Preface |
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xvii | |
Contributors |
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xix | |
Introduction |
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xxi | |
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Part I The Automation Knowledge Base |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (9) |
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ISA Certified Automation Professional (CAP) Classification System |
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5 | (8) |
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Where Automation Fits in the Extended Enterprise |
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13 | (1) |
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Manufacturing Execution Systems and Manufacturing Operations Management |
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14 | (5) |
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14 | (1) |
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Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) and Manufacturing Operations Management (MOM) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (3) |
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18 | (1) |
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Basic Principles of Industrial Automation |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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Sensor and System Design, Installation, and Commissioning |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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Identification of the Application |
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20 | (1) |
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Selection of the Appropriate Sensor/Transmitter |
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20 | (1) |
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Selection of the Final Control Element |
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20 | (1) |
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Selection of the Controller and Control Methodology |
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20 | (1) |
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Design of the Installation |
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20 | (1) |
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Installing, Commissioning, and Calibrating the System |
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21 | (1) |
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Maintenance and Operation |
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21 | (2) |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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Asset Management, Asset Optimization, and Plant Optimization |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (2) |
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Measurement Methods and Control Strategies |
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23 | (1) |
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Measurement and Field Calibration Methodology |
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23 | (1) |
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Process Control Strategies |
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23 | (1) |
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Advanced Control Strategies |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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Simulation and Design Software |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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Best Practices for Simulation Systems in Automation |
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25 | (1) |
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Ground-up Testing and Training |
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26 | (1) |
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Simulation System Selection |
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26 | (1) |
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Simulation for Automation in the Validated Industries |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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Security for Industrial Automation |
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27 | (1) |
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An Analysis of the Security Needs of Industrial Automation |
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28 | (1) |
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Some Recommendations for Industrial Automation Security |
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28 | (3) |
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Part II Mechanical Measurements |
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31 | (1) |
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Basic Principles of Flow Measurement |
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31 | (5) |
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Streamlined and Turbulent Flow |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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Practical Realization of Equations |
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34 | (1) |
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Modification of Flow Equations to Apply to Gases |
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35 | (1) |
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Fluid Flow in Closed Pipes |
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36 | (24) |
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Differential-Pressure Devices |
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36 | (7) |
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Rotating Mechanical Meters for Liquids |
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43 | (5) |
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Rotating Mechanical Meters for Gases |
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48 | (3) |
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51 | (7) |
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58 | (2) |
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60 | (4) |
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60 | (3) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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Point Velocity Measurement |
