Preface |
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ix | |
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1 | (22) |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (4) |
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1.2.1 Refraction of Light |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (2) |
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6 | (1) |
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1.3 Aberration and Resolution |
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7 | (8) |
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7 | (2) |
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9 | (4) |
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13 | (2) |
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1.4 Merits and Demerits of Solid Lens |
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15 | (1) |
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1.5 Adaptive Optical Lenses |
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16 | (5) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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1.5.4 The Eye-Inspired Lens |
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19 | (2) |
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21 | (2) |
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21 | (2) |
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2 Elastomeric Membrane Lens |
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23 | (57) |
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2.1 Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Membrane |
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23 | (4) |
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2.1.1 PDMS Chemical Structure |
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24 | (1) |
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2.1.2 Basic Material Properties |
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24 | (1) |
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2.1.3 Optical Transmission |
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24 | (1) |
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2.1.4 Fabrication of PDMS Membrane |
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25 | (2) |
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27 | (12) |
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2.2.1 Requirements of the Liquid |
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28 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Surface Configuration |
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29 | (5) |
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2.2.3 PDMS Lens Cell Fabrication |
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34 | (2) |
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2.2.4 Performance Evaluation Method |
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36 | (3) |
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39 | (26) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (10) |
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2.3.3 Piezoelectric Linear Actuator |
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50 | (10) |
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60 | (3) |
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2.3.5 Voice Coil Actuator (VCA) |
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63 | (1) |
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2.3.6 Other Liquid Lenses |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (5) |
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2.4.1 Device Configuration |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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2.4.3 Performance Evaluation |
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67 | (3) |
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70 | (3) |
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2.5.1 Squeezing the Lens's Border |
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70 | (2) |
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2.5.2 Elongating the Lens's Diameter |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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2.7 Summary and Technical Challenges |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (5) |
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76 | (4) |
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80 | (27) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (3) |
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3.3 Contact Angle and Wetting |
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84 | (2) |
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3.4 Basic Theory of Electrowetting |
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86 | (2) |
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88 | (2) |
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90 | (1) |
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3.6.1 Shape of Droplet Surface |
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90 | (1) |
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3.6.2 Focal Length Equation |
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90 | (1) |
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3.7 Tunable Electrowetting Lens |
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91 | (2) |
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3.8 Desired Properties of the Liquids |
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93 | (1) |
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3.9 Singlet Lens with Two Liquids |
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93 | (4) |
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94 | (2) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (5) |
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3.11 Remaining Challenges |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (4) |
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104 | (3) |
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107 | (52) |
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107 | (1) |
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4.2 Dielectrophoretic Force |
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108 | (4) |
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4.3 Dielectric Liquid Materials |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (18) |
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4.4.1 Continuous Flat Electrodes |
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112 | (5) |
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4.4.2 Hole Patterned Electrode |
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117 | (5) |
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4.4.3 Well-Shaped Electrode |
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122 | (5) |
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127 | (3) |
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130 | (7) |
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137 | (11) |
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4.6.1 Operation Principle |
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138 | (2) |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (3) |
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144 | (1) |
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4.6.5 Noncontact Electro-optic Inspection |
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144 | (4) |
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148 | (5) |
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148 | (1) |
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4.7.2 Operation Principles |
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149 | (1) |
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4.7.3 Experimental Results |
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150 | (3) |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (5) |
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155 | (4) |
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5 Other Adaptive Liquid Lenses |
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159 | (30) |
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159 | (1) |
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5.2 Mechanical-Wetting Lens |
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159 | (6) |
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5.2.1 Out-of-Plane Tuning |
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159 | (3) |
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5.2.2 Hydrodynamic Liquid-Air In-Plane Tuning |
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162 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Hydrodynamic Liquid-Liquid In-Plane Tuning |
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163 | (2) |
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5.3 Ferrofluidic Transducer Lens |
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165 | (8) |
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5.3.1 Ferrofluidic Material |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (3) |
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169 | (2) |
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171 | (2) |
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5.4 Electromagnetic Actuator Lens |
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173 | (2) |
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5.5 Stimuli Response Hydrogel Lens |
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175 | (2) |
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177 | (4) |
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5.6.1 Acoustic Radiation Force |
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178 | (1) |
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5.6.2 Structure of an Acoustic Lens |
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178 | (2) |
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180 | (1) |
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5.7 Electrochemical Actuation Lens |
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181 | (2) |
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5.8 Electrostatic Force Actuation |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (4) |
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186 | (3) |
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189 | (82) |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (6) |
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6.2.1 Phase Transitions and Order Parameter |
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190 | (2) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (2) |
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6.2.5 Dielectric Anisotropy |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (3) |
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196 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Optical Path Difference (OPD) |
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197 | (2) |
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6.4 Focal Length Equation |
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199 | (2) |
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201 | (13) |
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6.5.1 Curved Electrode and Nonuniform Cell Gap |
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201 | (1) |
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6.5.2 Curved Electrode and Planar Cell Gap |
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202 | (12) |
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6.6 Strip-Patterned Electrode |
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214 | (2) |
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6.7 Hole-Patterned Electrode |
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216 | (9) |
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6.7.1 Hole Pattern Inside the Lens Cell |
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216 | (3) |
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6.7.2 Hole Pattern Outside the Lens Cell |
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219 | (4) |
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6.7.3 Magnification of LC Lens System |
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223 | (2) |
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225 | (4) |
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229 | (5) |
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6.10 Polymer-LC Composite Lens |
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234 | (14) |
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6.10.1 Anisotropic Phase Separation |
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234 | (3) |
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6.10.2 Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal |
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237 | (6) |
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6.10.3 Polymer Network Liquid Crystal (PNLC) |
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243 | (3) |
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6.10.4 Blue Phase Liquid Crystal Lens |
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246 | (2) |
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248 | (5) |
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253 | (8) |
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6.12.1 Lenticular Microlens Array |
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253 | (2) |
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6.12.2 Microlens Array with Curved Electrode |
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255 | (2) |
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6.12.3 Polymer-Stabilized LC Microlens Array |
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257 | (4) |
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261 | (3) |
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264 | (7) |
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265 | (6) |
Index |
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271 | |