Contributors |
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xiii | |
Preface |
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xix | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxi | |
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Chapter I Cerebrovascular Embryology and Implications for the Pathogenesis of Cerebral Aneurysms |
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1.1 Vnsculogenesis and Angiogenesis |
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4 | (1) |
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1.2 Embryology of the Cerebral Arterial Circulation |
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5 | (3) |
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1.3 Mural Structure of Cerebral Arteries |
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8 | (1) |
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1.4 Cerebral Arterial Bifurcations as an Anatomical Vulnerability |
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9 | (1) |
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1.5 Anatomical Variants of Persistent Fetal Circulation |
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9 | (5) |
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14 | (3) |
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14 | (3) |
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Chapter 2 Biology of Cerebral Aneurysm Formation, Growth, and Rupture |
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17 | (1) |
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2.2 Formation of Intracranial Aneurysms |
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18 | (3) |
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2.1 Atherosclerosis and Saccular Intracranial Aneurysms |
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21 | (1) |
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2.4 Hemodynamics and Biology |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (2) |
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2.6 Aneurysm Wall Inflammation |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (7) |
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29 | (4) |
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Chapter 8 Experimental Aneurysm Models |
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33 | (4) |
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3.2 Early Models and History |
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37 | (1) |
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3.3 Classification of Models |
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37 | (6) |
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3.4 Special Aneurysm Models |
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43 | (1) |
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3.5 Limitations of Current Models |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (3) |
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44 | (3) |
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Chapter 4 Training Standards in Neuroendovascular Surgery (NES) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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4.3 Prerequisite Training |
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49 | (2) |
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51 | (1) |
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4.5 Program Personnel and Resources |
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52 | (1) |
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4.6 Advanced Fellowship Training |
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53 | (2) |
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55 | (5) |
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55 | (5) |
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PART II EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ANEURYSMS AND SAH |
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Chapter 5 Imaging of Intracranial Aneurysms |
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60 | (1) |
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5.2 Intracranial Aneurysm Detection |
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60 | (6) |
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5.3 Intracranial Aneurysm Characterization |
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66 | (6) |
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72 | (2) |
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5.5 Functional Intracranial Aneurysm Imaging With MRA and CTA |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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5.7 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) |
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75 | (1) |
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5.8 Posttreatment Aneurysm Imaging |
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75 | (4) |
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79 | (7) |
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81 | (5) |
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Chapter 6 Surveillance and Screening for Intracranial Aneurysms |
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86 | (1) |
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6.2 Indications for Screening |
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86 | (3) |
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6.3 Management of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms |
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89 | (6) |
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95 | (5) |
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95 | (5) |
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Chapter 7 Severe Headache and Diagnosis of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in the Emergency Department |
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100 | (1) |
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7.2 Incidence and Prevalence of aSAH |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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7.4 SAH Clinical Severity Scales |
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102 | (1) |
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7.5 Clinical Presentation |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (2) |
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107 | (1) |
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7.9 Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) |
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108 | (1) |
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7.10 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)/Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) |
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109 | (1) |
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7.11 Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (2) |
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7.13 Technological Advances |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (4) |
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113 | (3) |
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Chapter 6 Evaluation and Initial Management of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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8.3 Etiology and Pathogenesis |
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116 | (1) |
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8.4 Clinical Characteristics |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (4) |
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8.6 Delayed Cerebral Ischemia |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (3) |
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123 | (3) |
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Chapter 9 SAH of Unknown Etiology: Natural History and Further Evaluation |
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126 | (1) |
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9.2 Perimesencephalic Hemorrhage |
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126 | (4) |
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130 | (2) |
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132 | (2) |
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9.5 Isolated Intraventricular Hemorrhage |
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134 | (2) |
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9.6 CT-Negative Subarachnoid Hemorrhage |
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136 | (5) |
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137 | (4) |
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Chapter 10 Critical Care Management of Aneurysmal SAH After the Aneurysm is Secured |
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141 | (1) |
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10.2 Diagnosis and Acute Management |
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142 | (2) |
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10.3 Critical Care Management |
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144 | (10) |
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154 | (7) |
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155 | (6) |
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Chapter 11 Radiographic Vasospasm and Clinical (Symptomatic) Vasospasm |
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161 | (2) |
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11.2 Historical Perspective of Vasospasm |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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11.4 Prevention of Symptomatic Vasospasm |
