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E-raamat: Intergenerational Language Use and Acculturation of Turkish Speakers in Four Immigration Contexts

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Intergenerational Language Use and Acculturation of Turkish Speakers in Four Immigration ContextsSuurem pilt
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Integration ideologies of immigrant receiving societies have an effect on acculturation orientations, language use, choice and shift of immigrant groups. The book presents empirical evidence on ethnic and religious identification of Turkish immigrants. Education is more predictive of acculturation than generation in the four countries.



Immigrant integration dominates the social, political, and scientific agendas of immigrant-receiving countries. Integration requires mutual co-ordinated efforts of both the host and immigrant groups. This book presents a macro level perspective on language maintenance, shift and acculturation orientations of Turkish immigrants in major immigration contexts, namely, Australia, France, Germany, and the Netherlands. The findings show a close relationship between the integration ideology, policies and practices of the receiving societies and the acculturation outcomes of immigrants. Intergenerational differences in language use and choice as well as acculturation orientations of Turkish immigrants in the four national contexts have serious implications for policy makers and researchers.

Chapter 1 Introduction
17(12)
1.2 Conceptualisation of integration in the European context
19(4)
1.3 Acculturation of Turkish immigrants in Australia, France, Germany and the Netherlands
23(3)
1.4 Limitations of acculturation theories
26(2)
1.5 Overview of the Book
28(1)
Chapter 2 Language Use, Choice, Ethnolinguistic Vitality and Acculturation Orientations
29(20)
2.1 Introduction
29(2)
2.2 Linguistic Outcomes of Acculturation
31(2)
2.3 Psychological Perspective on the Role of Language in Acculturation
33(2)
2.4 Multiculturalism Ideologies and Heterogeneity in the Four Countries
35(3)
2.4.1 Australia
35(1)
2.4.2 France
36(1)
2.4.3 The Netherlands
36(1)
2.4.4 Germany
37(1)
2.5 Language Maintenance/Shift and relevant variables
38(4)
2.6 The Role of Ethnolinguistic Vitality on Language Maintenance of the Group
42(7)
2.6.1 Vitality Variables
43(3)
2.6.2 Drawbacks of EV Theory
46(1)
2.6.3 Relevance of EVT
47(2)
Chapter 3 Design of the Study
49(12)
3.1 Methodology
50(1)
3.2 Research questions
50(5)
3.3 Instruments
55(4)
3.3.1 Multiculturalism scale
56(1)
3.3.2 Ethnic identification scale
56(1)
3.3.3 Ethnic and mainstream cultural orientation scale
57(1)
3.3.4 Turkish and mainstream behaviour scale
57(1)
3.3.5 The religious beliefs scale
57(1)
3.3.6 The ethnic and mainstream social network scale
58(1)
3.3.7 The ethnic and mainstream cultural norms scale
58(1)
3.3.8 The language use, choice and preference scale
58(1)
3.3.9 The attitudes to Turkish language scale
58(1)
3.4 Procedures
59(2)
Chapter 4 Acculturation Orientations and Outcomes in the Australian Context
61(54)
4.1 Australian integration policies
62(1)
4.2 Multiculturalism in Australia
63(2)
4.3 Turkish Community in Australia
65(2)
4.4 Research Outcomes of Acculturation Investigation
67(1)
4.5 Background characteristics of the informants
67(3)
4.6 Opinions regarding multiculturalism policies
70(2)
4.7 Self-identification
72(8)
4.7.1 Identification with the mainstream society
76(1)
4.7.2 Cultural identity
77(2)
4.7.3 Australian cultural identity
79(1)
4.8 Turkish cultural norms and behaviour
80(1)
4.8 Australian cultural norms and behaviour
81(2)
4.9 Religious identity
83(6)
4.10 Social networks
89(5)
4.10.1 Social networks with Turks
90(1)
4.10.2 Social networks with Australians
91(1)
4.10.3 Extent of social contact with the mainstream community
92(2)
4.11 Adherence to ethnic and mainstream cultural norms
94(5)
4.11.1 Turkish group vitality
94(2)
4.11.2 Public versus private use of language
96(3)
4.12 Language-use choice with different interlocutors
99(9)
4.13 Overall evaluation of the acculturation scales
108(2)
4.14 Concluding remarks
110(5)
Chapter 5 Acculturation Orientations and Outcomes in the French Context
115(46)
5.1 Turkish Community in France
115(3)
5.2 French language policies concerning linguistic minorities
118(1)
5.3 Research Outcomes
118(1)
5.4 Background characteristics of the informants
118(3)
5.5 Opinions regarding multiculturalism policies
121(1)
5.6 Immigrants' interactive acculturation scale (IAS)
122(2)
5.7 Self-identification
124(7)
5.7.1 Immigrants' ethnic identification
124(6)
5.7.2 Identification with the mainstream society
130(1)
5.8 Cultural identity
131(6)
5.8.1 Turkish cultural identity
