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E-raamat: Information Engineering of Emergency Treatment for Marine Oil Spill Accidents

(Rochester Institute of Technology, USA), ,
  • Formaat: 390 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-Sep-2019
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000690675
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Oil spills are a serious marine disaster. Oil spill accidents occur usually in shipping, ports and offshore oil development. Although most of them are emergent events, once an oil spill occurs, it will cause great harm to the marine ecological environment, and it will also bring direct harm to the economic development along the affected coast as well as human health and public safety.Information Engineering of Emergency Treatment for Marine Oil Spill Accidents analyzes the causes of marine oil spill accidents, introduces Chinas emergency response system for marine oil spills, discusses the technologies such as remote sensing and monitoring of oil spill on the sea surface and oil fingerprint identification, studies model prediction of marine oil spill behavior and fate and emergency treatment technologies for oil spills on the sea surface, and emphatically introduces the emergency prediction and warning system for oil spills in the Bohai Sea and oil-spill-sensitive resources and emergency resource management system. Features:The status quo and causes of marine oil spill pollution, as well as hazards of oil spill on the sea were described.The emergency response system for marine oil spills were detailed.The model-based prediction methods of marine oil spills were described.A series of emergency treatment of oil spill on the sea were used and developed.This book serves as a reference book for scientific investigators who need to understand the key technologies for emergency response to marine oil spill accidents, including the current level and future development trend of China in this field.
Preface xv
Authors xvii
1 Emergency Response System for Marine Oil Spill Accidents 1(30)
1.1 Current Situation of Marine Oil Spill Pollution and Cause Analysis
3(13)
1.1.1 Major Marine Oil Spill Pollution Accidents at Home and Abroad
3(5)
1.1.1.1 Major marine oil spill accidents abroad
3(3)
1.1.1.2 Major marine oil spill accidents in China
6(2)
1.1.2 Cause Analysis on Marine Oil Spill Pollution
8(8)
1.1.2.1 Cause analysis on oil spill pollution from ships
9(5)
1.1.2.2 Cause analysis on oil spill pollution from offshore oil and gas fields
14(2)
1.2 Hazards of Marine Oil Spill Pollution
16(1)
1.2.1 Hazards of Oil Spills to Human Health and Public Safety
16(1)
1.2.2 Hazards of Oil Spills to the Environment
16(1)
1.3 Construction of the Emergency Response System for Marine Oil Spills
17(14)
1.3.1 International Convention System for Marine Oil Spill Emergency Response
17(4)
1.3.2 Construction of Emergency Response Systems of Developed Countries for Marine Oil Spills
21(3)
1.3.2.1 The United States
21(1)
1.3.2.2 Japan
22(1)
1.3.2.3 Britain
23(1)
1.3.2.4 Germany
23(1)
1.3.2.5 France
24(1)
1.3.3 Construction of China7apos;s Emergency Response System for Marine Oil Spills
24(9)
1.3.3.1 Current situation of China7apos;s emergency response system for marine oil spills
25(1)
1.3.3.2 Deficiency of China7apos;s emergency response system for marine oil spills
26(2)
1.3.3.3 Comprehensively strengthen the construction of China7apos;s emergency response system for marine oil spills
28(3)
2 Remote Sensing Monitoring of Marine Oil Spills 31(38)
2.1 Remote Sensing Monitoring
33(18)
2.1.1 Electromagnetic Wave and Remote Sensing Technology
33(2)
2.1.2 Remote Sensing Monitoring Technology for Oil Spills
35(6)
2.1.2.1 Ultraviolet remote sensing monitoring
35(1)