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64 | (2) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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Electromagnetic Velocity Probe |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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Propeller-Type Current Meter |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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Ultrasonic Doppler Velocity Probe |
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66 | (1) |
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Flowmeter Calibration Methods |
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66 | (3) |
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Flowmeter Calibration Methods for Liquids |
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66 | (1) |
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Flowmeter Calibration Methods for Gases |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Behavior |
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69 | (2) |
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Measurement of the Shear Viscosity |
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71 | (2) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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Cone-and-plate Viscometer |
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72 | (1) |
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Parallel-plate Viscometer |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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Measurement of the Extensional Viscosity |
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74 | (1) |
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Measurement of Viscosity Under Extremes of Temperature and Pressure |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (3) |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (2) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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Derived from Length Measurement Alone |
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79 | (1) |
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Standards and Calibration of Length |
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80 | (1) |
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Practice of Length Measurement for Industrial Use |
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81 | (10) |
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81 | (1) |
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Mechanical Length-Measuring Equipment |
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81 | (1) |
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Electronic Length Measurement |
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82 | (5) |
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Use of Electromagnetic and Acoustic Radiation |
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87 | (3) |
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90 | (1) |
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Automatic Gauging Systems |
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91 | (2) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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Bonded Resistance Strain Gauges |
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93 | (2) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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Residual Stress Measurement |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (2) |
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Circuits for Strain Gauges |
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98 | (1) |
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Vibrating Wire Strain Gauge |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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Surveys of Whole Surfaces |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (3) |
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101 | (2) |
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Measurement of Level and Volume |
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103 | (1) |
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Practice of Level Measurement |
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103 | (3) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (2) |
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Calibration of Level-Measuring Systems |
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106 | (1) |
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Methods Providing Full-Range Level Measurement |
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107 | (3) |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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Microwave and Ultrasonic, Time-Transit Methods |
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109 | (1) |
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Force or Position Balance |
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110 | (1) |
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Methods Providing Short-Range Detection |
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110 | (3) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (4) |
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113 | (3) |
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Practical Problems of Installation |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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Accelerometer Calibration |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (6) |
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Mass-Spring Seismic Sensors |
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118 | (2) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (3) |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (3) |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (2) |
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127 | (1) |
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Force Measurement Methods |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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Hydraulic Pressure Measurement |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (4) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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Piezoelectric Transducers |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (3) |
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133 | (2) |
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133 | (2) |
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135 | (1) |
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Measurement of Density Using Weight |
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135 | (1) |
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Measurement of Density Using Buoyancy |
