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E-raamat: Introducing Semantics

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(University of Sydney)
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Introducing SemanticsSuurem pilt
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Semantics is the study of meaning in language. This clear and comprehensive textbook provides an introduction to the subject for undergraduate students. It not only equips students with the concepts they need in order to understand the main aspects of semantics, it also introduces the styles of reasoning and argument which characterise the field. It contains more than 200 exercises and discussion questions designed to test and deepen readers' understanding. More inclusive than other textbooks, it clearly explains and contrasts different theoretical approaches, summarises current debates, and provides helpful suggestions for further reading. Examples are drawn both from major world languages, such as Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, Arabic, Spanish and English, and from minority ones. The book also highlights the connections between semantics and the wider study of human language in psychology, anthropology, and linguistics itself.

Arvustused

' an impressively wide - and relatively theory neutral - introduction to the field, whilst maintaining interest and clarity throughout. It is particularly strong in its use of cross-linguistic data from a wide variety of languages, which should appeal to those studying linguistics. Undergraduates will find it accessible and engaging, but there is also sufficient content to challenge more advanced students.' Bethan Davies, University of Leeds ' an excellent introductory textbook for the instruction of meaning in language, presenting complex concepts in a clear but detailed fashion. It remains remarkably neutral without sacrificing rigor, and will be an extremely useful teaching tool given the correct setting.' The Linguist List