2.1.2.2 Visible-light remote sensing monitoring
36(1)
2.1.2.3 Infrared remote sensing monitoring
37(1)
2.1.2.4 Microwave remote sensing monitoring
38(2)
2.1.2.5 Laser-fluorescence remote sensing monitoring
40(1)
2.1.3 Remote Sensing Monitoring Means for Oil Spills
41(7)
2.1.3.1 Aerial remote sensing monitoring
41(2)
2.1.3.2 Satellite remote sensing monitoring
43(5)
2.1.4 Satellite Remote Sensing Image Processing for Oil Spills
48(3)
2.1.4.1 Acquisition of satellite images
48(1)
2.1.4.2 Satellite remote sensing digital image processing method
49(1)
2.1.4.3 Methods for extraction of oil pollution information and interpretation of satellite images
50(1)
2.2 Application of SAR in Marine Oil Spill Monitoring
51(18)
2.2.1 Introduction to SAR
52(1)
2.2.2 Related Concepts
53(2)
2.2.2.1 Backscattering cross-section
53(1)
2.2.2.2 Bragg scattering
53(1)
2.2.2.3 Polarization
54(1)
2.2.2.4 Doppler effect
55(1)
2.2.3 Imaging Principle and Image Features of the SAR
55(4)
2.2.3.1 Side-looking real aperture radar imaging
55(2)
2.2.3.2 Side-looking synthetic aperture radar imaging
57(1)
2.2.3.3 Basic features of SAR images
58(1)
2.2.4 SAR Resolution
59(4)
2.2.4.1 Range resolution of the SAR
59(2)
2.2.4.2 Azimuth resolution of the SAR
61(2)
2.2.5 SAR Oil Spill Monitoring
63(2)
2.2.5.1 Principle of SAR oil spill monitoring
63(1)
2.2.5.2 Impact of SAR parameters on oil spill monitoring
64(1)
2.2.6 Analysis Cases of SAR Oil Spill Monitoring Images
65(4)
3 Emergency Monitoring of Marine Oil Spill Accidents 69(30)
3.1 Field Investigation of Oil Spill Accidents and Oil Spill Sample Collection
70(3)
3.1.1 Field Investigation of Oil Spill Accidents
70(1)
3.1.2 Oil Spill Sample Collection
71(2)
3.1.2.1 Preparation before sampling
71(1)
3.1.2.2 On-water oil spill sampling
71(1)
3.1.2.3 Sampling of suspected oil spill sources
72(1)
3.1.2.4 Precautions for sampling
72(1)
3.1.2.5 Sample labeling and storage
73(1)
3.2 Oil Spill Identification
73(18)
3.2.1 Chemical Composition and Physical Properties of Petroleum
73(4)
3.2.1.1 Chemical composition of petroleum
73(2)
3.2.1.2 Main physical properties of petroleum
75(2)
3.2.2 Identification of Oil Spills
77(14)
3.2.2.1 Status of domestic and foreign research on oil spill identification
78(2)
3.2.2.2 Oil fingerprint identification method
80(11)
3.3 Quantitative Analysis of Oil Spills
91(2)
3.3.1 Analysis of Oil Spill Content in Water
91(1)
3.3.1.1 Fluorescence spectrophotometry
92(1)
3.3.1.2 UV spectrophotometry
92(1)
3.3.1.3 Infrared spectrophotometry
92(1)
3.3.1.4 Gravimetric method
92(1)
3.3.2 Analysis of Petroleum Content in Marine Organisms
92(1)
3.3.3 Analysis of Petroleum Content in Sediments
92(1)
3.4 Monitoring of Oil Film Thickness
93(1)
3.4.1 Empirical Formula for Oil Film Thickness
93(1)
3.4.2 Estimation of Oil Film Thickness
94(1)
3.4.3 Rapid Measurement Method for Oil Film Thickness
94(1)
3.5 Application of Oil Spill Emergency Monitoring
94(5)
3.5.1 Program for Oil Spill Emergency Monitoring
95(1)
3.5.2 Focus of Oil Spill Emergency Monitoring
96(4)
3.5.2.1 Measurement of physical and chemical properties of the oil spill
96(1)
3.5.2.2 Monitoring of oil spill volume
96(1)
3.5.2.3 Monitoring of water pollution
97(1)
3.5.2.4 Monitoring of pollution scope
97(1)
3.5.2.5 Oil fingerprint analysis for determining oil spill sources
97(2)
4 Model Prediction of Marine Oil Spills 99(50)
4.1 Numerical Model of Oil Spills
100(34)
4.1.1 Oil Spill Spreading Model
100(8)
4.1.2 Oil Spill Drift Model
108(10)
4.1.2.1 Marine environmental dynamic factors affecting oil spill drift
108(9)
4.1.2.2 Oil spill drift model
117(1)
4.1.3 Oil Particle Model
118(3)
4.1.3.1 Concept of the oil particle
118(1)
4.1.3.2 Oil particle tracking model
119(2)
4.1.4 Oil Spill Weathering Process and Model
121(13)
