| List of contributors |
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xix | |
| About the editors |
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xxix | |
| Preface |
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xxxi | |
| Part 1: Reducing Requirements and Impacts |
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1 | (282) |
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Part 1a: Reducing energy requirements |
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1 | (108) |
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Chapter 1 Nutrient removal |
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3 | (37) |
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3 | (1) |
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1.1.1 Nutrient management regulation and implications on energy consumptions |
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3 | (1) |
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1.1.2 Biological Nutrients Removal processes: microbial and energy overview |
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5 | (3) |
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1.2 Reducing Energy Footprint Now, by Retrofitting |
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8 | (1) |
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1.2.1 Sidestream technologies/systems |
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8 | (1) |
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1.2.2 Mainstream technologies/systems |
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15 | (4) |
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1.3 Reducing Energy Footprint Tomorrow by Re-Thinking |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (9) |
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1.4 Concluding Remarks and Sustainability Indicators |
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28 | (5) |
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33 | (7) |
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Chapter 2 Anaerobic treatment of municipal wastewater |
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40 | (21) |
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40 | (1) |
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2.1.1 Energy nexus: Is anaerobic treatment a feasible way for municipal wastewater? |
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41 | (1) |
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2.2 Anaerobic Reactor Types for Municipal Wastewater Treatment |
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42 | (1) |
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2.2.1 Anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) |
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42 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket Reactor (UASB) |
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45 | (1) |
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2.2.3 Expanded granular sludge bed reactor (EGSB) |
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46 | (1) |
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2.2.4 Anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) |
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46 | (1) |
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2.2.5 Anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) |
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47 | (1) |
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2.2.6 Full scale applications |
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47 | (1) |
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2.2.7 Pilot scale applications |
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48 | (1) |
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2.2.8 Different lab-scale options-immobilization |
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51 | (1) |
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2.3 Modeling of Anaerobic Treatment Systems |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Model selection for a given application |
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53 | (1) |
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2.4 Problems And Future Perspectives |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (4) |
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Chapter 3 Resource recovery from source separated domestic wastewater; energy, water, nutrients and organics |
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61 | (15) |
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61 | (1) |
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3.2 Resources and Pollutants in Domestic Wastewater |
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61 | (1) |
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3.3 Anaerobic Treatment Core Technology in 'New Sanitation' |
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62 | (1) |
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3.3.1 Organic sludge and heavy metals |
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62 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Recovery of phosphorus during or after UASB treatment? |
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63 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Removal or recovery of nitrogen? |
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63 | (1) |
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3.4 Removal of Micropollutants from Black and Grey Water |
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64 | (2) |
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3.5 Multi-criteria Assessment on Environmental and Social Aspects in New Sanitation |
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66 | (3) |
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3.6 New Sanitation in Practice in the Netherlands |
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69 | (4) |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (3) |
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Chapter 4 Wastewater treatment in algal systems |
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76 | (20) |
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76 | (1) |
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4.2 Fundamentals of Microalgae Based Systems |
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77 | (1) |
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4.2.1 Photosynthetic aeration, symbiosis and algal-bacterial interactions |
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77 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous removal mechanisms |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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4.2.4 Influence of environmental parameters |
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82 | (1) |
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4.3 Microalgae Based Systems Used for Wastewater Treatment |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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4.3.2 CO2 addition, implications in the process |
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85 | (1) |
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4.3.3 Harvesting of biomass |
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86 | (3) |
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4.4 Considerations for a Real Scale Installation |
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89 | (2) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (4) |
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Chapter 5 Niches for bioelectrochemical systems in sewage treatment plants |
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96 | (13) |
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96 | (1) |
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5.1.1 Microbial fuel cells |
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97 | (1) |
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5.1.2 Microbial electrolysis cell |
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97 | (1) |
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5.2 BES in Sewage Treatment Plants |
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98 | (1) |
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5.2.1 Bioelectricity production |
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98 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Bioelectrochemical hydrogen production in WWTP |
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100 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Bioelectrochemical denitrification in WWTPs |
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102 | (3) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (3) |
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109 | (68) |
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Chapter 6 Aerobic granular sludge reactors |