Muu info

An introduction to the study of meaning in language for undergraduate students.
Note to the reader xiii
1 Meaning in the empirical study of language
1(44)
Chapter preview
1(1)
1.0 What is semantics?
2(1)
1.1 Meaning, communication and significance
3(3)
1.2 Talking about meaning in English and other languages
6(7)
1.2.1 `Meaning' in English
7(2)
1.2.2 `Meaning' in Warlpiri
9(1)
1.2.3 `Meaning' in French
10(1)
1.2.4 `Meaning' in Chinese
11(2)
1.3 The semiotic triangle: language, mind, world and meaning
13(3)
1.4 Some initial concepts
16(6)
1.4.1 Lexemes
16(1)
1.4.2 Sense/reference/denotation/connotation
17(2)
1.4.3 Compositionality
19(2)
1.4.4 Levels of meaning
21(1)
1.5 Object language and metalanguage
22(2)
1.6 Breaking the circle
24(14)
1.6.1 Meanings as referents/denotations
25(2)
1.6.2 Meanings as concepts/mental representations
27(5)
1.6.3 Meanings as brain states
32(4)
1.6.4 Meaning and use
36(2)
1.7 Meaning and explanation
38(7)
Summary
40(2)
Further reading
42(1)
Exercises
42(3)
2 Meaning and definition
45(42)
Chapter preview
45(1)
2.1 Meaning and the dictionary
46(4)
2.1.1 Semantics and lexicography
46(4)
2.2 The units of meaning
50(12)
2.2.1 Words and morphemes
50(4)
2.2.2 Meanings below the morpheme: sound symbolism
54(2)
2.2.3 Meanings above the word level: idioms
56(1)
2.2.4 Contextual modulation of meaning
57(5)
2.3 Different ways of defining meanings
62(7)
2.3.1 Real and nominal definition
62(3)
2.3.2 Definition by ostension
65(1)
2.3.3 Definition by synonymy
66(1)
2.3.4 Definition by context or typical exemplar
66(1)
2.3.5 Definition by genus and differentia
67(2)
2.4 Definition and substitutability
69(1)
2.5 Semantic primitives
70(6)
2.6 Problems with definitions
76(3)
2.7 Definition, understanding and use
79(8)
Summary
80(1)
Further reading
81(1)
Exercises
82(5)
3 The scope of meaning I: external context
87(20)
Chapter preview
87(1)
3.1 Meaning and context
88(2)
3.2 External context: sense and reference
90(10)
3.2.1 The Fregean distinction
90(4)
3.2.2 The sense/reference distinction and linguistic description
94(4)
3.2.3 Deixis
98(2)
3.3 Dictionary and encyclopaedia
100(7)
3.3.1 Knowledge of meaning and knowledge of facts
100(3)
3.3.2 Problems with the dictionary-encyclopaedia distinction
103(2)
Summary
105(1)
Further reading
106(1)
Exercises
106(1)
4 The scope of meaning II: interpersonal context
107(28)
Chapter preview
107(1)
4.1 Interpersonal context: illocutionary force and speech acts
108(5)
4.1.1 Locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts
109(2)
4.1.2 Consequences of the illocutionary perspective
111(2)
4.2 Interpersonal context: speaker's intention and hearer's inference
113(3)
4.3 Interpersonal context: implicature
116(3)
4.3.1 Discrepancies between truth-functional meaning and utterance meaning
116(2)
4.3.2 Conventional and conversational implicature
118(1)
4.4 Gricean maxims and the Cooperative Principle
119(3)
4.4.1 Infringing the maxims
120(1)
4.4.2 Questions about implicatures
121(1)
4.5 Are the maxims universal?
122(2)
4.6 Relevance theory
124(5)
4.7 Semantics and pragmatics
129(6)
Summary
131(1)
Further reading
132(1)
Exercises
132(3)
5 Analysing and distinguishing meanings
135(38)
Chapter preview
135(1)
5.1 Lexical relations
136(18)
5.1.1 Antonymy
137(3)
5.1.2 Meronymy
140(2)
5.1.3 Hyponymy
142(4)
5.1.4 Taxonomy
146(4)
5.1.5 Synonymy
150(4)
5.2 Componential analysis
154(6)
5.3 Polysemy and meaning division
160(13)
5.3.1 Polysemy, monosemy and homonymy
161(1)
5.3.2 Tests for polysemy
162(5)
5.3.3 Polysemy and monosemy as a cline
167(2)
Summary
169(1)
Further reading
170(1)
Exercises
170(3)
6 Logic as a representation of meaning
173(50)
Chapter preview
173(1)
6.1 Validity, soundness and logical form
174(4)
6.2 Propositional logic
178(8)
6.3 Logic as representation and perfection of meaning
186(3)
6.4 Predicate logic
189(7)
6.5 Truth, models and extension
196(5)
6.6 Relations between propositions
201(8)
6.6.1 Entailment
201(2)
6.6.2 Presupposition
203(1)
6.6.3 Contradictories, contraries and subcontraries
204(5)
6.7 Meaning postulates
209(4)
6.8 Definite descriptions
213(2)
6.9 Logic and language
215(8)
Summary
216(3)
Further reading
219(1)
Exercises
219(4)
7 Meaning and cognition I: categorization and cognitive semantics
223(38)
Chapter preview
223(1)
7.1 The semantics of categorization
224(14)
7.1.1 Classical categorization
224(1)
7.1.2 Problems with classical categories
225(3)
7.1.3 Prototype categorization
228(5)
7.1.4 Problems with prototype categories
233(5)
7.2 Language and conceptualization: cognitive approaches to semantics
238(23)
7.2.1 Commitments of cognitive semantics
238(2)
7.2.2 Idealized cognitive models
240(1)
7.2.3 Embodiment and image schemas
241(5)
7.2.4 Metaphor and metonymy
246(4)
7.2.5 Radial categories in word meaning
250(4)
7.2.6 Problems with cognitive semantics
254(2)
Summary
256(2)
Further reading
258(1)
Exercises
258(3)
8 Meaning and cognition II: formalizing and simulating conceptual representations
261(26)
Chapter preview
261(1)
8.1 Conceptual semantics
262(8)
8.1.1 Concepts and decomposition
262(3)
8.1.2 Developing conceptual semantics analyses
265(4)
8.1.3 Problems with conceptual semantics
269(1)
8.2 Semantics and computation
270(17)
8.2.1 The lexicon in computational linguistics
272(5)
8.2.2 Word sense disambiguation
277(3)
8.2.3 Pustejovskian semantics
280(3)
Summary
283(1)
Further reading
284(1)
Exercises
285(2)
9 Meaning and morphosyntax I: the semantics of grammatical categories
287(48)
Chapter preview
287(1)
9.1 The semantics of parts of speech
288(20)
9.1.1 Variation in parts of speech systems
289(1)
9.1.2 How are parts of speech delimited?
290(14)
9.1.3 Grammatical category and discourse function
304(4)
9.2 The semantics of tense and aspect
308(27)
9.2.1 Tense
308(6)
9.2.2 Aspect and Aktionsart
314(15)
9.2.3 Typology of tense-aspect interactions
329(1)
Summary
330(2)
Further reading
332(1)
Exercises
332(3)
10 Meaning and morphosyntax II: verb meaning and argument structure
335(34)
Chapter preview
335(1)
10.1 Verbs and participants
336(16)
10.1.1 The traditional picture: thematic roles
337(4)
10.1.2 Problems with thematic roles
341(3)
10.1.3 Proto-roles
344(4)
10.1.4 Thematic relations and conceptual structure
348(4)
10.2 Verb classes and alternations
352(7)
10.3 The meaning of constructions
359(10)
Summary
365(1)
Further reading
366(1)
Exercises
366(3)
11 Semantic variation and change
369(54)
Chapter preview
369(1)
11.1 Sense, reference and metalanguage in semantic comparisons
370(2)
11.2 Semantic change
372(14)
11.2.1 The traditional categories
373(4)
11.2.2 Mechanisms and pathways of semantic change
377(7)
11.2.3 Grammaticalization
384(2)
11.3 Meaning through corpora
386(4)
11.4 Semantic typology
390(21)
11.4.1 Body parts
390(2)
11.4.2 Colour vocabulary
392(7)
11.4.3 Deictic motion
399(1)
11.4.4 Lexicalization patterns in motion verbs
400(7)
11.4.5 Spatial reference
407(4)
11.5 Language and thought
411(12)
Summary
418(3)
Further reading
421(1)
Exercises
421(2)
Glossary 423(12)
References 435(16)
Index 451
Nick Riemer is a Lecturer in the English and Linguistics departments at the University of Sydney. His recent publications include The Semantics of Polysemy: Reading Meaning in English and Warlpiri (2005).
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta
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