4.1.4.1 Oil spill weathering process
121(8)
4.1.4.2 Oil spill weathering model
129(5)
4.2 Marine Oil Spill Model System
134(15)
4.2.1 Introduction to Oil Spill Model Systems Abroad
134(10)
4.2.1.1 OILMAP
135(2)
4.2.1.2 SIMAP
137(5)
4.2.1.3 OSCAR
142(2)
4.2.2 Introduction to Oil Spill Model Systems in China
144(8)
4.2.2.1 Oil spill emergency forecasting system of the Bohai Sea
145(2)
4.2.2.2 Marine oil spill emergency forecasting information system
147(1)
4.2.2.3 Marine oil spill prediction and emergency decision support system for the coastal waters of China
147(2)
5 Emergency Prediction and Warning System of Oil Spill in the Bohai Sea 149(86)
5.1 Ocean Current Module
152(40)
5.1.1 Introduction to the Model
152(13)
5.1.1.1 FVCOM overview
152(1)
5.1.1.2 Unstructured grid
153(1)
5.1.1.3 Design of triangular grid
153(1)
5.1.1.4 Examples of the Bohai Sea grid
153(1)
5.1.1.5 Basic control equations
153(4)
5.1.1.6 Boundary conditions
157(2)
5.1.1.7 Vertical coordinate transformation
159(2)
5.1.1.8 Inner and outer mode splitting algorithm
161(1)
5.1.1.9 Lagrange residual current calculation module
162(1)
5.1.1.10 Dry and wet grid processing technology
163(2)
5.1.2 Model Configuration and Result Verification
165(27)
5.1.2.1 Model configuration
165(5)
5.1.2.2 Result verification
170(22)
5.2 Ocean Wave Module
192(8)
5.2.1 Introduction to the Model
192(7)
5.2.1.1 Representation of waves
193(1)
5.2.1.2 Wave propagation
194(1)
5.2.1.3 Physical process
195(3)
5.2.1.4 Numerical methods
198(1)
5.2.2 Model Configuration and Result Verification
199(1)
5.3 Atmosphere Module
200(4)
5.3.1 Introduction to the Model
200(2)
5.3.2 Model Configuration
202(1)
5.3.3 System Framework
203(1)
5.4 Operation of Forecast System
204(9)
5.4.1 Data Acquisition
204(1)
5.4.2 Data Assimilation
205(2)
5.4.3 Operation Process
207(1)
5.4.4 Installation of the Forecast System
207(2)
5.4.4.1 Installation environment
207(2)
5.4.4.2 Directory structure
209(1)
5.4.5 Wind Field Forecast Products
209(3)
5.4.5.1 Grid point data products
209(1)
5.4.5.2 Graphical products
209(3)
5.4.6 Model Results Verification
212(1)
5.4.6.1 Automatic operation status
212(1)
5.4.6.2 Wind field result verification
212(1)
5.5 Oil Spill Behavior and Fate Prediction Module
213(14)
5.5.1 Drifting Process
214(3)
5.5.1.1 Advection process
215(1)
5.5.1.2 Diffusion process
216(1)
5.5.2 Expansion Process
217(1)
5.5.3 Evaporation Process
218(1)
5.5.4 Dispersion Process
219(3)
5.5.5 Emulsification Process
222(1)
5.5.6 Shoreline Adsorption Process
223(4)
5.6 Forecast Process of the System
227(1)
5.7 Case Verification and Automatic Operation of the System
228(7)
5.7.1 Performance of Automatic Operation of Such System in "4.19" Accident
228(1)
5.7.2 Application of the System in Traceability of the "4.16" Oil Spill Accident in Kiaochow Bay
229(1)
5.7.3 Oil Spill Prediction after Collision between "Bright Century" Ship and "Sea Success" Ship
230(1)
5.7.4 Application of the System in "7.16" Oil Spill Accident in Dalian
231(4)
6 Environmentally Sensitive Resources and Emergency Resources of Oil Spills 235(82)
6.1 Environmentally Sensitive Resources of Oil Spills
237(16)
6.1.1 Classification of Environmentally Sensitive Resources
237(2)
6.1.1.1 Biological resources
237(1)
6.1.1.2 Resources of human activities
238(1)
6.1.1.3 Shoreline resources
238(1)
6.1.2 Sensitivity of Environmentally Sensitive Resources to Oil Spills
239(5)
6.1.2.1 Damages of oil spill to environmentally sensitive resources
240(2)
6.1.2.2 Possibility that oil spill produces damages
242(1)
6.1.2.3 Importance of environmentally sensitive resources
243(1)
6.1.3 Determination of Sensitivity Index
244(1)
6.1.3.1 Principles to determine the sensitivity
244(1)
6.1.3.2 Methods to determine the degree of sensitivity and classification of resources