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111 | (18) |
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111 | (1) |
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6.2 Applications of Aerobic Granulation |
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112 | (1) |
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6.2.1 Industrial wastewater treatment |
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112 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Municipal wastewater treatment |
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114 | (1) |
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6.2.3 Toxic compounds degradation and biosorption of dyestuffs and heavy metals |
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114 | (2) |
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6.3 Scale-Up: From the Lab to Full Scale |
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116 | (3) |
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119 | (2) |
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6.5 Modelling Granular Sludge Reactors |
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121 | (1) |
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6.5.1 Bioconversion processes |
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121 | (1) |
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6.5.2 Intragranule heterogeneity |
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122 | (1) |
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6.5.3 Intergranule heterogeneity |
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123 | (1) |
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6.5.4 Flow patterns inside the bulk fluid |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (4) |
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Chapter 7 Membranes in wastewater treatment |
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129 | (26) |
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Ana Lorena Esteban-Garcia |
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129 | (1) |
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7.1.1 MBR's when does it make sense? |
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129 | (1) |
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7.1.2 Energy demand reduction |
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129 | (1) |
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7.1.3 Enhanced nutrients and/or refractory compounds removal |
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130 | (1) |
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7.1.4 Synergistic effects utilization |
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130 | (1) |
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7.2 Innovative Use of Membranes In Wastewater Treatment |
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131 | (1) |
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7.2.1 Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactors |
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131 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Membranes for gas transfer |
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135 | (1) |
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7.2.3 Microbial Desalination Cells (MDC)-anionic and cationic exchange membranes |
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139 | (6) |
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7.3 Conclusions and Perspectives |
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145 | (5) |
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150 | (5) |
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Chapter 8 Enhanced primary treatment |
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155 | (22) |
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155 | (1) |
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8.2 Enhanced, High-Rate Primary Treatment |
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156 | (1) |
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8.2.1 Chemically enhanced primary treatment |
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156 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Microscreen-based technologies |
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157 | (1) |
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8.2.3 Vortex-based technologies |
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159 | (1) |
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8.2.4 Inclined-surface settlers |
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160 | (5) |
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8.3 Plant-Wide Impact of Enhanced Primary Processes |
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165 | (1) |
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8.3.1 Impact on secondary stage aeration demand |
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165 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Impact on production, properties, and anaerobic degradability of sludge |
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165 | (1) |
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8.3.3 Impact on nutrient removal |
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168 | (1) |
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8.3.4 Impact on power consumption and greenhouse gas emissions |
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168 | (6) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (3) |
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Part 1c: Reducing impacts |
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177 | (106) |
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Chapter 9 Innovative primary and secondary sewage treatment technologies for organic micropollutants abatement |
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179 | (35) |
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179 | (4) |
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9.2 Enhancement of Primary and Secondary Sewage Treatment for Organic Micropollutants Elimination |
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183 | (1) |
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9.2.1 Enhanced primary clarification |
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183 | (1) |
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9.2.2 Role of nitrifiers on organic micropollutants biotransformation |
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185 | (1) |
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9.2.3 Membrane bioreactors |
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187 | (1) |
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9.2.4 Granular sludge reactors |
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191 | (1) |
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9.2.5 Partial nitritation-Anammox process |
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193 | (1) |
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9.2.6 Anaerobic treatment |
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195 | (1) |
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198 | (3) |
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9.3 Fate of Transformation Products During Sewage Treatment |
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201 | (4) |
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9.4 Modelling Micropollutants Fate During Sewage Treatment |
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205 | (4) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (4) |
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Chapter 10 Post-treatment for micropollutants removal |
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214 | (19) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Advanced oxidation processes |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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10.3.1 Adsorption to activated carbon |
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219 | (1) |
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10.3.2 Membrane filtration |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (2) |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (4) |
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Chapter 11 Technologies limiting gas and odour emissions |
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233 | (22) |
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233 | (1) |
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11.2 Physical-Chemical Technologies |
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233 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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11.2.4 Advantages and drawbacks of physical-chemical techniques |
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238 | (1) |
