Foreword |
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xi | |
Preface |
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xiii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xvii | |
Authors |
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xix | |
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1 | (8) |
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2 Bonding and Properties of Materials |
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9 | (28) |
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9 | (3) |
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12 | (18) |
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12 | (2) |
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2.2.1.1 Calculation of Madelung Constant |
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14 | (1) |
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2.2.1.2 Calculation of Cation to Anion Radius Ratio |
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15 | (5) |
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20 | (1) |
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2.2.2.1 Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory |
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21 | (1) |
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2.2.2.2 Hybridization and Hybrid Atomic Orbitals |
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22 | (1) |
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2.2.2.3 Types of Hybridization |
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23 | (4) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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2.2.4.1 Van der Waals Bond |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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2.3 Correlation between Bonding and Properties of Materials |
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30 | (5) |
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2.3.1 Mechanical Properties |
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30 | (1) |
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2.3.1.1 Elastic Behavior/Stiffness |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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2.3.1.3 Ductility and Brittleness |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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2.3.2.2 Thermal Expansion |
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32 | (2) |
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2.3.2.3 Thermal Conductivity |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (2) |
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35 | (2) |
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3 Advanced Bonding Theories for Complexes |
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37 | (18) |
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3.1 The Valence Bond Theory |
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37 | (5) |
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3.2 The Molecular Orbital Theory |
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42 | (4) |
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3.3 The Crystal Field Theory |
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46 | (5) |
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3.4 Jahn--Teller Distortions |
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51 | (2) |
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53 | (2) |
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53 | (2) |
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4 Engineering Mechanics and Mechanical Behavior of Materials |
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55 | (34) |
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55 | (8) |
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4.1.1 Mechanical Properties: Principles and Assessment |
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58 | (1) |
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4.1.2 Conceptual Understanding of Stress and Strain |
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58 | (5) |
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4.2 Stress--Strain Response of Metals under Different Loadings |
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63 | (3) |
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4.3 Tensile Stress--Strain Response |
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66 | (1) |
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4.4 Deformation and Strengthening of Metals |
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67 | (4) |
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4.4.1 Solid Solution Strengthening |
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68 | (1) |
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4.4.2 Precipitation Hardening |
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69 | (1) |
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4.4.3 Dispersion Strengthening |
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69 | (1) |
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4.4.4 Work Hardening/Strain Hardening |
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70 | (1) |
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4.4.5 Grain-Size Strengthening |
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70 | (1) |
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4.5 Brittle Fracture of Ceramics |
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71 | (5) |
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4.6 Mechanical Properties of Polymers |
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76 | (2) |
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4.7 Numerical Approaches in Predicting Material Behavior |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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4.7.3 Experimental Method |
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79 | (1) |
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4.8 Finite-Element Method |
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79 | (6) |
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80 | (2) |
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4.8.2 General Procedure for FEA |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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4.8.2.2 Structural Analysis |
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83 | (1) |
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4.8.3 Types of Coupled Field Analysis |
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83 | (1) |
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4.8.3.1 Sequentially Coupled Analysis |
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83 | (1) |
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4.8.3.2 Direct Coupled Analysis |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (4) |
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86 | (3) |
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5 Conventional and Advanced Manufacturing of Materials |
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89 | (16) |
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5.1 Conventional Manufacturing of Metallic Materials |
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89 | (4) |
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5.2 Conventional and Advanced Manufacturing of Ceramics |
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93 | (2) |
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5.3 Consolidation and Shaping of Polymers |
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95 | (1) |
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5.4 Additive Manufacturing of Materials |
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96 | (5) |
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101 | (2) |
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103 | (2) |
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103 | (2) |
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6 Electrochemistry and Electroanalytical Techniques |
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105 | (14) |
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6.1 The Laws of Thermodynamics |
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105 | (1) |
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6.2 Auxiliary Functions and Gibb's Free Energy |
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106 | (1) |
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6.3 The Chemical Potential |
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107 | (1) |
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6.4 Redox Reactions, Free Energy Change, and Electrochemical Potential |
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108 | (1) |
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6.5 Cell Voltage, Nernst Equation, and Effects of Concentration |
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108 | (2) |
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6.6 Polarization and Overpotential |
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110 | (1) |
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6.7 Electroanalytical Techniques: Concepts and Applications |
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111 | (6) |
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111 | (1) |
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6.7.2 Chronopotentiometry |
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112 | (2) |
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114 | (1) |
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6.7.4 Electrochemical "Titrations" |
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115 | (2) |
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117 | (2) |
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117 | (2) |
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7 Chemical and Electrochemical Kinetics |
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119 | (10) |
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7.1 Reaction Kinetics, Arrhenius Relation, and Activated Complex |
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119 | (1) |
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7.2 Electrochemical Reaction Kinetics |
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120 | (1) |
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7.3 Butler--Volmer and Tafel Relations for Electrochemical Reaction Kinetics and Their Applications |
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121 | (3) |
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7.4 Determination of Diffusivity of Species and Analytes in Electrolyte |
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124 | (2) |
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7.5 Overview of Implications of Reaction Kinetics toward Technological Demands |
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126 | (2) |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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8 Introduction to the Biological System |
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129 | (16) |
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129 | (1) |
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8.2 Protein: Structure and Characteristics |
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129 | (2) |
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8.3 Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells |
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131 | (1) |
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8.4 Structural Details of Eukaryotic Cell |
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131 | (2) |
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8.5 Structure of Nucleic Acids |
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133 | (2) |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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8.6 Transcription and Translation Process |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (3) |
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8.7.1 Cell Differentiation |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (2) |
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139 | (1) |
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8.9 Generic Description of Bacterial Cells |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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8.11 Bacterial--Material Interaction and Biofilm Formation |
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142 | (2) |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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9 Elements of Bioelectricity |
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145 | (28) |
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9.1 Introduction to Cell Membranes |
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145 | (2) |
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9.2 Integral Membrane Proteins |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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9.3 Transport Kinetics across Cell Membrane |
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148 | (4) |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (2) |
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9.4 Electrical Equivalent of the Cell Membrane |
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152 | (2) |
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9.5 Interaction of Living Cells with E-Field |
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154 | (15) |
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9.5.1 E-Field Effects on Living Cells |
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154 | (3) |
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157 | (3) |
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160 | (3) |
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163 | (2) |
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9.5.5 Induced Current/Voltage across Cell/Nuclear Membranes |
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165 | (4) |
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169 | (4) |
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169 | (4) |
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10 Physical Laws of Solar-Thermal Energy Harvesting |
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173 | (16) |
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10.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum and Solar Range |
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173 | (1) |
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10.2 Physics of Reflection Phenomenon |
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174 | (6) |
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10.2.1 Interaction of Light with Matter |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (4) |
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179 | (1) |
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10.3 Spectrally Selective Optical Properties |
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180 | (3) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (2) |
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183 | (1) |
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10.4 Performance Evaluation |
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183 | (1) |
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10.4.1 Merit Function and Absorber Efficiency |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (5) |
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184 | (5) |
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11 Environmental/Societal Needs of Alternate Energy and Energy Storage |
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189 | (12) |
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11.1 Science and Technology toward Efficient Energy "Harvesting" from the Sun and Wind |
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189 | (6) |
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11.1.1 Harvesting the Solar Energy via Photovoltaics |
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189 | (5) |
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11.1.2 Harvesting the Wind Energy via Mechanical Turbines |
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194 | (1) |
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11.2 Reducing Negative Environmental Impacts |
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195 | (3) |
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11.3 Need for Efficient Storage of Energy "Harvested" from Renewable Sources |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (2) |
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199 | (2) |
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12 Spectrally Selective Solar Absorbers and Optical Reflectors |
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201 | (20) |
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12.1 Importance of Solar Mirrors |
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201 | (1) |
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12.2 Existing Issues with Solar Reflectors |
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202 | (1) |
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12.3 Need for Development of New Reflector Materials |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (5) |
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12.4.1 Multifunctional High Reflective System |