244(1)
6.1.4 Comprehensive Sensitivity Index of Shoreline
245(6)
6.1.4.1 Concept of environmental sensitivity index
245(1)
6.1.4.2 Relationship between ESI and impacts of oil spill
245(6)
6.1.5 Priority Index of Protection
251(2)
6.1.5.1 Sensitivity of environmentally sensitive resources to oil spills
251(1)
6.1.5.2 Possible social and political impacts of environmentally sensitive resources
252(1)
6.1.5.3 Feasibility and effectiveness of existing emergency measures
252(1)
6.1.5.4 Seasonal factors
252(1)
6.1.5.5 Classification of protection priority
253(1)
6.2 Map of Environmentally Sensitive Resources
253(13)
6.2.1 Basic Information Provided in the Map of Environmentally Sensitive Resources
254(2)
6.2.1.1 Shoreline type
254(1)
6.2.1.2 Habitats in intertidal zone
254(1)
6.2.1.3 Wild animals and conservation areas
255(1)
6.2.1.4 Fish, fisheries, shellfish and aquaculture
255(1)
6.2.1.5 Resources of human activities
255(1)
6.2.1.6 Protection priority of environmentally sensitive resources
256(1)
6.2.1.7 Suggestions on clean-up measures
256(1)
6.2.2 Application of GIS Technology in the Map of Environmentally Sensitive Resources
256(1)
6.2.3 Database of Environmentally Sensitive Resources
257(9)
6.2.3.1 Raw data
257(6)
6.2.3.2 Technical parameters
263(1)
6.2.3.3 Development of database
264(2)
6.3 Emergency Resources
266(1)
6.3.1 Emergency Human Resources
266(1)
6.3.2 Emergency Equipment
267(1)
6.4 Oil Spill Emergency Response System
267(50)
6.4.1 System Introduction
267(3)
6.4.1.1 System overview
267(1)
6.4.1.2 System positioning
268(1)
6.4.1.3 System details
268(1)
6.4.1.4 Technological innovation
269(1)
6.4.2 Composition of OSERS2.0
270(2)
6.4.2.1 Oil spill drift simulation system
270(1)
6.4.2.2 Environmentally sensitive resource system
271(1)
6.4.2.3 Emergency resource system
272(1)
6.4.3 Setting of Oil Spill Simulation Scene and Model Operation
272(7)
6.4.3.1 Build new oil spill simulation scene
272(1)
6.4.3.2 Specify the spillage parameter-"Spillage" dialog box
273(1)
6.4.3.3 Oil database-"Oil" dialog box
274(1)
6.4.3.4 Environmental wind field-"Wind Field" dialog box
275(1)
6.4.3.5 Tidal current field-"Tidal Current Field" dialog box
276(1)
6.4.3.6 Calculation parameters-"Parameters" dialog box
276(2)
6.4.3.7 Input and output of GIS files
278(1)
6.4.4 Contents of Sensitive Resources
279(17)
6.4.4.1 Sea area division
279(4)
6.4.4.2 Distribution of nature reserves
283(1)
6.4.4.3 Distribution of fishery resources
284(11)
6.4.4.4 Distribution of tourism resources
295(1)
6.4.5 Case Studies of Typical Shoreline
296(1)
6.4.5.1 Site survey and data acquisition
296(1)
6.4.5.2 Data analysis and organization
297(1)
6.4.6 The System7apos;s Function
297(4)
6.4.6.1 Manual data input
298(1)
6.4.6.2 Bulk import
298(1)
6.4.6.3 Output
299(1)
6.4.6.4 Query
299(2)
6.4.7 Emergency Resource System
301(3)
6.4.7.1 Overview of emergency resources
301(1)
6.4.7.2 Emergency resource database
302(1)
6.4.7.3 Emergency equipment database
302(1)
6.4.7.4 Emergency team database
303(1)
6.4.7.5 Functions of the emergency system
304(1)
6.4.8 System Maintenance
304(2)
6.4.8.1 Update of base map data
304(1)
6.4.8.2 Update of sensitive resources and emergency resources
305(1)
6.4.8.3 Update of wind field and current field data
305(1)
6.4.9 System Application
306(13)
6.4.9.1 Oil spill accident scenario analysis
306(1)
6.4.9.2 Scenario simulation results of oil spill accident at Kiaochow Bay mouth
307(10)
7 Emergency Treatment of Marine Oil Spill 317(36)
7.1 Physical Treatment Method
319(16)
7.1.1 Oil Boom
319(6)
7.1.1.1 Structure and type of oil boom
319(3)
7.1.1.2 Research progress of oil boom at home and abroad
322(1)
7.1.1.3 Deployment of oil boom
323(1)
7.1.1.4 Conclusion
324(1)
7.1.2 Oil Skimmer
325(3)
