Introduction |
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xi | |
Contributors |
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xxiii | |
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1 | (158) |
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1.1 Accuracy and Rangeability |
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4 | (11) |
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1.2 Binary Logic Diagrams |
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15 | (12) |
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27 | (8) |
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1.4 Configuring Intelligent Field Devices |
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35 | (21) |
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1.5 Evaluation of Instrument Quality |
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56 | (9) |
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1.6 Instrument Installation |
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65 | (19) |
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1.7 Redundant and Voting Systems |
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84 | (23) |
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107 | (12) |
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1.9 Terminology for Automation and Testing |
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119 | (32) |
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1.10 Uncertainty: Estimation, Propagation, and Reporting |
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151 | (8) |
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159 | (462) |
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167 | (38) |
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2.2 Applications: Abrasive, Corrosive, Slurry |
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205 | (6) |
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2.3 Applications: Bidirectional Flowmeters |
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211 | (10) |
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2.4 Applications: Multiphase and Subsea Flowmeters |
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221 | (14) |
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2.5 Applications: Multiphase Hydrocarbon Metering |
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235 | (11) |
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2.6 Calibration and Maintenance |
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246 | (15) |
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261 | (9) |
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270 | (9) |
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2.9 BTU Flow Measurement: Fuel Gas |
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279 | (5) |
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2.10 BTU Flow Measurement: Liquids |
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284 | (6) |
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2.11 Cross-Correlation Flowmetering |
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290 | (9) |
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299 | (7) |
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306 | (11) |
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317 | (9) |
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326 | (20) |
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2.16 Mass Flowmeters: Coriolis |
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346 | (18) |
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2.17 Mass Flowmeters: Indirect and Turbine |
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364 | (7) |
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2.18 Mass Flowmeters: Thermal |
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371 | (13) |
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384 | (10) |
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2.20 Oil-Custody Transfer |
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394 | (18) |
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412 | (25) |
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2.22 Paddle Flow Switches |
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437 | (8) |
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2.23 Pitot and Area-Averaging Tubes |
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445 | (15) |
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2.24 Positive-Displacement Gas Meters |
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460 | (9) |
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2.25 Positive-Displacement Liquid Meters and Provers |
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469 | (13) |
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2.26 Purge Flow Regulators |
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482 | (4) |
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2.27 Segmental Wedge Flowmeter |
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486 | (6) |
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2.28 Sight Flow Indicators |
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492 | (8) |
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2.29 Solids Flowmeter and Feeder |
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500 | (25) |
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525 | (6) |
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2.31 Turbine and Other Rotary Element Flowmeters |
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531 | (19) |
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2.32 Ultrasonic Flowmeters |
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550 | (17) |
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2.33 Variable Area, Gap, and Vane Flowmeters |
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567 | (11) |
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2.34 Venturi, Proprietary Tubes, and Flow Nozzles |
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578 | (15) |
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2.35 Vortex and Fluidic Flowmeters |
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593 | (13) |
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2.36 V-Shaped Cone Flow Elements |
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606 | (6) |
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2.37 Weirs and Flumes for Open Channels |
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612 | (9) |
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621 | (280) |
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3.1 Selection of Level Detectors |
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627 | (21) |
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3.2 Installation Considerations |
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648 | (5) |
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3.3 Applications: Interface, Foam, Boiling Services |
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653 | (7) |
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3.4 Applications: Non-Contacting, Non-Penetrating |
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660 | (5) |
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3.5 Applications: Tank Gauges for Oil and Gas |
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665 | (15) |
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3.6 Applications: Water Level Measurement in Nuclear Reactors |
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680 | (6) |
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686 | (11) |
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3.8 Capacitance and Radio Frequency (RF) Admittance |
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697 | (18) |
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3.9 Conductivity and Field-Effect Level Switches |
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715 | (5) |
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3.10 Diaphragm Level Detectors |
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720 | (7) |
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3.11 Differential Pressure Level Detectors |
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727 | (21) |
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3.12 Displacer Type Level Detectors |
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748 | (14) |
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762 | (11) |
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773 | (9) |