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136 | (1) |
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Measurement of Density Using a Hydrostatic Head |
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137 | (3) |
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General Differential Pressure Transmitter Methods |
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137 | (1) |
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DP Transmitter with Overflow Tank |
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138 | (1) |
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DP Transmitter with a Wet Leg |
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138 | (1) |
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DP Transmitter with a Pressure Repeater |
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139 | (1) |
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DP Transmitter with Flanged or Extended Diaphragm |
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139 | (1) |
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DP Transmitter with Pressure Seals |
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139 | (1) |
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DP Transmitter with Bubble Tubes |
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139 | (1) |
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Other Process Considerations |
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140 | (1) |
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Measurement of Density Using Radiation |
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140 | (1) |
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Measurement of Density Using Resonant Elements |
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140 | (5) |
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Liquid Density Measurement |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (2) |
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Relative Density of Gases |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (2) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (13) |
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Pressure Measurements by Balancing a Column of Liquid of Known Density |
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145 | (2) |
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Pressure Measurements by Allowing the Unknown Pressure to Act on a Known Area and Measuring the Resultant Force |
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147 | (2) |
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Pressure Measurement by Allowing the Unknown Pressure to Act on a Flexible Member and Measuring the Resultant Motion |
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149 | (6) |
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Pressure Measurement by Allowing the Unknown Pressure to Act on an Elastic Member and Measuring the Resultant Stress or Strain |
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155 | (3) |
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158 | (7) |
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Pneumatic Motion-Balance Pressure Transmitters |
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159 | (1) |
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Pneumatic Force-Balance Pressure Transmitters |
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159 | (1) |
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Force-Measuring Pressure Transmitters |
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160 | (2) |
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Digital Pressure Transducers |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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Choice of Nonabsolute Gauges |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (3) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (2) |
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169 | (6) |
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Thermal Conductivity Gauges |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (3) |
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173 | (2) |
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175 | (1) |
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Characterization of Particles |
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175 | (1) |
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Statistical Mean Diameters |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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Optical Effects Caused by Particles |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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Methods for Characterizing a Group of Particles |
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178 | (2) |
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Gaussian or Normal Distributions |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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Rosin-Rammler Distributions |
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180 | (1) |
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Analysis Methods that Measure Size Directly |
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180 | (3) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (2) |
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183 | (1) |
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Analysis Methods that Measure Terminal Velocity |
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183 | (5) |
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183 | (4) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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Analysis Methods that Infer Size from Some Other Property |
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188 | (3) |
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188 | (1) |
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Hiac Automatic Particle Sizer |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (2) |
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Fiber Optics in Sensor Instrumentation |
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191 | (1) |
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Principles of Optical Fiber Sensing |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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Interferometric Sensing Approach |
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193 | (9) |
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Heterodyne Interferometry |
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194 | (1) |
