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E-raamat: Introduction to Antenna Placement and Installation

(London University, UK), Series edited by (Parker Aerospace Group, USA), Series edited by (Smiths Industries, UK), Series edited by (BAE Systems, UK)
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Sari: Aerospace Series
  • Ilmumisaeg: 04-Mar-2010
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780470686881
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Introduction to Antenna Placement and InstallationSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Sari: Aerospace Series
  • Ilmumisaeg: 04-Mar-2010
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780470686881
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Introduction to Antenna Placement and Installation introduces the characteristics of antennas and their integration on aircraft. The book covers antenna siting and placement, computational antenna modelling on structures, measurement on sub-scale models of the airframe, full-scale ground measurements and in-flight measurements.The author addresses the different stages in the process of developing an entire antenna layout, as well as covering individual retrofits on existing platforms. She explains the physics of antenna placement qualitatively, thus obviating the requirement to understand complex mathematical equations. Introduction to Antenna Placement and Installation introduces the characteristics of antennas and their integration on aircraft. The book covers antenna siting and placement, computational antenna modelling on structures, measurement on sub-scale models of the airframe, full-scale ground measurements and in-flight measurements.   The author addresses the different stages in the process of developing an entire antenna layout, as well as covering individual retrofits on existing platforms. She explains the physics of antenna placement qualitatively, thus obviating the requirement to understand complex mathematical equations.   Provides a reference book & guide written primarily for Antenna and Integration Engineers but which will also be of interest to Systems Engineers and Project Managers Includes chapters on aircraft systems using antennas, restrictions & trade-offs, frequency & spatial coverage considerations, effect of other antennas & obstacles, RF interoperability issues associated with radiated emissions, computer modelling software, scaled model & full-scale measurements, comparison between measurements & modelling, as well as ground tests and in-flight measurements Describes techniques that can be applied equally to antennas on other structures such as land or sea vehicles and spacecraft Illustrated throughout with figures & diagrams as well as a full colour plates

Arvustused

"In summary, this book provides an excellent reference and source of information for a specialised subject. It will be a very useful resource for any design organisation involved in the installation of antennas on aircraft." (The Aeronautical Journal, 1 October 2011)  

About the Author xv
Preface xvii
Series Preface xxi
1 Basic Antenna and Propagation Theory
1(44)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Characteristics of Electromagnetic Waves
2(8)
1.2.1 Reflection
3(1)
1.2.2 Refraction
4(4)
1.2.3 Diffraction
8(2)
1.3 Interaction between Two Waves
10(5)
1.3.1 Waveform in the Time Domain
10(2)
1.3.2 Phasors
12(3)
1.4 Polarization
15(6)
1.4.1 Linear Polarization
16(1)
1.4.2 Circular and Elliptical Polarization
16(3)
1.4.3 Axial Ratio
19(1)
1.4.4 Measurement of Polarization Purity
20(1)
1.5 Characteristics of an Antenna
21(15)
1.5.1 Radiation Patterns
22(7)
1.5.2 Directivity, Gain and Efficiency
29(1)
1.5.3 Electrical and Mechanical Boresight
30(1)
1.5.4 Beamwidth and Gain of the Main Lobe
30(2)
1.5.5 Position and Magnitude of the Lobes
32(1)
1.5.6 Bandwidth
33(2)
1.5.7 Polarization
35(1)
1.5.8 Power Handling
36(1)
1.6 Propagation
36(9)
1.6.1 Power Flux Density
36(2)
1.6.2 Guided Waves
38(4)
1.6.3 Free Space Waves
42(2)
References
44(1)
2 Aircraft Systems Using Antennas
45(40)
2.1 Aircraft Systems
45(1)
2.2 Frequencies of the Most Common Aircraft Systems
46(1)
2.3 Automatic Direction Finding
46(3)
2.4 Distress/SOS
49(1)
2.5 Distance Measuring Equipment
49(1)
2.6 Electronic Counter Measures
50(1)
2.7 Electronic Support Systems
51(4)
2.7.1 Frequency
51(1)
2.7.2 Positional Information
51(1)
2.7.3 DOA from Antenna Position
51(1)
2.7.4 DOA Using Amplitude Comparison
52(2)
2.7.5 DOA Using Phase Comparison
54(1)
2.8 Emergency Locator Transmitter/Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon
55(1)
2.9 Global Positioning System
56(2)
2.10 HF
58(1)
2.11 Instrument Landing System
59(4)
2.11.1 ILS Marker
59(1)
2.11.2 ILS Glideslope and Localizer
60(3)
2.12 In-Flight Telephony
63(1)
2.13 Microwave Landing System
64(1)
2.14 Radar
65(5)
2.14.1 Doppler Shift
65(2)
2.14.2 RadAlt
67(1)
2.14.3 Search Radar
67(1)
2.14.4 Weather Radar
68(1)
2.14.5 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
69(1)
2.14.6 Secondary Surveillance Radar
69(1)
2.15 SatCom Civilian
70(3)
2.15.1 INMARSAT
70(1)
2.15.2 Globalstar
71(1)
2.15.3 Iridium
71(1)
2.15.4 SKYLink
71(1)
2.15.5 Teledesic
71(1)
2.15.6 SatCom Airborne Antennas
71(2)
2.16 Signals Intelligence
73(2)
2.16.1 Communications Intelligence
74(1)
2.16.2 Electronic Intelligence
74(1)
2.17 Tactical Air Navigation
75(1)
2.18 Traffic Collision Avoidance System
76(1)
2.19 Telemetry
77(1)
2.20 UHF
78(1)
2.21 VHF Comms
78(1)
2.22 VHF Omnidirectional Ranging
79(1)
2.23 Equipment Designation
80(5)
References
83(2)
3 The Antenna Siting Process
85(18)
3.1 Introduction
85(1)
3.2 New Antenna Layouts
85(2)
3.3 Optimum Positions for Blades
87(1)
3.4 Design Phase
87(10)
3.4.1 Initial Paper Design Stage
88(3)
3.4.2 Investigative and Computational Modelling Phase
91(4)
3.4.3 Verification and Implementation Phase
95(2)
3.5 Certification and Qualification Phase
97(1)
3.6 Typical Antenna Layouts
97(6)
3.6.1 Small Aircraft
97(1)
3.6.2 Large Aircraft
98(3)
References
101(2)
4 Frequency and Spatial Coverage Considerations
103(30)
4.1 Introduction
103(1)
4.1.1 Standard Ground Planes
103(1)
4.2 Effect of the Structure on the Spatial Characteristics of the Antenna
104(1)
4.2.1 Uninstalled and Installed Patterns
104(1)
4.3 Combination of Two Waves
105(9)
4.3.1 Combination in the Time Domain
107(4)
4.3.2 Combination of Two Waves Using Trigonometry
111(3)
4.4 Measurements on Scaled Test Bodies
114(3)
4.4.1 Fokker 100 Scaled Model Used for Measurements
114(1)
4.4.2 Cylinder Used for Radiation Pattern Measurements
115(2)
4.5 Effect of Frequency on the Radiation Pattern
117(1)
4.6 Effect of Distance from Obstacles
117(5)
4.6.1 Effect of the Physical Distance from Obstacles
117(2)
4.6.2 Effect of the Electrical Distance from Obstacles
119(3)
4.7 Effect of Wings on the Radiation Pattern
122(2)
4.8 Effect of the Curved Ground Plane and the Electrical Dimensions of the Fuselage
124(6)
4.8.1 Effect of the Curved Fuselage on the Roll Plane Patterns
125(3)
4.8.2 Effect of the Curved Nose Cone and Tail on the Pitch Plane Patterns
128(2)
4.9 Radiation Patterns on Cylinders in the Absence of Obstacles
130(3)
References
131(2)
5 Antennas Used on Aircraft
133(46)
5.1 Introduction
133(1)
5.2 Near and Far Fields of an Antenna
133(4)
5.2.1 Far Field for Wire Antennas
133(2)
5.2.2 Far Field for Aperture Antennas
135(2)
5.3 Antennas on Aerostructures
137(1)
5.4 Polar Radiation Patterns
138(1)
5.5 Dipoles
138(6)
5.5.1 Small Dipoles
139(1)
5.5.2 Resonant Dipoles
139(3)
5.5.3 Broadband Dipoles
142(1)
5.5.4 Crossed Dipoles
142(1)
5.5.5 Dipole Arrays
143(1)
5.6 Monopoles
144(6)
5.6.1 Ground Plane Dependence
145(1)
5.6.2 Top Loaded Monopoles
145(2)
5.6.3 Small Monopoles
147(1)
5.6.4 Broadband Monopoles
148(1)
5.6.5 Tuned Monopoles
149(1)
5.6.6 Monopole Arrays
150(1)
5.7 Loops and Notches
150(2)
5.8 Helixes
152(1)
5.9 Flat/Planar Spirals
153(3)
5.10 Patches
156(1)
5.10.1 Patch Arrays
156(1)
5.11 Aperture Antennas
157(1)
5.12 Reflectors
157(13)
5.12.1 Antennas and the Fourier Transform
157(13)
5.13 Waveguide Fed Antennas
170(6)
5.13.1 Waveguide Theory
171(3)
5.13.2 Horns
174(1)
5.13.3 Slotted Waveguide Array Antenna
174(1)
5.13.4 Phased Array Antennas
175(1)
5.14 Model Numbers Used by Different Manufacturers
176(3)
References
178(1)
6 RF Interoperability
179(44)
6.1 Introduction
179(1)
6.2 Coupling between Systems on an Aircraft
179(4)
6.2.1 Conducted Emissions inside the Airframe
180(1)
6.2.2 Radiated Emissions inside the Airframe
181(1)
6.2.3 Radiated Emissions outside the Airframe
181(1)
6.2.4 Conducted Emissions outside the Airframe
181(1)
6.2.5 Radiated Emissions through the Airframe
182(1)
6.2.6 Conducted Emissions through the Airframe
182(1)
6.2.7 Coupling between Systems due to Radiated Emissions Outside the Airframe
182(1)
6.3 Techniques for Achieving RF Interoperability
183(7)
6.3.1 Antenna Placement
184(1)
6.3.2 Time Domain Measures
184(1)
6.3.3 Sidelobe Blanking
185(1)
6.3.4 Receiver Blanking
185(1)
6.3.5 Frequency Filters
186(1)
6.3.6 EM Shielding
187(3)
6.4 Modulation
190(4)
6.4.1 Amplitude Modulation
191(1)
6.4.2 Single Sideband Modulation
192(1)
6.4.3 Frequency Modulation
192(1)
6.4.4 Pulsed Radar
193(1)
6.5 Coupling due to Radiated Emissions through the Antennas
194(3)
6.6 Coupling between Systems with LOS Antennas
197(9)
6.6.1 Spatial Isolation
198(2)
6.6.2 Calculation of Coupling between Systems with LOS Antennas
200(4)
6.6.3 Out-of-Band Coupling
204(2)
6.7 Coupling between Systems for Antennas on Opposite Surfaces of the Fuselage
206(4)
6.7.1 Problems with Estimating Coupling at the Higher Frequencies
208(2)
6.8 Existing Formulas Used for Calculating Coupling between Two Antennas on Opposite Surfaces
210(7)
6.8.1 Bull and Smithers
210(3)
6.8.2 Simple Diffraction
213(4)
6.9 Derivation of an Empirical Formula that Correlates with the Measured Data
217(6)
References
222(1)
7 Computer Modelling Techniques
223(44)
7.1 Introduction
223(1)
7.2 Overview of Computer Modelling
224(6)
7.2.1 Reasons for Computer Modelling of Antennas on Structures
224(1)
7.2.2 Systems Performance Using Antenna Modelling
225(2)
7.2.3 Postdiction
227(1)
7.2.4 Modelling the Exterior Surface
227(1)
7.2.5 Modelling the Antenna
228(2)
7.2.6 The Frequency Gap
230(1)
7.3 Generic Types of Computer Modelling
230(2)
7.3.1 Classification of Generic Forms of Computer Packages
231(1)
7.3.2 Verification of Modelling by Showing Correlation with Measured Data
232(1)
7.4 Method of Moments
232(7)
7.4.1 Enhancements
235(3)