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11.3 Mature Biological Technologies |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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11.3.2 Biotrickling filters |
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240 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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11.3.4 Advantages and drawbacks of mature biological technologies |
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243 | (1) |
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11.4 Emerging Biological Technologies |
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243 | (1) |
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11.4.1 Two-phase partitioning bioreactors |
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243 | (1) |
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11.4.2 Activated sludge diffusion |
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245 | (1) |
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11.4.3 Membrane bioreactors |
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247 | (1) |
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11.4.4 Activated sludge and oxidized ammonium recycling |
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248 | (1) |
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11.4.5 Advantages and drawbacks of emerging biological technologies |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (3) |
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252 | (3) |
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Chapter 12 Reducing the impact of sludge |
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255 | (30) |
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255 | (2) |
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12.2 Processes in the Water Line (A,B) |
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257 | (1) |
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12.2.1 Lysis-cryptic growth |
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258 | (1) |
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12.2.2 Maintenance metabolism |
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259 | (1) |
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12.2.3 Uncoupling metabolism |
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260 | (1) |
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12.2.4 Predation on bacteria |
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261 | (1) |
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12.3 Pre-treatment Processes in the Sludge Line (C,D,E,F) |
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262 | (1) |
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12.3.1 Physical pre-treatments |
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262 | (5) |
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12.4 Technologies for Enhancing Sludge Stabilization (G) |
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267 | (1) |
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12.4.1 Thermophilic anaerobic digestion: effect of thermal pre-treatment |
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267 | (1) |
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12.4.2 Temperature-phased anaerobic digestion |
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268 | (1) |
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12.4.3 Sequential anaerobic-aerobic digestion of waste and mixed sludge |
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271 | (2) |
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12.5 Wet Oxidation of Sewage Sludge Coupled with Anaerobic Digestion of Liquid Residue (H) |
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273 | (1) |
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12.5.1 Wet oxidation and its role in sewage sludge treatment |
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273 | (1) |
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12.5.2 WO of sewage sludge: effect of process parameters |
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274 | (1) |
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12.5.3 Reaction kinetics and process modelling |
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275 | (1) |
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12.5.4 Treatment/Disposal of residues |
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275 | (1) |
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12.6 Comparative Analysis of the Processes |
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276 | (1) |
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12.6.1 Enhanced hydrolysis. Processes in the sludge line |
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277 | (1) |
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12.6.2 Enhanced sludge stabilization processes |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (4) |
| Part 2: Re-using Water and Sludge |
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283 | (40) |
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Chapter 13 Producing high-quality recycled water |
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285 | (11) |
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285 | (1) |
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13.2 Water Quality Constituents of Concern and Regulatory Requirements |
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285 | (2) |
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13.3 Treatment Schemes for Potable Water Reuse |
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287 | (1) |
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13.4 Energy Efficiency of Potable Water Reuse Schemes |
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288 | (2) |
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13.5 Design Requirements of Potable Water Reuse Schemes/Energy Potential |
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290 | (1) |
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13.6 State-of-the-Art Water Quality Monitoring Approaches for High-Quality Recycled Water |
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291 | (3) |
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294 | (1) |
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294 | (2) |
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Chapter 14 Producing sludge for agricultural applications |
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296 | (29) |
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296 | (4) |
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14.2 Sludge Production Processes |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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14.2.2 Characteristics of sewage sludge |
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303 | (1) |
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14.3 Sludge Pre-Treatment Processes |
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304 | (1) |
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14.3.1 Sludge pre-treatment technologies |
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304 | (1) |
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14.3.2 Effects of pretreatment on the agricultural use and value of sludge |
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304 | (3) |
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14.4 Sludge Treatment Processes |
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307 | (1) |
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14.4.1 Biological processes |
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307 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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14.4.4 Chemical processes |
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312 | (1) |
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14.5 General Effects of Biosolids on Agriculture |
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313 | (1) |
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14.5.1 Effect on agricultural productivity and soil fertility |
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313 | (1) |
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14.5.2 Health risks involved in application of sludge in agriculture |
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314 | (2) |
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14.6 Case Studies on Agricultural Application of Sludge |
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316 | (2) |
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318 | (1) |
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318 | (5) |
| Part 3: Recovering Resource: Energy and Chemicals |
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323 | (98) |
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Chapter 15 Recovering energy from sludge |
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325 | (30) |