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Pseudoheterodyne Interferometry |
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194 | (1) |
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White-Light Interferometry |
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195 | (6) |
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Central Fringe Identification |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (8) |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (2) |
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206 | (4) |
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In-Fiber Sensing Structures |
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210 | (7) |
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210 | (1) |
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Fiber Fabry-Perot Sensing Element |
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210 | (2) |
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Fiber Bragg Grating Sensing Element |
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212 | (3) |
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215 | (2) |
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Nanotechnology for Sensors |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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Nanotechnology for Pressure Transmitters |
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217 | (1) |
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Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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Microprocessor-Based and Intelligent Transmitters |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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Attributes and Features of Microprocessor-Based and Intelligent Transmitters |
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222 | (2) |
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Microprocessor-Based Features |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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Microprocessor-Based and Intelligent Temperature Transmitters |
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224 | (2) |
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Microprocessor-Based and Intelligent Pressure and Differential Transmitters |
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226 | (3) |
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Microprocessor-Based and Intelligent Flowmeters |
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229 | (7) |
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229 | (4) |
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Electromagnetic Flowmeters |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (2) |
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Other Microprocessor-Based and Intelligent Transmitters |
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236 | (4) |
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236 | (3) |
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Microprocessor-Based and Intelligent Liquid Level Measurement Systems |
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239 | (1) |
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Other Microprocessor-Based and Intelligent Measurement Systems |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (5) |
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241 | (1) |
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Introduction to the Concept of a Fieldbus |
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241 | (1) |
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Current Digital Multiplexing Technology |
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241 | (2) |
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243 | (3) |
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User Experience with Microprocessor-Based and Intelligent Transmitters |
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246 | (1) |
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Fieldbus Function and Benefits |
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247 | (6) |
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Foundation Fieldbus and Profibus-PA |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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Future of Analog Instruments |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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Handheld Interfaces (Handheld Terminals or Handheld Communicators) |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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Further Developments of Intelligent Transmitters |
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250 | (1) |
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Integration of Intelligent Transmitters into Instrument Management Systems |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (2) |
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Industrial Wireless Technology and Planning |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (9) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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Radio Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (2) |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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Standards and Specifications |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (6) |
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Imagine the Possibilities |
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264 | (1) |
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Getting Ready for Wireless |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (4) |
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Part III Measurement of Temperature and Chemical Composition |
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269 | (3) |
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Application Considerations |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (2) |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (2) |
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Celsius Temperature Scale |
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272 | (1) |
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Kelvin, Absolute, or Thermodynamic Temperature Scale |
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272 | (1) |
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International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS-68) |
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273 | (1) |
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Fahrenheit and Rankine Scales |