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3.15 Level Gauges, Including Magnetic |
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782 | (16) |
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3.16 Magnetostrictive Level Transmitters |
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798 | (6) |
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3.17 Microwave Level Switches |
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804 | (7) |
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3.18 Optical and IR Level Switches |
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811 | (5) |
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3.19 Radar: Contact Level Sensors (TDR, GWR, and PDS) |
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816 | (9) |
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3.20 Radar: Non-Contacting Level Sensors |
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825 | (10) |
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3.21 Radiation Level Sensors |
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835 | (20) |
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855 | (8) |
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3.23 Rotary Paddle Switches (Solids Level Detector) |
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863 | (5) |
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3.24 Tank Farm Gauges for Liquids and Solids |
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868 | (12) |
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3.25 Thermal Dispersion Level Sensors |
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880 | (4) |
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3.26 Ultrasonic Level Detectors |
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884 | (13) |
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3.27 Vibrating Level Switches |
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897 | (4) |
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4 Temperature Measurement |
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901 | (230) |
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4.1 Selection of Temperature Sensors |
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905 | (31) |
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4.2 Applications: Cryogenic Temperature Measurement |
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936 | (6) |
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4.3 Applications: High Temperature |
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942 | (23) |
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4.4 Bimetallic Thermometers |
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965 | (6) |
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4.5 Calibrators and Simulators |
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971 | (6) |
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4.6 Cones, Crayons, Labels, Paints, and Pellets |
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977 | (6) |
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4.7 Filled-Bulb and Glass-Stem Thermometers |
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983 | (14) |
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4.8 Integrated Circuitry (IC), Transistors and Diodes |
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997 | (6) |
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4.9 Miscellaneous Temperature Sensors |
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1003 | (9) |
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4.10 Optical Fiber Thermometers (OFT) |
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1012 | (10) |
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4.11 Radiation Pyrometers: Infrared (IR), Total, and Optical |
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1022 | (18) |
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4.12 Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) |
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1040 | (15) |
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4.13 Temperature Switches and Thermostats |
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1055 | (12) |
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1067 | (11) |
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1078 | (30) |
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1108 | (17) |
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4.17 Ultrasonic Thermometers |
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1125 | (6) |
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1131 | (144) |
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5.1 Selection of Pressure Detectors |
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1134 | (11) |
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5.2 Accessories (Seals, Snubbers, Calibrators, Manifolds) |
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1145 | (14) |
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5.3 Bellows Elements and Barometers |
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1159 | (7) |
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5.4 Bourdon and Helical Pressure Sensors |
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1166 | (5) |
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5.5 Diaphragm or Capsule Elements |
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1171 | (7) |
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5.6 Differential Pressure Instruments |
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1178 | (14) |
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5.7 Electronic Pressure Sensors |
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1192 | (16) |
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5.8 High-Pressure Sensors |
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1208 | (6) |
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1214 | (12) |
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5.10 Pneumatic Repeaters and Boosters |
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1226 | (6) |
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5.11 Pressure and Differential Pressure (D/P) Switches |
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1232 | (10) |
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1242 | (10) |
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1252 | (7) |
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1259 | (16) |
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1275 | (86) |
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6.1 Selection of Density Detectors |
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1278 | (15) |
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6.2 Displacement and Float-Type Densitometers |
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1293 | (8) |
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1301 | (12) |
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1313 | (4) |
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6.5 Hydrostatic Densitometers |
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1317 | (9) |
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6.6 Oscillating Densitometers (Coriolis) |
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1326 | (7) |
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6.7 Radiation Densitometers |
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1333 | (10) |
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6.8 Ultrasonic Sludge Slurry Densitometers |
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1343 | (4) |
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6.9 Vibrating Densitometers |
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1347 | (9) |
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6.10 Weighing Densitometers |
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1356 | (5) |
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1361 | (266) |
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7.1 Building Optimization Sensors |
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1367 | (16) |
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7.2 Electric Energy Management: Demand Shedding |
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1383 | (6) |
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1389 | (17) |
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7.4 Machine Vision Technology |
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1406 | (7) |