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164 | (1) |
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11.5 Detection/Monitoring of Vasospasm |
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165 | (3) |
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11.6 Management of Cerebral Vasospasm |
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168 | (6) |
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174 | (5) |
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174 | (5) |
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Chapter 11 Delayed Neurological Injury Not From Large-Vessel Vasospasm |
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12.1 Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Delayed Neurologic Injury |
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179 | (13) |
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186 | (6) |
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PART III SURGICAL TECHNIQUES |
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Chapter 13 Anesthesia Management of Intracranial Aneurysms |
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13.1 Preoperative Considerations |
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192 | (2) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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13.4 Other Major Medical Problems |
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196 | (1) |
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13.5 General Anesthetic Management |
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196 | (6) |
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13.6 Special Considerations |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (5) |
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204 | (4) |
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Chapter 14 Technical Principles of Aneurysm Clipping |
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Rafael De Oliveira Sillero |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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14.3 Basic Surgical Approaches |
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209 | (1) |
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14.4 Subtemporal Approach |
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210 | (2) |
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14.5 Far-Lateral Suboccipital Approach |
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212 | (1) |
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14.6 Subarachnoid Dissection |
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212 | (2) |
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14.7 Temporary Arterial Control |
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214 | (1) |
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14.8 Intraoperative Rupture |
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214 | (1) |
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14.9 Basic Principles of Clip Application |
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215 | (14) |
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14.10 Large and Giant Aneurysms |
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229 | (2) |
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231 | (3) |
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231 | (3) |
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Chapter 15 Management of Complex Intracranial Aneurysms: Principles of Microsurgical Deconstruction and Cerebrovascular Bypass |
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234 | (1) |
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15.2 What Is a "Complex" Aneurysm? |
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234 | (1) |
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15.3 Principles of Microsurgical Deconstruction |
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235 | (1) |
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15.4 When Is a bypass Needed? |
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236 | (1) |
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15.5 Trap then Bypass or Bypass then Trap? |
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237 | (1) |
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15.6 Elegance Versus Efficiency: IC-IC or EC-IC? |
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238 | (2) |
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15.7 EC-IC Constructs: Donor, Recipient, and Graft |
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240 | (4) |
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15.8 The Operation Begins When the Bypass Is In |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (4) |
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246 | (3) |
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Chapter 16 Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring in Brain Aneurysm Surgery |
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249 | (1) |
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16.2 Electroencephalography |
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250 | (2) |
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16.3 Somatosensory Evoked Potentials |
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252 | (1) |
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16.4 Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials |
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253 | (2) |
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16.5 Motor Evoked Potentials |
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255 | (4) |
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259 | (1) |
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16.7 Anesthetic and Systemic Considerations |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (8) |
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261 | (7) |
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PART IV ENDOVASCULAR TECHNIQUES |
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Chapter 17 Diagnostic Angiography Techniques and Complication Avoidance |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (3) |
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17.3 Pre-Procedural Workup |
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271 | (3) |
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17.4 Cerebral Angiography Technique and Safety |
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274 | (3) |
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17.5 Wires, Catheters, and Flush |
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277 | (6) |
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17.6 Additional Imaging Considerations and Standard Views |
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283 | (1) |
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17.7 Closure and Post-Procedure |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (4) |
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284 | (4) |
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Chapter 18 Evolving Technologies in the Treatment of Cerebral Aneurysms |
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288 | (1) |
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18.2 Imaging Technologies |
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288 | (3) |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (3) |
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18.6 Coil Support Devices |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (8) |
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298 | (7) |
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Chapter 19 Platelet Inhibition and Anticoagulation in Endovascular Neurosurgery |
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19.1 Overview of Clot Formation |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (6) |
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19.3 Testing Response to Medications |
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312 | (3) |
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315 | (2) |
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317 | (3) |
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318 | (2) |
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Chapter 20 Guide Catheter Access: Basics and Solutions to Difficult Anatomy |
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320 | (1) |
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20.2 Common Femoral Access |
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320 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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322 | (1) |
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20.6 Considerations for Lesion Access |
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322 | (3) |
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20.7 Catheter Constructs for Typical Situations |
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325 | (2) |
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327 | (3) |
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327 | (3) |
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Chapter 21 Basic Endovascular Techniques: Direct, Balloon-Assisted, and Stent-Asststed Coil Embolization |
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330 | (1) |
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21.2 Preoperative Considerations |
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330 | (1) |
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21.3 Direct Coil Embolization |
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331 | (5) |
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21.4 Balloon-Assisted Coil Embolization |