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207 | (1) |
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12.4.2 Silver Mirror with Alumina Protective Layer |
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207 | (1) |
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12.5 Solar Selective Absorbers |
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208 | (1) |
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12.6 Multilayer Absorbers |
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209 | (1) |
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12.7 Dielectric/Metal/Dielectric (DMD) Absorbers |
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209 | (6) |
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209 | (1) |
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12.7.2 W/WAlN/WAlON/Al2O3 |
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210 | (5) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (6) |
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217 | (4) |
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13 Advanced Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies and Integration |
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221 | (24) |
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13.1 Historical Perspectives of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies |
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221 | (5) |
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13.2 Looking Inside the Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies |
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226 | (5) |
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13.3 Correlations between Chemical Sciences, Materials Science, Electrochemical Science, and Battery/Supercapacitor Technology |
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231 | (7) |
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13.3.1 Charge Carrying Capacity of Electrodes |
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231 | (1) |
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13.3.2 The Cell Voltage, Dependence on Electrodes and Electrochemical Parameters |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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13.3.4 Various Interrelated Aspects and Challenges |
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234 | (4) |
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13.4 Advancement in Supercapacitor and Battery Science and Technology |
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238 | (2) |
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13.5 Efficient Integration and Usage of Such Technologies |
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240 | (3) |
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243 | (2) |
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244 | (1) |
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14 Ceramics for Armor Applications |
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245 | (16) |
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14.1 Development of Ceramic Armors |
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245 | (6) |
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246 | (1) |
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14.1.2 Property Requirements for an Armor System |
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246 | (5) |
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14.1.3 Ballistic Performance |
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251 | (1) |
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14.2 Overview of Functionally Graded Armor Materials |
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251 | (1) |
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14.3 Summary of Published Results on TiB2-Based FGM |
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252 | (4) |
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14.3.1 Microstructure and Mechanical Properties |
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253 | (1) |
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14.3.2 Dynamic Compression Properties |
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254 | (2) |
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14.4 Correlation between Theory and Experimental Measurements of Dynamic Strength |
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256 | (2) |
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258 | (3) |
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259 | (2) |
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15 Functionally Graded Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications |
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261 | (20) |
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261 | (3) |
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15.2 Microstructure of HA-Based FGMs |
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264 | (1) |
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15.3 Dielectric Response of HA and FGMs |
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265 | (4) |
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15.4 AC Conductivity Behavior |
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269 | (4) |
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15.5 Impedance Spectroscopy |
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273 | (2) |
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275 | (6) |
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276 | (5) |
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16 Design, Prototyping, and Performance Qualification of Thermal Protection Systems for Hypersonic Space Vehicles |
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281 | (18) |
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281 | (2) |
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16.2 Laboratory-Scale Development of UHTCs |
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283 | (1) |
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16.3 Performance-Limiting Property Assessment Using Arc Jet Testing |
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283 | (6) |
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16.3.1 Transient Thermal and Coupled Thermostructural Analysis |
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285 | (3) |
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16.3.2 Thermodynamic Feasibility of Oxidation Reactions |
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288 | (1) |
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16.4 Thermo-Structural Design of Thermal Protection System |
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289 | (5) |
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16.4.1 CFD Analysis: Hypersonic Flow around Leading Edge |
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290 | (1) |
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16.4.2 Finite-Element-Based Coupled Thermostructural Analysis |
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291 | (3) |
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294 | (5) |
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296 | (3) |
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299 | (12) |
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17.1 Interdisciplinary Innovation and Translational Research |
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299 | (1) |
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17.2 Integrated Understanding of Interdisciplinary Sciences |
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300 | (1) |
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17.3 Challenges in Translational Research |
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301 | (1) |
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17.4 Examples of Multi-Institutional Translational Research in Healthcare Domain |
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302 | (1) |
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17.5 Examples of Multi-Institutional Translational Research in Energy Sector |
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302 | (1) |
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17.6 Impact of Translational Research |
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303 | (1) |
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17.7 Research Training of Next-Generation Researchers |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (6) |
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307 | (3) |
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310 | (1) |
Appendix |
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311 | (34) |
Index |
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345 | |