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325 | (1) |
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15.1.1 Sewage sludge definition and production |
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326 | (1) |
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15.1.2 Legislation issues applied to SS and current status |
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327 | (1) |
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15.1.3 Legislative constraints and policy goals |
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329 | (1) |
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15.2 Biological Based Technologies |
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330 | (1) |
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15.2.1 Advanced thermal/high pressure pre-treatments to enhance energy recovery in AD processes |
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330 | (1) |
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15.2.2 Co-digestion of sewage sludge with non-sludge organic wastes |
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333 | (1) |
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15.2.3 Bio-drying of sewage sludge to produce biomass fuel |
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337 | (3) |
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15.3 Thermal Based Technologies |
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340 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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15.3.3 Supercritical water processing |
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344 | (4) |
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348 | (4) |
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352 | (3) |
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Chapter 16 Metal recovery from sludge: Problem or opportunity |
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355 | (14) |
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Xochitl Dominguez-Benetton |
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355 | (3) |
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16.2 Leaching of Metals From Sludge |
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358 | (1) |
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358 | (1) |
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358 | (1) |
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16.3 Removal of Metal from the Leachate without Metal Recovery |
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359 | (1) |
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16.3.1 Metal precipitation |
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359 | (1) |
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361 | (1) |
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362 | (1) |
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16.4.1 Removal of impurities from leach solution |
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362 | (1) |
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362 | (1) |
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16.4.3 Metal recovery technologies |
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364 | (2) |
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16.5 Use of Sludge after Chemical Leaching or Bioleaching |
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366 | (1) |
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366 | (1) |
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367 | (2) |
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Chapter 17 Nutrients recovery from wastewater streams |
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369 | (30) |
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369 | (1) |
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17.2 Recovery of Ammonia Based Products |
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370 | (1) |
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370 | (1) |
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374 | (3) |
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17.3 Recovery of Phosphorus Based Products |
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377 | (1) |
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377 | (1) |
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17.3.2 Potassium phosphate |
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383 | (1) |
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17.3.3 Calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite |
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385 | (1) |
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17.3.4 Recovery of phosphorus compounds from sludge ashes |
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386 | (8) |
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394 | (1) |
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394 | (5) |
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Chapter 18 Recovery of organic added value products from wastewater |
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399 | (24) |
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399 | (1) |
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18.1.1 Potential feedstocks in wastewater treatment plants |
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399 | (1) |
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18.1.2 Most studied processes |
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401 | (2) |
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18.2 Processes and Technologies |
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403 | (1) |
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18.2.1 Acids and alcohols |
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403 | (1) |
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405 | (1) |
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18.2.3 Reported pilot/demonstration/industrial scale plants |
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406 | (2) |
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18.3 Quantity, Quality and Applications |
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408 | (1) |
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408 | (1) |
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18.3.2 Acids and alcohols |
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412 | (3) |
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415 | (1) |
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416 | (1) |
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417 | (4) |
| Part 4: Economic, Environmental, Legal and Social Impacts |
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421 | (132) |
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Chapter 19 The impact of innovation on wastewater treatment economics |
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423 | (14) |
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Francesc Hernandez-Sancho |
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423 | (1) |
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19.2 Costs of Improving/Innovation in WWTPs |
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424 | (1) |
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424 | (1) |
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427 | (1) |
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19.3 Benefits of Improving/Innovation in WWTPs |
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428 | (1) |
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428 | (1) |
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428 | (3) |
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431 | (1) |
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19.5 Funding Opportunities |
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431 | (2) |
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433 | (1) |
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434 | (3) |
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Chapter 20 Assessing environmental impacts and benefits of wastewater treatment plants |
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437 | (22) |
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437 | (4) |
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20.2 Application of Life Cycle Assessment to Wastewater Treatment Plants and Processes |
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441 | (5) |
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446 | (1) |
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20.3.1 Fact sheet: LCA of conventional WWTP |
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446 | (1) |
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20.3.2 Fact sheet: LCA study on WWTP upgrade for elimination of organic micropollutants |
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449 | (1) |