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336 | (5) |
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21.5 Stent-Assisted Coil Embolization |
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341 | (8) |
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21.6 Coiling Result Assessment |
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349 | (2) |
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351 | (8) |
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Appendix A Balloon Catheter Preparatory Steins |
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351 | (2) |
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Appendix B Tips for Using the Various Stent Systems |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (5) |
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Chapter 22 Endovascular Flow Diversion |
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359 | (1) |
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359 | (1) |
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359 | (3) |
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362 | (1) |
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22.5 Common Flow Diverters |
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363 | (1) |
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364 | (1) |
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22.7 Expanding Indications |
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365 | (6) |
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371 | (1) |
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372 | (2) |
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22.10 Next-Generation Devices |
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374 | (1) |
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375 | (4) |
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375 | (4) |
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Chapter 23 Intra-Sacular Flow Disruption |
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23.1 Background and Concept of Flow Diversion |
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379 | (1) |
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23.2 Luna Aneurysm Embolization System (LUNA AES)---Artisse |
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380 | (1) |
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23.3 Woven EndoBridge (WEB) Device |
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381 | (3) |
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384 | (3) |
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385 | (2) |
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Chapter 24 Balloon Test Occlusion |
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387 | (1) |
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388 | (2) |
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390 | (2) |
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392 | (1) |
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393 | (5) |
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394 | (4) |
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Chapter 25 Parent Vessel Sacrifice in Endovascular Surgery |
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398 | (1) |
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399 | (4) |
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25.3 Technical Considerations |
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403 | (5) |
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408 | (3) |
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408 | (1) |
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408 | (3) |
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Chapter 26 Complication Avoidance During Neuroendovascular Procedures |
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411 | (1) |
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26.2 Patient-Related Morbidity and Risk Assessment |
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412 | (7) |
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26.3 Management of Intraoperative Thromboembolic Complications |
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419 | (7) |
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426 | (6) |
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427 | (5) |
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Chapter 27 Complication Avoidance and Management of Endovascular Treatments |
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432 | (1) |
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27.2 Thromboembolic Complications |
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432 | (6) |
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27.3 Hemorrhagic Complications |
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438 | (3) |
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27.4 Device Complications |
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441 | (5) |
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27.5 Access Site Complications |
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446 | (6) |
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452 | (11) |
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452 | (11) |
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PART V SPECIFICS OF ANEURYSM TREATMENT |
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Chapter 28 Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms |
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463 | (1) |
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464 | (1) |
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28.3 Microsurgical Treatment |
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465 | (3) |
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28.4 Endovascular Treatment |
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468 | (7) |
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475 | (2) |
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477 | (4) |
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477 | (4) |
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Chapter 29 Internal Carotid Artery Aneurysms Introduction |
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481 | (2) |
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Chapter 29A Specifics of Aneurysm Treatment: Paraclinoid Internal Carotid Artery |
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483 | (1) |
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484 | (2) |
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29A.3 Microsurgical Treatment |
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486 | (2) |
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29A.4 Endovascular Treatment |
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488 | (6) |
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494 | (1) |
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495 | (5) |
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495 | (5) |
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Chapter 29B Internal Carotid Aneurysms---Communicating Segment |
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Christoph J. Griessenauer |
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500 | (1) |
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500 | (2) |
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29B.3 Microsurgical Treatment |
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502 | (1) |
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29B.4 Endovascular Treatment |
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503 | (1) |
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29B.5 Treatment Strategies |
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504 | (4) |
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508 | (5) |
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509 | (4) |
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Chapter 29C Carotid Terminus Aneurysms |
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513 | (1) |
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514 | (1) |
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29C.3 Microsurgical Treatment |
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514 | (6) |
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29C.4 Endovascular Treatment |
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520 | (4) |
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29C.5 Treatment Strategies |
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524 | (1) |
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524 | (3) |
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524 | (3) |
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Chapter 30 Middle Cerebral Artery |
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527 | (1) |
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528 | (2) |
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30.3 Microsurgical Treatment |
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530 | (3) |
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30.4 Endovascular Treatment |
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533 | (2) |
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30.5 Treatment Strategies |
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535 | (1) |
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535 | (4) |
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536 | (3) |
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Chapter 31 Vertebral Artery and PICA Aneurysms |
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539 | (1) |
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540 | (4) |
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31.3 Microsurgical Treatment |
