Urban planners who need to design information systems require an understanding of systems analysis, data acquisition and GIS. In recent times the need has been to make computer-based maps by using a GIS, but planners now need tools for co-operative work using groupware systems, for global visualization and real-time monitoring of urban activities and phenomena. Planners have moved beyond drawing land use plans, to examining the evolution of urban activities to monitor and analyze urban societal and environmental problems.
Both practitioners and students will find this book useful, provided they have an adequate grounding in computing, data analysis and GIS and they are looking to use and design computer systems for developing maps and written statements for city planning. Therefore, novel tools like using multimedia information systems and GIS will become an increasingly important, eventually essential part of the job.
Foreword xv Michael Batty Preface Systems analysis of the urban planning processes 1(40) Modelling cities as general systems 1(7) Urban problem solving 8(2) Decision-support systems 10(3) Urban plan-making 13(5) Urban planning versus urban management of sustainable cities 18(7) Role of information systems 25(9) Urban planning as a co-operation process 34(5) Urban planning in different countries 39(1) Conclusions 39(2) Design methodologies for information systems 41(29) Data, information, knowledge and metadata 41(3) Modelling levels (external, conceptual, logical) 44(3) Conceptual modelling: the entity-relationship approach 47(2) Logical modelling: relational databases 49(4) Spatial pictograms 53(1) Entity relationship model with entity pictograms 54(1) Object-oriented spatial databases 55(6) Object-oriented database design methodology 61(3) Presentation of OMEGA 64(2) Extended relational formalism 66(2) Multirepresentation 68(1) Conclusions 69(1) Data acquisition in an urban environment 70(25) Data from administrative routines 71(3) Map digitising and scanning 74(4) Aerial photographs and satellite images 78(7) Range finders and lasers 85(2) GPS 87(1) Sensors 88(3) Voice technology and spatial data acquisition 91(1) Remarks on quality, scales, resolutions and applications 92(3) Quality control and multisource updating of urban databases 95(28) Quality control and assessment of spatial information 95(5) Generalities about updating 100(3) Alphanumeric updating 103(1) Zonal updating and refinement 103(5) Global updating 108(2) Mixing two layers 110(1) Coverage extension 111(2) Global corrections 113(8) Example of multi-source updating: mixing aerial photos and laser data 121(1) Conclusions 121(2) Hypermaps and web sites for urban planning 123(25) Hypertexts and hyperdocuments 123(7) Hypermaps 130(4) Navigation in hypermaps 134(1) Designing hypermedia 135(2) Some examples of hypermedia design 137(6) Intranets and extranets 143(4) Summary 147(1) From urban knowledge to spatial metainformation 148(43) Generalities 148(1) Knowledge 149(2) Expert systems 151(5) Knowledge bases 156(5) Ontologies 161(4) Debate and argumentation modelling 165(9) Metadata and metainformation 174(4) Spatial metainformation 178(11) Conclusions 189(2) Visualisation for displaying and accessing urban information 191(28) Generalities 192(8) Visualisation as output 200(6) Visual interfaces for accessing, and navigating in, urban data 206(11) Conclusions: from static to dynamic, from passive to active 217(2) Groupware in urban planning 219(26) What is groupware? 219(11) Groupware and urban planning 230(14) Conclusions: what groupware can afford to urban planning 244(1) Computer systems for public participation 245(20) Objectives for public participation and different ways of involving citizens 246(5) First specifications of an information system for public participation 251(4) Virtual reality for public participation 255(3) Examples of information systems for public participation 258(6) Conclusions 264(1) Computer architectures for urban planning 265(40) Generalities about information system architecture 265(2) Client-server architecture 267(4) Federating several database systems 271(15) Interoperability in geoprocessing 286(5) Architecture for groupware 291(2) Datawarehousing 293(11) Conclusions 304(1) Real-time information systems for urban environment and risks monitoring 305(29) Real-time systems for environmental monitoring 305(4) Towards telegeomonitoring 309(2) Computer architectures 311(4) Urban major risk management 315(8) Example of a telegeomonitoring system for hazmat transportation planning 323(7) Example of humanitarian assistance in urban environments 330(3) Conclusions 333(1) References 334(13) Index 347
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