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20.3.3 Fact sheet: Simplified LCA study focussing on operational energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions of a new energy-positive wastewater treatment scheme |
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450 | (1) |
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20.3.4 Fact sheet: LCA study on phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge, sludge liquor, or incineration ash |
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453 | (3) |
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20.4 Conclusions and Outlook |
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456 | (1) |
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456 | (3) |
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Chapter 21 Determining benchmarks in wastewater treatment plants using life cycle assessment |
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459 | (9) |
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459 | (1) |
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21.2 Joint Application of Life Cycle Assessment and Data Envelopment Analysis to Wastewater Treatment Processes |
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460 | (1) |
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21.3 Materials and Methods |
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461 | (1) |
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21.3.1 The five-step LCA + DEA method |
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461 | (1) |
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21.3.2 DEA model selection and matrices build up |
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462 | (1) |
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21.4 Results and Discussion |
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463 | (1) |
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21.4.1 Inventory data and DEA computation |
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463 | (1) |
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21.4.2 Environmental and operational performance |
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463 | (1) |
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21.4.3 Factors affecting WWTPs efficiency |
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465 | (1) |
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466 | (1) |
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466 | (2) |
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Chapter 22 Public perceptions of recycled water |
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468 | (20) |
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468 | (1) |
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22.1.1 Public perceptions-a road block on the journey to recycled water schemes? |
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468 | (1) |
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22.1.2 How perceptions are formed-the importance of emotions |
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468 | (1) |
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22.1.3 Importance of considering public perceptions |
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469 | (1) |
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22.2 What Do the Public think about Recycled Water? |
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469 | (1) |
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22.2.1 Are people willing to use recycled water? |
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469 | (1) |
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22.2.2 Why are some people unwilling to use recycled water? |
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471 | (2) |
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22.3 What Influences Perceptions about Recycled Water? |
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473 | (1) |
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22.3.1 Socio-demographics |
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474 | (1) |
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22.3.2 Experience of water shortages |
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475 | (1) |
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476 | (1) |
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22.3.4 Exposure to information and expertise |
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476 | (1) |
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22.3.5 Trust in institutions and technology |
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477 | (1) |
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22.3.6 Values and social norms |
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477 | (1) |
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22.4 Intervening to Improve Public Perceptions of Recycled Water |
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478 | (1) |
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22.4.1 Providing information |
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478 | (1) |
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22.4.2 Psychological approaches to communication |
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479 | (1) |
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22.4.3 Community dialogue |
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480 | (1) |
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22.4.4 Ensure fair and transparent processes for planning and decision making |
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481 | (1) |
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22.4.5 Provide opportunities to experience recycled water |
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482 | (1) |
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22.4.6 Building public support-features of successful programs |
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482 | (3) |
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485 | (1) |
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485 | (3) |
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Chapter 23 Greenhouse and odour emissions |
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488 | (22) |
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23.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions During Wastewater Treatment |
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488 | (1) |
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488 | (1) |
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23.1.2 Operational factors affecting direct GHG emissions during wastewater treatment |
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489 | (1) |
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23.1.3 GHG monitoring methodologies |
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493 | (1) |
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23.1.4 Mitigation of direct GHG emissions |
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496 | (1) |
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23.2 Odour Emissions During Wastewater Treatment |
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497 | (1) |
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497 | (1) |
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23.2.2 Odour characterization: sensorial and chemical analysis |
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499 | (1) |
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502 | (1) |
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23.2.4 Minimization, mitigation and treatment of odourous emissions |
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503 | (3) |
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506 | (1) |
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506 | (4) |
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Chapter 24 The impact and risks of micropollutants in the environment |
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510 | (24) |
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Dragana Mutavdzic Pavlovic |
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510 | (3) |
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24.2 Legal and Analytical Aspects |
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513 | (1) |
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24.3 Occurrence of Micropollutants in Treated Effluents, Sludge, Surface and Ground Water |
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514 | (3) |
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24.4 Fate of Selected Compounds |
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517 | (1) |
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518 | (1) |
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519 | (1) |
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24.4.3 Photodegradation: direct and indirect |