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1413 | (6) |
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7.6 Noise Sensors and Nondestructive Testing |
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1419 | (10) |
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7.7 Nuclear Reactor Measurements |
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1429 | (14) |
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7.8 Pipe Integrity Gauges (PIGs) |
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1443 | (15) |
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7.9 Position Measurement, Linear and Angular |
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1458 | (13) |
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7.10 Proximity Sensors and Limit Switches |
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1471 | (13) |
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7.11 Solar Collector Positioning |
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1484 | (6) |
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7.12 Tachometers and Angular Speed Detectors |
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1490 | (9) |
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7.13 Thickness and Dimension Measurement |
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1499 | (9) |
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7.14 Torque and Force Measurement |
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1508 | (12) |
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7.15 Transportation Related Sensors |
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1520 | (17) |
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7.16 Vibration, Shock, and Acceleration |
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1537 | (19) |
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7.17 Visual Inspection Tools, Borescopes |
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1556 | (6) |
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1562 | (12) |
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7.19 Weight Detectors Load Cells |
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1574 | (32) |
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1606 | (21) |
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1627 | (246) |
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8.1 Annunciators and Alarms Management |
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1632 | (28) |
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8.2 Electrical and Intrinsic Safety |
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1660 | (17) |
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8.3 Excess Flow and Regular Check Valves |
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1677 | (8) |
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8.4 Explosion Proofing of Instrumentation |
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1685 | (27) |
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8.5 Explosion Suppression and Deluge Systems |
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1712 | (10) |
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8.6 Flame Arrestor, Conservation and Emergency Vents |
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1722 | (11) |
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8.7 Flame, Fire, and Smoke Detectors |
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1733 | (10) |
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1743 | (22) |
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8.9 Nuclear Radiation Detectors |
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1765 | (14) |
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8.10 Oil Industry Accidents |
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1779 | (23) |
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8.11 Relief Valves: Determination of Required Capacity |
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1802 | (23) |
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8.12 Relief Valves: Sizing, Specification, and Installation |
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1825 | (33) |
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1858 | (15) |
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1873 | (68) |
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9.1 Transmitters: Electronic |
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1875 | (19) |
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9.2 Transmitters: Fiber-Optic |
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1894 | (13) |
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9.3 Transmitters: Pneumatic |
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1907 | (15) |
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9.4 Transmitters: Smart, Multivariable |
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1922 | (11) |
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9.5 Transmitters: Wireless |
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1933 | (8) |
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1941 | |
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1943 | (47) |
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A.2 Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols |
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1990 | (20) |
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2010 | (3) |
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A.4 Flowsheet and Functional Diagrams Symbols |
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2013 | (47) |
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A.5 Conversion among Engineering Units |
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2060 | (37) |
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A.6 Chemical Resistance of Materials |
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2097 | (23) |
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A.7 Composition and Properties of Metallic and Other Materials |
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2120 | (7) |
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A.8 Steam and Water Tables |
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2127 | (8) |
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A.9 Friction Loss in Pipes |
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2135 | (6) |
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|
2141 | |
Index |
|
2145 | |
Introduction |
|
ix | |
Contributors |
|
xvii | |
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|
1 | |
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1.1 Analyzer Selection and Application |
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19 | (34) |
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53 | (26) |
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1.3 Analyzer Sampling: Stack Monitoring |
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79 | (12) |
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1.4 Analyzer Sampling: Air Quality Monitoring |
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91 | (18) |
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109 | (8) |
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1.6 Biometers to Quantify Microorganisms |
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117 | (6) |
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123 | (9) |
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132 | (10) |
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142 | (12) |
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154 | (36) |
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1.11 Chromatographs: Liquid |
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190 | (10) |
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200 | (10) |
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210 | (9) |
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1.14 Combustible Gas or Vapor Sensors |
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219 | (16) |
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1.15 Conductivity Measurement |
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235 | (13) |
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1.16 Consistency Measurement |
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248 | (10) |
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1.17 Corrosion Monitoring |
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258 | (11) |
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1.18 Cyanide Analyzers: Weak-Acid Dissociable (WAD) |
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269 | (8) |
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1.19 Differential Vapor Pressure |
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277 | (7) |
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1.20 Dioxin and Persistent Organic Pollutants Analyzers |
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284 | (6) |
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1.21 Electrochemical Analyzers |
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290 | (13) |
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303 | (9) |
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1.23 Fiber-Optic (FO) Probes and Cables |
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312 | (18) |
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1.24 Flame, Fire, and Smoke Detectors |
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330 | (13) |
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343 | (9) |
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1.26 Hazardous and Toxic Gas Monitoring |
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352 | (26) |
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1.27 Heating Value Calorimeters |
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378 | (12) |
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1.28 Hydrocarbon Analyzers |
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390 | (13) |
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1.29 Hydrogen Cyanide [ HCN] Detectors |
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403 | (8) |
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1.30 Hydrogen in Steam or Air Analyzers |
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411 | (10) |
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1.31 Hydrogen Sulfide Detectors |
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421 | (8) |
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1.32 Infrared and Near-Infrared Analyzers |
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429 | (29) |
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1.33 Ion-Selective Electrodes (ISE) |
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458 | (16) |
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474 | (12) |
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486 | (11) |
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1.36 Mercury in Ambient Air |
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497 | (10) |
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507 | (12) |
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1.38 Moisture in Air: Humidity and Dew Point |
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519 | (21) |
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1.39 Moisture in Gases and Liquids |
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540 | (21) |
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561 | (19) |
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1.41 Molecular Weight of Liquids |
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580 | (17) |
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1.42 Natural Gas Measurements |
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597 | (9) |
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1.43 Nitrogen, Ammonia, Nitrite and Nitrate |
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606 | (9) |
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1.44 Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) Analyzers |
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615 | (10) |
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625 | (9) |
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634 | (18) |
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1.47 Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) |
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652 | (13) |
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1.48 Oxygen Demands (BOD, COD, TOD) |
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665 | (17) |
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682 | (18) |
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1.50 Oxygen in Liquids (Dissolved Oxygen) |
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700 | (14) |
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714 | (10) |
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724 | (7) |
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1.53 Particle Size Distribution (PSD) Monitors |
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731 | (11) |
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1.54 Particulate, Opacity, Air and Emission Monitoring |
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742 | (22) |
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764 | (28) |
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792 | (8) |
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1.57 Physical Properties Analyzers for Petroleum Products |
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800 | (25) |
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825 | (24) |
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849 | (15) |
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864 | (14) |
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1.61 Sand Concentration and Subsea Pipeline Erosion Detectors |
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878 | (8) |
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1.62 Spectrometers, Open Path (OP) |
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886 | (23) |
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1.63 Streaming Current Particle Charge Analyzer |
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909 | (11) |
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1.64 Sulfur Dioxide and Trioxide |
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920 | (11) |
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1.65 Sulfur in Oil and Gas |
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|
931 | (10) |
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1.66 Thermal Conductivity Detectors |
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941 | (10) |
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1.67 Total Carbon and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Analyzers |
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951 | (15) |
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1.68 Turbidity, Sludge and Suspended Solids |
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966 | (15) |
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1.69 Ultraviolet and Visible Analyzers |
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981 | (21) |
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1.70 Viscometers: Application and Selection |
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1002 | (14) |
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1.71 Viscometers: Industrial |
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1016 | (29) |
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1.72 Viscometers: Laboratory |
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1045 | (24) |
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1.73 Water Quality Monitoring |
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|
1069 | (18) |
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1.74 Wet Chemistry and Autotitrator Analyzers |
|
|
1087 | (14) |
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|
1101 | (194) |
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1103 | (47) |
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A.2 Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols |
|
|
1150 | (20) |
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|
1170 | (3) |
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A.4 Flowsheet and Functional Diagrams Symbols |
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|
1173 | (47) |
|
A.5 Conversion among Engineering Units |
|
|
1220 | (37) |
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A.6 Chemical Resistance of Materials |
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|
1257 | (23) |
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A.7 Composition and Properties of Metallic and Other Materials |
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|
1280 | (7) |
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A.8 Steam and Water Tables |
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|
1287 | (8) |
Index |
|
1295 | |