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273 | (1) |
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Realization of Temperature Measurement |
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274 | (1) |
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Measurement Techniques: Direct Effects |
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274 | (12) |
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Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers |
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274 | (4) |
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Liquid-Filled Dial Thermometers |
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278 | (3) |
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281 | (1) |
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Vapor Pressure Thermometers |
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282 | (3) |
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285 | (1) |
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Measurement Techniques: Electrical |
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286 | (7) |
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286 | (4) |
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290 | (1) |
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Semiconductor Temperature Measurement |
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291 | (2) |
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Measurement Techniques: Thermocouples |
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293 | (13) |
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293 | (6) |
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299 | (2) |
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Thermocouple Construction |
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301 | (5) |
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Measurement Techniques: Radiation Thermometers |
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306 | (13) |
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306 | (1) |
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Radiation Thermometer Types |
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307 | (12) |
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Temperature Measurement Considerations |
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319 | (8) |
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319 | (1) |
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Sensor Location Considerations |
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320 | (4) |
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Miscellaneous Measurement Techniques |
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324 | (2) |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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Chemical Analysis: Introduction |
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Introduction to Chemical Analysis |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (3) |
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328 | (1) |
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Paper Chromatography and Thin-Layer Chromatography |
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328 | (3) |
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Polarography and Anodic Stripping Voltammetry |
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331 | (4) |
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331 | (3) |
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Anodic Stripping Voltammetry |
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334 | (1) |
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335 | (6) |
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339 | (2) |
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Chemical Analysis: Spectroscopy |
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341 | (1) |
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Absorption and Reflection Techniques |
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341 | (8) |
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341 | (5) |
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Absorption in UV, Visible, and IR |
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346 | (2) |
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Absorption in the Visible and Ultraviolet |
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348 | (1) |
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Measurements Based on Reflected Radiation |
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348 | (1) |
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349 | (1) |
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Atomic Techniques: Emission, Absorption, and Fluorescence |
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349 | (4) |
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy |
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349 | (2) |
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy |
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351 | (1) |
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Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy |
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352 | (1) |
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353 | (2) |
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X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy |
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353 | (2) |
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355 | (1) |
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Photo-Acoustic Spectroscopy |
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355 | (1) |
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355 | (2) |
|
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
|
357 | (6) |
|
Principle of the Classical Instrument |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
|
359 | (2) |
|
Other Methods of Separation of Ions |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
Chemical Analysis: Electrochemical Techniques |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
|
364 | (11) |
|
Electrical Conduction in Liquids |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
Conductivity of Solutions |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
Practical Measurement of Electrical Conductivity |
|
|
365 | (7) |
|
Applications of Conductivity Measurement |
|
|
372 | (3) |
|
|
375 | (3) |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
Practical Specification of a pH Scale |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
|
376 | (2) |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
|
378 | (2) |
|
|
378 | (2) |
|
Variation of Electrode Potential with Ion Activity (The Nernst Equation) |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
|
380 | (2) |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Heterogeneous Membrane Electrodes |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Liquid Ion Exchange Electrodes |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Gas-Sensing Membrane Electrodes |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
Potentiometry and Specific Ion Measurement |
|
|
382 | (11) |
|
|
382 | (2) |
|
|
384 | (6) |
|
Measurement of Redox Potential |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
Determination of Ions by Ion-Selective Electrodes |
|
|
390 | (3) |
|
Common Electrochemical Analyzers |
|
|
393 | (8) |
|
Residual Chlorine Analyzer |
|
|
393 | (2) |
|
Polarographic Process Oxygen Analyzer |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
High-temperature Ceramic Sensor Oxygen Probes |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
Fuel Cell Oxygen-measuring Instruments |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
Hersch Cell for Oxygen Measurement |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
Sensor for Oxygen Dissolved in Water |
|
|
397 | (2) |
|
Coulometric Measurement of Moisture in Gases and Liquids |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
|
399 | (2) |
|
Chemical Analysis: Gas Analysis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
Separation of Gaseous Mixtures |
|
|
402 | (2) |
|
|
402 | (2) |
|
|
404 | (8) |
|
Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD) |
|
|
404 | (2) |
|
Flame Ionization Detector (FID) |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
Photo-Ionization Detector (PID) |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
Helium Ionization Detector |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Electron Capture Detector |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
Flame Photometric Detector (FPD) |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
Catalytic Detector (Pellistor) |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Properties and Applications of Gas Detectors |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
|
412 | (9) |
|
|
414 | (2) |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
Controlled Temperature Enclosures |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
Operation of a Typical Process Chromatograph |
|
|
419 | (2) |
|
|
421 | (5) |
|
Paramagnetic Oxygen Analyzers |
|
|
421 | (3) |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
Oxides of Nitrogen Analyzer |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
Summary of Special Gas Analyzers |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
Calibration of Gas Analyzers |
|
|
426 | (3) |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
Chemical Analysis: Moisture Measurement |
|
|
|
|
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
|
429 | (2) |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
|
431 | (4) |
|
|
431 | (2) |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
|
435 | (4) |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
|
436 | (3) |
|
Part IV Electrical and Radiation Measurements |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Units and Standards of Electrical Measurement |
|
|
439 | (5) |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
Realization of the SI Base Unit |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
National Primary Standards |
|
|
440 | (4) |
|
Measurement of DC and AC current and Voltage Using Indicating Instruments |
|
|
444 | (11) |
|
Permanent Magnet-Moving Coil Instruments |
|
|
445 | (3) |
|
|
448 | (4) |
|
AC Range Extension Using Current and Voltage Transformers |
|
|
452 | (2) |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
Electrostatic Instruments |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
Digital Voltmeters and Digital Multimeters |
|
|
455 | (10) |
|
Analog-to-Digital Conversion Techniques |
|
|
456 | (4) |
|
Elements in DVMs and DMMs |
|
|
460 | (4) |
|
DVM and DMM Specifications |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
|
465 | (7) |
|
The Three-Voltmeter Method of Power Measurement |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
Direct-Indicating Analog Wattmeters |
|
|
465 | (2) |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
Three-Phase Power Measurement |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
High-Frequency Power Measurement |
|
|
470 | (2) |
|
Measurement of Electrical Energy |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
The Measurement of Resistance, Capacitance, and Inductance |
|
|
474 | (15) |
|
|
474 | (3) |
|
AC Equivalent Circuits of Resistors, Capacitors, and Inductors |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
Four-Arm AC Bridge Measurements |
|
|
478 | (4) |
|
Transformer Ratio Bridges |
|
|
482 | (5) |
|
High-Frequency Impedance Measurement |
|
|
487 | (2) |
|
Digital Frequency and Period/Time-Interval Measurement |
|
|
489 | (8) |
|
Frequency Counters and Universal Timer/Counters |
|
|
489 | (3) |
|
|
492 | (3) |
|
Microwave-Frequency Measurement |
|
|
495 | (2) |
|
Frequency and Phase Measurement Using an Oscilloscope |
|
|
497 | (2) |
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
|
499 | (3) |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
Electronic Sources: Light-emitting Diodes |
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
|
502 | (4) |
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
Photovoltaic and Photoconductive Detectors (Photodiodes) |
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
|
505 | (1) |
|
|
506 | (2) |
|
Detector Circuit Time Constants |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
Beam Chopping and Phase-Sensitive Detection |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
|
508 | (2) |
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
Ultraviolet Intensity Measurements |
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
|
510 | (4) |
|
|
510 | (2) |
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
|
512 | (2) |
|
Measurement of Optical Properties |
|
|
514 | (4) |
|
|
514 | (2) |
|
|
516 | (2) |
|
Thermal Imaging Techniques |
|
|
518 | (3) |
|
|
519 | (2) |
|
Nuclear Instrumentation Technology |
|
|
|
|
|
|
521 | (5) |
|
|
521 | (3) |
|
Classification of Detectors |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
|
526 | (15) |
|
|
526 | (2) |
|
|
528 | (4) |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
|
533 | (8) |
|
|
541 | (8) |
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
|
544 | (3) |
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
|
547 | (2) |
|