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520 | (1) |
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521 | (1) |
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24.5 Ecotoxicological Aspects |
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521 | (1) |
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24.5.1 Whole effects approach |
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524 | (2) |
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24.6 Risk Assessment of Micropollutants: The Most Critical Compounds |
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526 | (2) |
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24.7 Final Remarks and Conclusions |
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528 | (2) |
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530 | (4) |
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Chapter 25 Legal and policy frameworks for the management of wastewater |
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534 | (21) |
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534 | (1) |
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25.1.1 Structures for ownership and regulation |
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535 | (1) |
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25.1.2 Regulation and liability |
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535 | (1) |
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25.2 Regulation of Wastewater Treatment Facilities |
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536 | (1) |
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25.2.1 General environmental law |
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536 | (1) |
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25.2.2 Specific regulation of wastewater treatment |
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537 | (2) |
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25.3 Regulation of Onsite Sanitation |
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539 | (1) |
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25.3.1 Impacts on groundwater |
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540 | (1) |
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25.4 Sludge Disposal and Reuse |
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541 | (1) |
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25.4.1 Solid waste disposal |
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541 | (1) |
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541 | (1) |
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25.4.3 Marine wastewater discharge from vessels |
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542 | (1) |
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543 | (1) |
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25.5.1 Regulation of greywater reuse |
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544 | (1) |
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25.5.2 Reuse as drinking water |
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545 | (1) |
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25.6 Climate Change and Energy in the Wastewater Sector |
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546 | (1) |
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25.6.1 Mitigation considerations |
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546 | (1) |
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25.6.2 Adaptation considerations |
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547 | (1) |
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25.7 Regulation of Contaminants of Emerging Concern |
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548 | (1) |
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549 | (1) |
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549 | (4) |
| Part 5: Conceiving, Comparing and Selecting Efficient Processes |
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553 | (69) |
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Chapter 26 Environmental decision support systems |
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555 | (26) |
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Francesc Hernandez-Sancho |
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555 | (1) |
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556 | (1) |
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26.3 Complexity of the Decisions |
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557 | (2) |
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559 | (1) |
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560 | (1) |
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26.6 How to Build an Edss? |
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561 | (1) |
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26.7 Novedar_Edss: An Edss for Selection of WWTP Configurations |
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562 | (2) |
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26.8 Novedarplus_Edss: An Edss For The '3R' Paradigm |
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564 | (2) |
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566 | (1) |
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26.9.1 Case study#1: design of a greenfield WWTP under different conditions |
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568 | (1) |
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26.9.2 Case study#2: retrofitting of a real WWTP under different conditions |
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571 | (1) |
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26.9.3 Case study#3: BSM2 case study |
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575 | (4) |
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579 | (1) |
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580 | (1) |
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Chapter 27 Superstructure-based optimization tool for plant design and retrofitting |
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581 | (18) |
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581 | (1) |
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27.2 Superstructure-Based Optimization Framework |
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|
582 | (5) |
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27.3 Case Study Application |
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587 | (10) |
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27.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives |
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|
597 | (1) |
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597 | (2) |
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Chapter 28 Model-Based Comparative Assessment Of Innovative Processes |
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599 | (23) |
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599 | (1) |
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600 | (1) |
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28.2.1 Category selection |
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600 | (1) |
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28.2.2 Unit-process models selection |
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601 | (1) |
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28.2.3 Actuator models selection |
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604 | (1) |
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28.2.4 Evaluation criteria |
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|
604 | (3) |
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28.3 Model-Based Comparative Assessment of Conventional and Innovative Plant Layouts |
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607 | (1) |
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608 | (1) |
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609 | (1) |
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28.3.3 A new WWT concept: C/N/P decoupling WWTP |
|
|
611 | (2) |
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28.4 Model Based Analysis and Optimisation of Plant Operation |
|
|
613 | (1) |
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28.5 Case Study Demonstration: Analysis and Optimisation of a Conventional Wastewater Treatment Plant |
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|
614 | (5) |
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619 | (1) |
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620 | (2) |
| Annex 1: E-course: Micropollutants in water |
|
622 | (3) |
| Annex 2: Implementing an ecoefficiency tool for the holistic design and assessment of the water cycle |
|
625 | (10) |
| Annex 3: NOVEDAR_EDSS: Intelligent/expert screening of process technologies |
|
635 | (13) |
| Index |
|
648 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta