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E-raamat: International Criminal Court and the End of Impunity in Kenya

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International Criminal Court and the End of Impunity in KenyaSuurem pilt
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The period immediately following Kenya"s 2007 presidential election left a shocking trail of atrocities, with over 1,000 people dead and countless thousands left victimised and displaced. In response, the International Criminal Court began a series of investigations and trials, promising no impunity for even the highest ranking perpetrators. When the country"s president and vice-president were implicated in the crimes, the case took on worldwide significance.The International Criminal Court and the End of Impunity in Kenya is a five-year study addressing critical human rights issues with a global reach and is the first detailed account of the ICC"s intervention in Kenya. It probes the relationship between the ICC and state institutions, known as positive complementarity, and asks whether the ICC"s intervention led to an end to impunity. The author provides comprehensive analysis of the Waki Commission"s sealed envelope, the government"s attempts to establish a special tribunal a

nd the trials in The Hague. He also provides in depth consideration of any influence the ICC"s intervention may have had on the passing of a new constitution, the establishment of a truth commission and important reforms to the judiciary, police and witness protection programme.Documenting the effects of these interventions on the Kenyan people, and on the country"s legal and judicial systems, the book provides vital lessons in global justice as it:Details the ICC"s involvement in Kenya in the aftermath of extreme violence and instabilityEvaluates the ICC prosecutor"s strategy of positive complementarityIdentifies optimal conditions for positive complementarity to be effectiveLinks cultures of impunity to state-sponsored corruptionExplores the possible impact of the ICC on national and global policyDiscusses implications in responding to future crimes against humanityReplete with official government sources, The International Criminal Court and the End of Impunity

in Kenya is necessary reading for researchers and practitioners working in public international law, particularly those specialising in conflict and post-conflict states.

