defectiveness
119(11)
4.6.1 Surface filters
119(4)
4.6.2 Rules of referral
123(4)
4.6.3 Paradigm linkage
127(3)
4.7 What defectiveness and syncretism have in common
130(1)
4.8 Conclusions
131(2)
5 Principal parts, predictability, and paradigmatic gaps
133(46)
5.1 Introduction
133(1)
5.2 Inflectional complexity
134(9)
5.2.1 Enumerative complexity versus integrative complexity
135(5)
5.2.2 Inflection class complexity as a typological question
140(3)
5.3 Overview of Greek nominal inflection
143(7)
5.4 Genitive plural gaps
150(7)
5.5 The implicative structure of Greek nouns
157(11)
5.5.1 Greek nouns and the Paradigm Cell Filling Problem
157(4)
5.5.2 A test of the conditional entropy of Greek nominal structure
161(2)
5.5.3 Inflectional complexity as paradigm cohesion
163(2)
5.5.4 A test of the (lack of) cohesion of Greek nominal paradigms
165(3)
5.6 Paradigm cohesion and defectiveness
168(5)
5.6.1 Defective and non-defective classes
168(2)
5.6.2 Accounting for non-defectiveness
170(2)
5.6.3 A related pattern of defectiveness
172(1)
5.7 Cross-classifying subsystems and the Low Entropy Conjecture
173(5)
5.8 Conclusions
178(1)
6 Irreducible gaps and the morphologization of defectiveness
179(29)
6.1 Introduction
179(1)
6.2 Identifying covertly lexicalized gaps
180(2)
6.3 Another look at Modern Greek nouns
182(5)
6.4 Avoidance strategies and the question of ongoing motivation for defectiveness
187(9)
6.4.1 Genitive-prepositional phrase variation in Greek
187(3)
6.4.2 An experiment
190(5)
6.4.3 Interim conclusions
195(1)
6.5 Exploitable regularities, reanalysis, and actualization of change
196(6)
6.6 Coexisting analyses
202(4)
6.7 Conclusions
206(2)
7 On learnability and the dynamic organization of the lexicon
208(41)
7.1 Introduction
208(1)
7.2 Overview of the Russian first person singular gaps
209(8)
7.2.1 Morphophonological distribution
210(3)
7.2.2 The frequency distribution of Russian verbs
213(3)
7.2.3 Folk explanations and other false leads
216(1)
7.3 Theories of learnability and the negative evidence "problem"
217(3)
7.4 Inferring absence: a Bayesian model
220(12)
7.4.1 The sparse data problem and the minority pattern problem
221(3)
7.4.2 Unexpected absences: word-specific learning of gaps
224(3)
7.4.3 Expected absences: gaps as lexical gangs
227(3)
7.4.4 Implications for the negative evidence problem, sparse data problem, and minority pattern problem
230(2)
7.5 A computational test of the model
232(12)
7.5.1 Implementational parameters
232(3)
7.5.2 Systemic equilibrium
235(3)
7.5.3 The "lifetime" of gaps
238(3)
7.5.4 The frequency distribution of defective verbs
241(3)
7.5.5 Interim conclusions
244(1)
7.6 Implications of the learning model for irreducible gaps
244(4)
7.6.1 Irreducible gaps are like other morphologized patterns
244(2)
7.6.2 Lexicalized does not imply randomly distributed
246(1)
7.6.3 Defectiveness as a productive pattern
246(2)
7.7 Conclusions
248(1)
8 The implicative structure of the paradigm and other concluding thoughts
249(23)
8.1 The story so far
249(4)
8.2 Inflectional defectiveness is normal: gaps as allomorphs
253(4)
8.3 The implicative structure of the inflectional paradigm
257(12)
8.3.1 The paradigm as a theoretical object?
257(2)
8.3.2 The fragmentary nature of the inflectional paradigm
259(3)
8.3.3 Implicative structure and the emergent paradigm
262(7)
8.4 Final thoughts
269(3)
Appendix: Information-theoretic and other probability-based measures of inflectional structure
272(12)
A.1 Introduction
272(1)
A.2 Probability distributions
272(3)
A.3 Entropy
275(3)
A.4 Conditional entropy
278(2)
A.5 Mutual information
280(1)
A.6 Bayesian inference
281(3)
References 284(18)
Index 302
Andrea D. Sims is Assistant Professor in the Department of Slavic and East European Languages and Cultures at Ohio State University. Her research interests include theoretical morphology, the morphology-syntax interface, the organization of the lexicon, and the relationship between lexical processing and morphological structure.
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