Measurements Employing Nuclear Techniques |
|
|
|
|
|
|
549 | (3) |
|
Radioactive Measurement Relations |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
Optimum Time of Measurement |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
Accuracy/Precision of Measurements |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
Measurements on Fluids in Containers |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
|
552 | (7) |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
X-ray Fluorescence Analysis |
|
|
553 | (2) |
|
Moisture Measurement: By Neutrons |
|
|
555 | (2) |
|
Measurement of Sulfur Contents of Liquid Hydrocarbons |
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
The Radioisotope Calcium Monitor |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
|
559 | (4) |
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
|
561 | (2) |
|
Miscellaneous Measurements |
|
|
563 | (4) |
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
Dating of Archaeological or Geological Specimens |
|
|
563 | (2) |
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
|
565 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
567 | (1) |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
Surface-Inspection Methods |
|
|
568 | (3) |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
Potential Drop Techniques |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
|
571 | (9) |
|
General Principles of Ultrasonics |
|
|
571 | (3) |
|
The Ultrasonic Test Equipment Controls and Visual Presentation |
|
|
574 | (2) |
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
Ultrasonic Spectroscopy Techniques |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
Applications of Ultrasonic Spectroscopy |
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
Other Ways of Presenting Information from Ultrasonics |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
Automated Ultrasonic Testing |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
|
580 | (6) |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
|
582 | (3) |
|
|
585 | (1) |
|
Fluoroscopic and Image-Intensification Methods |
|
|
585 | (1) |
|
Underwater Non-Destructive Testing |
|
|
586 | (4) |
|
Diver Operations and Communication |
|
|
587 | (1) |
|
|
587 | (1) |
|
|
587 | (1) |
|
Magnetic Particle Inspection (MPI) |
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
Other Non-Destructive Testing Techniques |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
|
590 | (1) |
|
Certification of Personnel |
|
|
590 | (3) |
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
593 | (3) |
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
Quantities Characterizing a Sound Source or Sound Field |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
Velocity of Propagation of Soundwaves |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
Selecting the Quantities of Interest |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
Instrumentation for the Measurement of Sound-Pressure Level |
|
|
596 | (8) |
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
|
597 | (3) |
|
Frequency Weighting Networks and Filters |
|
|
600 | (1) |
|
|
601 | (2) |
|
Noise-Exposure Meters/Noise-Dose Meters |
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
|
604 | (3) |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
|
606 | (1) |
|
Fast Fourier Transform Analyzers |
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
Digital Transient Recorders |
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
Sound-Intensity Analyzers |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
Calibration of Measuring Instruments |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
The Measurement of Sound-Pressure Level and Sound Level |
|
|
609 | (4) |
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
Statistical Distribution and Percentiles |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
Determination of Sound Power |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
Measurement of Sound Power by Means of Sound Intensity |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
Effect of Environmental Conditions on Measurements |
|
|
613 | (4) |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
|
614 | (3) |
|
Part V Controllers, Actuators, and Final Control Elements |
|
|
|
Field Controllers, Hardware and Software |
|
|
|
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
Field Controllers, Hardware, and Software |
|
|
617 | (2) |
|
Advanced Control for the Plant Floor |
|
|
|
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
The Need for Process Control |
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
Types of Feedback Control |
|
|
621 | (1) |
|
|
621 | (2) |
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
Recommendations for Using MPC |
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
What's in Store for the Next 40 Years? |
|
|
627 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
|
629 | (2) |
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
631 | (1) |
|
Valve Types and Characteristics |
|
|
631 | (2) |
|
Distortion of Valve Characteristics |
|
|
633 | (1) |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
Valves Serve as Flowmeters |
|
|
635 | (4) |
|
|
636 | (3) |
|
Part VI Automation and Control Systems |
|
|
|
Design and Construction of Instruments |
|
|
|
|
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
|
640 | (7) |
|
Electronic Components and Printed Circuits |
|
|
640 | (2) |
|
Surface-Mounted Assemblies |
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
|
643 | (1) |
|
Mechanical Manufacturing Processes |
|
|
644 | (2) |
|
|
646 | (1) |
|
Construction of Electronic Instruments |
|
|
647 | (3) |
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
Bench-Mounting Instruments |
|
|
647 | (2) |
|
Rack-Mounting Instruments |
|
|
649 | (1) |
|
|
649 | (1) |
|
|
650 | (1) |
|
|
650 | (5) |
|
|
650 | (1) |
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
Combined Actuator Transducer |
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
|
653 | (2) |
|
Instrument Installation and Commissioning |
|
|
|
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
Mounting and Accessibility |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
|
657 | (1) |
|
|
657 | (1) |
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
Testing and Pre-Commissioning |
|
|
658 | (2) |
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
|
659 | (1) |
|
|
659 | (1) |
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
661 | (3) |
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
Parts of Analysis Equipment |
|
|
662 | (1) |
|
|
662 | (1) |
|
|
663 | (1) |
|
|
664 | (8) |
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
|
666 | (1) |