131(1)
5.8.2 French cultural identity
132(1)
5.8.3 Turkish cultural norms and behaviour
133(2)
5.8.4 French cultural norms and behaviour
135(2)
5.9 Religious identity
137(4)
5.10 Social networks
141(4)
5.10.1 Social networks with Turks
142(1)
5.10.2 Social networks with the French
143(1)
5.10.3 Extent of social contacts among the informants
144(1)
5.11 Adherence to ethnic and mainstream cultural norms
145(5)
5.11.1 Turkish group vitality
146(2)
5.11.2 Public versus private use of language
148(2)
5.12 Language use-choice with different interlocutors
150(7)
5.13 Overall evaluation of the acculturation scales
157(2)
5.14 Concluding remarks
159(2)
Chapter 6 Acculturation Orientations and Linguistic Outcomes in the German Context
161(62)
6.1 Profile of the Turkish Community in Germany
161(9)
6.1.1 Demographic characteristics
163(1)
6.1.2 Educational profile of the Turkish immigrants
164(2)
6.1.3 Turkish language teaching
166(1)
6.1.4 Religious organisations in Germany
167(2)
6.1.5 Socio-cultural institutions
169(1)
6.2 Acculturation orientations of mainstream German and Turkish immigrants
170(3)
6.3 Acculturation outcomes
173(5)
6.3.1 Background characteristics of the informants
173(3)
6.4.1 Interactive acculturation scale - multiculturalism index
176(2)
6.5 Self-identification
178(6)
6.5.1 Immigrants' ethnic identification
178(5)
6.5.2 Identification with the mainstream society
183(1)
6.6 Cultural identity
184(5)
6.6.1 Turkish cultural identity
184(1)
6.6.2 German cultural identity
185(1)
6.6.3 Turkish cultural norms and behaviour
186(1)
6.6.4 German cultural norms and behaviour
187(2)
6.7 Religious identity
189(6)
6.8 Social networks
195(4)
6.8.1 Social networks with Turks
195(1)
6.8.2 Social networks with Germans
196(1)
6.8.3 Extent of social contacts among the informants
197(2)
6.9 Adherence to ethnic and mainstream cultural norms
199(13)
6.9.1 Turkish group vitality
199(2)
6.9.2 Public versus private use of language
201(2)
6.9.3 Language use-choice with different interlocutors
203(7)
6.9.4 Overall evaluation of the acculturation scales
210(2)
6.10 Concluding remarks
212(1)
6.11 Identification patterns of Turkish immigrants
213(3)
6.12 Differences in religious identification between generations
216(1)
6.13 Social networks of the Turkish immigrants
217(1)
6.14 Language use-choice patterns of Turkish immigrants
218(2)
6.15 The core values of Turkish identity
220(3)
Chapter 7 Acculturation Orientations and Outcomes in the Dutch Context
223(72)
7.1 Acculturation in segregated communities
224(1)
7.2 Dutch integration policies between the 1980s and 2000s
225(3)
7.3 Hardening the boundaries: Ethnicisation of Islam in the Netherlands
228(1)
7.4 Urban segregation and its consequences for acculturation
229(5)
7.5 Turkish Community in the Netherlands
234(15)
7.5.1 Demographic characteristics
235(4)
7.5.2 Social networks
239(2)
7.5.3 Turkish language media
241(2)
7.5.4 Home language teaching
243(3)
7.5.5 Turkish youngsters
246(3)
7.6 Dutch language policies concerning linguistic minorities
249(1)
7.7 Research Outcomes of Acculturation Investigation
250(1)
7.8 Background characteristics of the informants
250(3)
7.9 Opinions regarding multiculturalism policies
253(2)
7.10 Self-identification
255(6)
7.11 Identification with the mainstream society
261(1)
7.12 Cultural identity
262(2)
7.13 Dutch cultural identity
264(1)
7.14 Turkish cultural norms and behaviour
265(1)
7.15 Dutch cultural norms and behaviour
266(2)
7.16 Religious identity
268(6)
7.17 Social networks
274(4)
7.17.1 Social networks with Turks
274(2)
7.17.2 Social networks with the Dutch
276(1)
7.17.3 Extent of social contact with the mainstream community
277(1)
7.18 Adherence to ethnic and mainstream cultural norms
278(6)
7.18.1 Turkish group vitality
278(3)
7.18.2 Public versus private use of language
281(3)
7.19 Language use-choice with different interlocutors
284(8)
7.20 Overall evaluation of the acculturation scales
292(2)
7.21 Concluding remarks
294(1)
Chapter 8 Comparative Outcomes in the Four National Contexts and Conclusions
295(24)
8.1 Introduction
295(1)
8.2 Integration Ideologies in the Four Countries
295(4)
8.3 Cross-national Comparisons
299(7)
8.3.1 Internal Consistencies and Structural Equivalence
300(1)
8.3.2 Country and Educational Differences in Scale Means
301(2)
8.3.3 Path Analysis of Scale Relations
303(3)
8.4 Intergenerational differences
306(5)
8.5 Discussion
311(8)
References 319
Kutlay Yamur is Professor of Language, Identity and Education in the Department of Culture Studies, University of Tilburg. He studied and served at different universities around the globe: Australia, France, the Netherlands and Turkey.
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