Chapter 1: Introduction.- Chapter 2: The Strategy of Positive Complementarity.- Chapter 3: Kenya"s Post-Election Violence and History of Impunity.- Chapter 4: From Nairobi to The Hague.- Chapter 5: Prosecuting Perpetrators.- Chapter 6: Don"t be Vague, Go to The Hague!.- Chapter 7: Rule of Law Reforms: Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc .- Chapter 8: Culture of Impunity.- Chapter 9: Conclusion.
1 Introduction
1(28)
1 The Prosecutor's Promise
2(2)
2 The Effectiveness of International Criminal Justice
4(4)
3 Methodology
8(4)
3.1 Scope
8(1)
3.2 Research Method
9(2)
3.3 Assessing the ICC's Impact
11(1)
4 Ending Impunity
12(5)
4.1 The OTP and the End of Impunity
13(1)
4.2 The Ending of Impunity for Kenyans
14(2)
4.3 Assessing the End of Impunity
16(1)
5 Precursors for Positive Complementarity
17(3)
6 Structure of Project
20(9)
Bibliography
24(5)
2 The Strategy of Positive Complementarity
29(18)
1 Origins of Positive Complementarity
30(2)
1.1 Complementarity and the Rome Statute
30(1)
1.2 The Birth of Positive Complementarity
31(1)
2 OTP's Understanding of Positive Complementarity
32(6)
2.1 The Two Dimensions of Complementarity
33(1)
2.2 Strategy for Encouraging Prosecutions
34(4)
3 Positive Complementarity in Practice
38(5)
3.1 Early Years and Negative Complementarity
38(2)
3.2 Success Stories?
40(2)
3.3 The Shadow Side of Complementarity
42(1)
4 Conclusion
43(4)
Bibliography
44(3)
3 Kenya's Post-Election Violence and History of Impunity
47(22)
1 Kenya's Post-Election Violence
48(5)
1.1 Disputed Presidential Elections and the Road to Violence
48(3)
1.2 Causes of the Violence
51(2)
2 History of Institutionalised Impunity
53(11)
2.1 Colonial Era
53(2)
2.2 Post-Independence
55(4)
2.3 The Institutionalisation of Impunity
59(2)
2.4 Culture of Impunity
61(3)
3 Conclusion
64(5)
Bibliography
65(4)
4 From Nairobi to The Hague
69(22)
1 Phase One: Commencement of Preliminary Examinations (February 2008--July 2009)
70(4)
1.1 Monitoring the Situation
70(1)
1.2 The Waki Report and the Sealed Envelope
71(1)
1.3 Strike One
72(2)
2 Phase Two: Encouragement of Domestic Prosecutions (June 2009--November 2009)
74(4)
2.1 The Complementarity Contract and the Delivery of the Sealed Envelope
74(1)
2.2 Strike Two and the Division of Labour
75(3)
3 Phase Three: ICC Investigations (December 2009--December 2010)
78(4)
3.1 Strike Three and Investigations Proprio Motu
78(2)
3.2 Continued Encouragement of Domestic Proceedings
80(2)
4 Phase Four: ICC Pre-Trial Stage (December 2010--March 2013)
82(4)
4.1 The `Ocampo Six'
82(2)
4.2 The `Ocampo Four'
84(1)
4.3 The `Ocampo Three'
85(1)
5 Conclusion
86(5)
Bibliography
87(4)
5 Prosecuting Perpetrators
91(42)
1 A Yardstick for Success
91(2)
2 The Small Fish
93(9)
2.1 Prosecutions by Numbers
95(4)
2.2 Prosecutions by Crimes
99(2)
2.3 The OTP's Influence
101(1)
3 The Big Fish
102(1)
4 The Foreign Affairs Facade
103(7)
4.1 The Special Tribunal and Motion Without Movement
104(2)
4.2 Justice Delayed but Justice Assured
106(2)
4.3 Investigating the Ocampo Six
108(2)
5 Kenyans in The Hague
110(5)
5.1 Local Support for ICC Intervention
110(4)
5.2 A Blow to Impunity
114(1)
6 Impunity Gaps
115(4)
7 The Shadow Side of Complementarity
119(6)
7.1 Increased Threats to Witnesses
119(2)
7.2 Politicisation of the ICC
121(4)
8 Conclusion
125(8)
Bibliography
127(6)
6 Don' t Be Vague, Go to The Hague!
133(50)
1 An Unsuitable Strategy
134(5)
1.1 Political Suicide
135(1)
1.2 Domestic Inability
136(3)
2 The OTP's Influence
139(17)
2.1 Not the Initial Impetus
139(3)
2.2 Influencing Leaders
142(5)
2.3 Imminent but not Inevitable
147(4)
2.4 Vested Interests
151(5)
3 Foreign Affairs Facade
156(13)
3.1 Reneging on Referral
156(1)
3.2 Rescuing the Ocampo Six
157(1)
3.3 Withdrawal from the Rome Statute
158(1)
3.4 Security Council Deferral and Shuttle Diplomacy
159(1)
3.5 Article 19 Application
160(2)
3.6 East African Court of Justice
162(1)
3.7 African Court of Justice and Human Rights
163(1)
3.8 Motions Without Movement
164(1)
3.9 Obstructing Investigations
165(4)
4 The Shadow Side of Complementarity
169(5)
4.1 Discouragement of Local Prosecutions
170(1)
4.2 A Mechanism We Can Control
171(3)
5 Conclusion
174(9)
Bibliography
176(7)
7 Rule of Law Reforms: Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc?
183(50)
1 The OTP and Rule of Law Reform
184(2)
2 The Tenth Parliament's Rule of Law Reforms
186(8)
2.1 Constitution
188(1)
2.2 Criminal Justice System
189(2)
2.3 Electoral Process
191(1)
2.4 National Reconciliation
192(2)
3 Catalysts for Reform
194(12)
3.1 The Ongoing Reform Process
194(4)
3.2 The Post-Election Violence
198(2)
3.3 Legacies and Campaigns
200(2)
3.4 International Pressures
202(2)
3.5 Domestic Pressures
204(2)
4 The OTP's Impact
206(10)
4.1 The International Crimes Act 2008
206(2)
4.2 Witness Protection
208(4)
4.3 Judicial and Security Sector Reforms
212(1)
4.4 Simultaneous but Separate
213(3)
5 The Shadow Side of Complementarity
216(7)
5.1 The Government of National Disunity
216(4)
5.2 Delays and Distractions
220(1)
5.3 Illusory Reforms
221(2)
6 Conclusion
223(10)
Bibliography
225(8)
8 Culture of Impunity
233(16)
1 Ending the `Culture of Impunity'
234(2)
2 Judging the Judges
236(3)
3 Policing the Police
239(4)
4 The Shadow Side of Complementarity
243(3)
5 Conclusion
246(3)
Bibliography
246(3)
9 Conclusion
249(8)
Bibliography
254(3)
Appendix: Timeline 257(8)
Index 265
Dr Lionel Nichols is a barrister of the Honourable Society of the Inner Temple and an Adjunct Lecturer in Law at the University of Tasmania. He specialises in international criminal law, human rights law, crime and transitional justice. He has previously worked on the trials of Radovan Karadzic at the ICTY and Charles Taylor at the SCSL. He is the former convenor of the Oxford Transitional Justice Research group and was the University of Oxford's Global Justice Research Fellow.
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