|
|
666 | (1) |
|
|
666 | (2) |
|
|
668 | (1) |
|
Flow Measurement and Indication |
|
|
669 | (1) |
|
Pressure Reduction and Vaporization |
|
|
670 | (1) |
|
Sample Lines, Tube and Pipe Fitting |
|
|
670 | (2) |
|
|
672 | (5) |
|
|
672 | (2) |
|
|
674 | (2) |
|
|
676 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
677 | (2) |
|
|
679 | (5) |
|
|
679 | (2) |
|
Radio Frequency Transmission |
|
|
681 | (1) |
|
Fiber-Optic Communication |
|
|
681 | (3) |
|
|
684 | (1) |
|
|
685 | (2) |
|
|
687 | (1) |
|
Error Detection and Correction Codes |
|
|
688 | (1) |
|
Direct Analog Signal Transmission |
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
|
690 | (1) |
|
Digital Signal Transmission |
|
|
690 | (9) |
|
|
692 | (1) |
|
Data Transmission and Interfacing Standards |
|
|
693 | (4) |
|
|
697 | (1) |
|
|
697 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
|
699 | (1) |
|
|
699 | (1) |
|
Light-Emitting Diodes (LCDs) |
|
|
700 | (2) |
|
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) |
|
|
702 | (1) |
|
|
703 | (1) |
|
|
704 | (5) |
|
|
705 | (1) |
|
|
706 | (1) |
|
|
707 | (1) |
|
|
708 | (1) |
|
|
708 | (1) |
|
Visual Display Units (VDUs) |
|
|
709 | (1) |
|
|
709 | (1) |
|
|
709 | (3) |
|
|
710 | (1) |
|
|
711 | (1) |
|
|
711 | (1) |
|
|
712 | (1) |
|
|
712 | (1) |
|
Transient/Waveform Recorders |
|
|
713 | (1) |
|
|
713 | (2) |
|
|
714 | (1) |
|
Pneumatic Instrumentation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
715 | (1) |
|
Pneumatic Measurement and Control Systems |
|
|
716 | (1) |
|
|
717 | (5) |
|
|
717 | (1) |
|
|
717 | (1) |
|
|
718 | (3) |
|
|
721 | (1) |
|
|
721 | (1) |
|
|
721 | (1) |
|
|
722 | (1) |
|
|
722 | (1) |
|
|
723 | (6) |
|
Motion-Balance Controllers |
|
|
723 | (2) |
|
Force-Balance Controllers |
|
|
725 | (4) |
|
|
729 | (3) |
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
Analog Square Root Extractor |
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
Pneumatic Summing Unit and Dynamic Compensator |
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
Pneumatic-to-Current Converters |
|
|
730 | (2) |
|
Electropneumatic Interface |
|
|
732 | (5) |
|
Diaphragm Motor Actuators |
|
|
732 | (1) |
|
Pneumatic Valve Positioner |
|
|
733 | (1) |
|
Electropneumatic Converters |
|
|
734 | (1) |
|
Electropneumatic Positioners |
|
|
735 | (1) |
|
|
735 | (2) |
|
Reliability in Instrumentation and Control |
|
|
|
|
Reliability Principles and Terminology |
|
|
737 | (5) |
|
Definition of Reliability |
|
|
737 | (1) |
|
|
737 | (1) |
|
The Exponential Failure Law |
|
|
738 | (1) |
|
|
739 | (1) |
|
Choosing Optimum Reliability |
|
|
739 | (1) |
|
|
740 | (2) |
|
|
742 | (7) |
|
|
742 | (1) |
|
Variation of Failure Rate with Time |
|
|
742 | (1) |
|
|
743 | (1) |
|
The Effect of Temperature on Failure Rates |
|
|
743 | (1) |
|
Estimating Component Temperature |
|
|
744 | (1) |
|
The Effect of Operating Voltage on Failure Rates |
|
|
745 | (1) |
|
|
745 | (1) |
|
|
746 | (1) |
|
Confidence Limits and Confidence Level |
|
|
746 | (1) |
|
|
746 | (1) |
|
Dealing with the Wear-out Phase |
|
|
747 | (1) |
|
Estimating System Failure Rate |
|
|
747 | (1) |
|
|
748 | (1) |
|
|
748 | (1) |
|
|
749 | (6) |
|
|
749 | (1) |
|
|
750 | (1) |
|
Performance Margins in System Design |
|
|
750 | (1) |
|
|
751 | (1) |
|
|
751 | (1) |
|
|
752 | (1) |
|
|
753 | (1) |
|
|
754 | (1) |
|
|
754 | (1) |
|
Building High-Reliability Systems |
|
|
755 | (5) |
|
|
755 | (1) |
|
|
755 | (1) |
|
|
756 | (1) |
|
Redundancy with Majority Voting |
|
|
757 | (1) |
|
|
758 | (1) |
|
|
758 | (1) |
|
|
759 | (1) |
|
The Human Operator in Control and Instrumentation |
|
|
760 | (5) |
|
|
760 | (1) |
|
Features of the Human Operator |
|
|
760 | (2) |
|
|
762 | (2) |
|
|
764 | (1) |
|
|
764 | (1) |
|
|
765 | (3) |
|
|
765 | (1) |
|
Designing Fail-Safe Systems |
|
|
765 | (1) |
|
|
766 | (1) |
|
Mechanical Fail-Safe Devices |
|
|
766 | (1) |
|
|
767 | (1) |
|
|
767 | (1) |
|
|
768 | (3) |
|
Comparison with Hardware Reliability |
|
|
768 | (1) |
|
The Distinction between Faults and Failures |
|
|
769 | (1) |
|
Typical Failure Intensities |
|
|
769 | (1) |
|
High-Reliability Software |
|
|
769 | (1) |
|
Estimating the Number of Faults |
|
|
769 | (1) |
|
|
770 | (1) |
|
|
771 | (1) |
|
Electronic and Avionic Systems |
|
|
771 | (5) |
|
|
771 | (1) |
|
|
772 | (1) |
|
|
772 | (2) |
|
Railway Signaling and Control |
|
|
774 | (1) |
|
|
775 | (1) |
|
Nuclear Reactor Control Systems |
|
|
776 | (6) |
|
Requirements for Reactor Control |
|
|
776 | (1) |
|
Principles of Reactor Control |
|
|
776 | (3) |
|
|
779 | (1) |
|
|
779 | (2) |
|
|
781 | (1) |
|
Process and Plant Control |
|
|
782 | (7) |
|
Additional Hazards in Chemical Plants |
|
|
782 | (1) |
|
|
782 | (1) |
|
|
783 | (1) |
|
|
783 | (1) |
|
Reliability of Oil Supply |
|
|
784 | (1) |
|
|
785 | (1) |
|
|
786 | (1) |
|
|
786 | (1) |
|
|
787 | (1) |
|
British Standard Codes of Practice |
|
|
787 | (1) |
|
European and Harmonized Standards |
|
|
787 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
|
789 | (1) |
|
|
790 | (1) |
|
Earthing (Grounding) and Bonding |
|
|
791 | (1) |
|
|
791 | (4) |
|
|
795 | (1) |
|
|
796 | (1) |
|
|
796 | (1) |
|
|
796 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
797 | (4) |
|
Compatibility between Systems |
|
|
797 | (1) |
|
|
798 | (3) |
|
Interference Coupling Mechanisms |
|
|
801 | (13) |
|
|
801 | (4) |
|
|
805 | (3) |
|
|
808 | (6) |
|
Circuits, Layout, and Grounding |
|
|
814 | (27) |
|
|
815 | (9) |
|
Digital and Analog Circuit Design |
|
|
824 | (17) |
|
Interfaces, Filtering, and Shielding |
|
|
841 | (24) |
|
|
841 | (7) |
|
|
848 | (10) |
|
|
858 | (7) |
|
|
865 | (8) |
|
|
865 | (1) |
|
|
865 | (4) |
|
Standards Relating to the EMC Directive |
|
|
869 | (1) |
|
|
870 | (1) |
|
|
871 | (2) |
|
|
|
A. General Instrumentation Books |
|
|
873 | (6) |
|
B. Professional Societies and Associations |
|
|
879 | (4) |
|
C. The Institute of Measurement and Control |
|
|
883 | (4) |
|
|
883 | (1) |
|
|
883 | (1) |
|
|
884 | (1) |
|
Chartered Status for Individuals |
|
|
884 | (1) |
|
Incorporated Engineers and Engineering Technicians |
|
|
884 | (1) |
|
|
884 | (1) |
|
|
884 | (1) |
|
|
884 | (1) |
|
|
884 | (1) |
|
|
884 | (1) |
|
|
885 | (1) |
|
|
885 | (1) |
|
|
885 | (1) |
|
|
885 | (1) |
|
|
885 | (1) |
|
|
885 | (1) |
|
|
885 | (1) |
|
|
885 | (1) |
|
Application for Membership |
|
|
885 | (1) |
|
National and International Technical Events |
|
|
885 | (1) |
|
|
885 | (1) |
|
|
885 | (1) |
|
|
886 | (1) |
|
|
886 | (1) |
|
Government and Administration |
|
|
886 | (1) |
|
D. International Society of Automation, Formerly Instrument Society of America |
|
|
887 | (2) |
|
|
887 | (1) |
|
|
887 | (1) |
|
|
888 | (1) |
Index |
|
889 | |