7.1.2.1 Lipophilic/adsorption principle
325(1)
7.1.2.2 Principle of mechanical transmission
326(1)
7.1.2.3 Principle of pumping
327(1)
7.1.2.4 Conclusion
328(1)
7.1.3 Oil Recovery Vessel
328(2)
7.1.3.1 Pumping type oil recovery vessel
329(1)
7.1.3.2 Adsorbing oil recovery vessel
329(1)
7.1.3.3 Hydrodynamic oil recovery vessel
329(1)
7.1.3.4 Weir type oil recovery vessel
330(1)
7.1.3.5 Conclusion
330(1)
7.1.4 Oil Absorption Material
330(5)
7.1.4.1 Classification of oil absorption material
331(1)
7.1.4.2 Development of oil absorption material
332(2)
7.1.4.3 Conclusion
334(1)
7.2 Chemical Treatment Method
335(14)
7.2.1 On-Site Combustion
335(6)
7.2.1.1 Concept of on-site combustion
335(2)
7.2.1.2 Basic theory of on-site combustion
337(1)
7.2.1.3 Possible harsh conditions
338(1)
7.2.1.4 On-site combustion system
338(1)
7.2.1.5 Safety notes
339(1)
7.2.1.6 Environmental precautions
340(1)
7.2.1.7 Conclusion
341(1)
7.2.2 Chemical Preparations
341(8)
7.2.2.1 Oil spill dispersant
343(2)
7.2.2.2 Oil coagulant
345(3)
7.2.2.3 Oil-collecting agent
348(1)
7.2.2.4 Conclusion
349(1)
7.3 Biological Treatment Method
349(4)
References 353(18)
Index 371
Dr. Lin Mu, was born in 1977, Professor, Doctoral supervisor, Dean of College of Marine Science and Technology of China University of Geosciences, who received Ph. D. degree from Ocean University of China and majored in physical oceanography. Prof. Mu has been devoted to the research fields of informational maritime safety support and applied oceanography and has obtained significant achievements in recent years. He has published 3 monographs and over 50 research papers, 20 of which are covered by Science Citation Index. Prof. Mu is the editorial board member of Marine Science Bulletin, committee member of JCOMM Expert Team on Maritime Safety Services (ETMSS), Chinese committee member of IPCC Fifth Assessment (AR5), and member of European Geosciences Union (EGU) and International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE). As the chief scientist, he has been presiding important projects such as National Key Research and Development Program of China, National Natural Science Foundation Project of China and National Science and Technology Support Program of China. In the field of informational maritime safety support, Prof. Mu is specialized in marine oil-spill pollution warning and firstly developed a prediction and warning system of marine oil-spill, search and rescue integration in China, which has been successfully used in a series of accident issues. He is an expert in marine search and rescue techniques who studied, predicted and analyzed the drifting trajectory of the debris of Flight MH370, which provided technical support for related emergency responses. In the field of applied oceanography, Prof. Mu proposed a real-time tidal level prediction system based on statistics and dynamic model by coupling the real-time monitoring data of meteorology and tidal level, statistical prediction method of tide, atmospheric and marine dynamics model, and real-time visualization technology, which conquered the drawbacks of traditional models and brought clear economic benefits.

Dr. Lizhe Wang is a ChuTian Chair Professor at School of Computer Science, China Univ. of Geosciences (CUG), and a Professor at Inst. of Remote Sensing & Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). Prof. Wang received B.E. & M.E from Tsinghua Univ. and Doctor of Eng. from Univ. Karlsruhe (Magna Cum Laude), Germany. Prof. Wang is a Fellow of IET, Fellow of British Computer Society. Prof. Wang serves as an Associate Editor of IEEE TPDS, TCC and TSUSC. His main research interests include HPC, e-Science, and remote sensing image processing.
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