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544 | (1) |
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31.4 Endovascular Treatment |
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545 | (3) |
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31.5 Treatment Strategies |
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548 | (2) |
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550 | (6) |
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551 | (5) |
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Chapter 32 Introduction: Basilar Artery Aneurysms |
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32.1 Basilar Terminus Aneurysms |
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556 | (1) |
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556 | (1) |
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32.3 Basilar Trunk Aneurysms |
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557 | (1) |
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557 | (2) |
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558 | (1) |
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Chapter 32A Specifics of Treatment for Basilar Trunk Artery Aneurysms |
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Leonardo B.C. Brasiliense |
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559 | (1) |
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560 | (2) |
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32A.3 Microsurgical Treatment |
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562 | (5) |
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32A.4 Endovascular Treatment |
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567 | (4) |
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571 | (1) |
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571 | (6) |
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572 | (5) |
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Chapter 32A Basilar Terminus |
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577 | (1) |
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577 | (2) |
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32B.3 Microsurgical Treatment |
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579 | (4) |
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32B.4 Endovascular Treatment |
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583 | (4) |
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32B.5 Treatment Strategies |
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587 | (1) |
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588 | (5) |
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588 | (5) |
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Chapter 32C Posterior Cerebral Artery/Superior Cerebellar Artery Aneurysms |
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593 | (1) |
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593 | (1) |
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32C.3 Microsurgical Treatment |
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594 | (5) |
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599 | (2) |
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599 | (2) |
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Chapter 33 Pericallosal Aneurysms |
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601 | (1) |
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601 | (1) |
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33.3 Microsurgical Treatment |
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602 | (3) |
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33.4 Endovascular Treatment |
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605 | (4) |
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609 | (1) |
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610 | (4) |
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611 | (3) |
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Chapter 34 Specifics of Aneurysm Treatment Distal Aneurysms |
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614 | (3) |
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617 | (1) |
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34.3 Microsurgical Treatment |
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618 | (3) |
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34.4 Endovascular Treatment |
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621 | (1) |
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622 | (2) |
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624 | (6) |
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624 | (6) |
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PART VI ATYPICAL ANEURYSMS |
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Chapter 35 Dissecting Intracranial Aneurysms |
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630 | (2) |
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35.2 Etiology and Pathophysiology |
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632 | (1) |
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633 | (1) |
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35.4 Clinical Presentations of ID Aneurysms |
|
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634 | (1) |
|
35.5 Radiographic Evaluation and Diagnosis of DIA |
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635 | (1) |
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636 | (5) |
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641 | (4) |
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641 | (4) |
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Chapter 36 Fusiform Aneurysms |
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645 | (1) |
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646 | (1) |
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646 | (1) |
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36.4 Etiology and Pathophysiology |
|
|
646 | (2) |
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36.5 Clinical Presentation |
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648 | (1) |
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649 | (2) |
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36.7 Compressive Symptoms |
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651 | (1) |
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652 | (1) |
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652 | (1) |
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36.10 Controversial Role of Atherosclerosis |
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653 | (1) |
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654 | (1) |
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655 | (2) |
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657 | (1) |
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658 | (5) |
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658 | (5) |
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Chapter 37 Mycotic Cerebral Aneurysms |
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37.1 Introduction and Background |
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663 | (1) |
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37.2 Etiology and Pathophysiology |
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|
664 | (1) |
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|
664 | (1) |
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664 | (1) |
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665 | (1) |
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37.6 Management Strategies |
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666 | (1) |
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37.7 Benefits of Endovascular Intervention |
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666 | (1) |
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667 | (2) |
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669 | (2) |
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|
669 | (2) |
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Chapter 38 Traumatic Intracranial Aneurysms |
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|
671 | (1) |
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38.2 Incidence and Natural History |
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|
672 | (1) |
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38.3 Clinical Presentation |
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|
672 | (1) |
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|
673 | (1) |
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38.5 Workup, Management, and Treatment |
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|
674 | (1) |
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|
675 | (6) |
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678 | (3) |
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Chapter 39 Blister Aneurysms |
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|
681 | (1) |
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39.2 Clinical Presentation and Epidemiology |
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|
682 | (1) |
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39.3 Imaging Characteristics |
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|
682 | (2) |
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39.4 Endovascular Treatments |
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|
684 | (6) |
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|
690 | (1) |
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|
691 | (4) |
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|
691 | (4) |
Index |
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695 | |