7.4.2 Comparison with Scaled Model Measurements
238(1)
7.4.3 Fast Multipole Method --- BEM with Accelerated Solver
239(1)
7.5 Finite Difference Time Domain
239(2)
7.5.1 Comparison with Measurements
241(1)
7.6 GTD/UTD
241(10)
7.6.1 Geometric Theory of Diffraction
242(1)
7.6.2 Uniform/Unified Theory of Diffraction
243(1)
7.6.3 Creeping Waves Around Cylinders
243(1)
7.6.4 Limitations of GTD/UTD Modelling
244(3)
7.6.5 Geometric Surface Models for GTD/UTD
247(1)
7.6.6 Higher-Order Interactions
248(1)
7.6.7 Comparison of GTD/UTD with Scaled Model Measurements
249(2)
7.7 Physical Optics
251(1)
7.7.1 Comparison with MoM
252(1)
7.8 Hybrid Methods
252(4)
7.8.1 Multi-domain Method
253(1)
7.8.2 Physical Optics and Hybrid MoM/PO
253(1)
7.8.3 Hybrid of MoM and GTD/UTD
254(2)
7.9 Comparison of Predicted Surface Currents
256(5)
7.9.1 Comparison between the Surface Currents on an Airframe using Different Codes
257(2)
7.9.2 Surface Currents on a Simplistic Airframe for Different Meshes
259(2)
7.10 Code-to-code Comparison of Radiation Patterns Predicted on the Simplistic Airframe
261(2)
7.11 Relationship between Number of Unknowns and Surface Area
263(4)
References
265(2)
8 Measurements
267(36)
8.1 Introduction
267(1)
8.2 Positioners
268(3)
8.2.1 Phase Centre Error
269(2)
8.3 Test Facility Antennas
271(2)
8.3.1 Range Antennas
271(1)
8.3.2 Antennas Used in Near-Field Facilities
272(1)
8.3.3 Antennas Used in Compact Ranges
272(1)
8.4 Scaled Models
273(2)
8.4.1 Use of Scaled Models
273(1)
8.4.2 Characteristics of Scaled Models
274(1)
8.5 Scaled Antennas
275(3)
8.5.1 Monopole Antennas
276(2)
8.5.2 Patch Antennas
278(1)
8.6 Absorbers
278(3)
8.6.1 Carbon Loaded Foam RAM
279(2)
8.6.2 Carbon Loaded Fibre Matting
281(1)
8.6.3 Other Types of RAM
281(1)
8.7 Measurement Facilities
281(1)
8.8 Indoor Test Facilities
282(1)
8.9 Anechoic Chambers
282(1)
8.9.1 Quiet Zone
282(1)
8.9.2 Rectangular Chambers
282(1)
8.9.3 Tapered Anechoic Chambers
283(1)
8.10 Compact Ranges
283(2)
8.11 Near-Field Facilities
285(6)
8.11.1 Planar Near-Field Facilities
286(1)
8.11.2 Cylindrical Near-Field Facilities
287(2)
8.11.3 Spherical Near-Field Facilities
289(1)
8.11.4 Advanced Antenna Near-Field Test System
289(2)
8.12 Outdoor Far-Field Ranges
291(6)
8.12.1 Measurement of the Variation of the Field over the Measurement Volume
292(1)
8.12.2 Elevated Ranges
292(2)
8.12.3 Slant Ranges
294(1)
8.12.4 Ground Reflection Ranges
294(1)
8.12.5 Open Area Test Sites (OATS)
295(2)
8.13 Ground Test Measurements
297(3)
8.13.1 Radiation Pattern Measurements
298(1)
8.13.2 Coupling Measurements
299(1)
8.14 In-Flight Measurements for System and Inter-System Testing
300(3)
References
301(2)
9 Reference
303(38)
9.1 Centigrade to Fahrenheit Temperature Conversion
303(1)
9.2 Conductivity of Common Metals
303(1)
9.3 Degrees to Radians and Radians to Degrees
304(1)
9.4 Dielectric Constants and Loss Tangents of Common Materials
304(1)
9.5 Electrochemical Series
305(1)
9.6 Electromagnetic Spectrum and Frequency Bands for Different Nomenclatures
306(2)
9.6.1 EM Spectrum
307(1)
9.6.2 Frequency Bands and Wavelengths for Different Nomenclatures
307(1)
9.7 Formulas
308(10)
9.8 Frequency to Wavelength
318(1)
9.9 Gain in dB and Gain as a Linear Ratio
319(1)
9.10 Greek Alphabet
320(1)
9.11 Imperial to Metric Conversions --- Distance, Area, Volume, Speed
320(1)
9.11.1 Conversion Factors for Lengths/Distances
320(1)
9.11.2 Conversion Factors for Areas
320(1)
9.11.3 Conversion Factors for Volume and Capacity
321(1)
9.11.4 Conversion Factors for Speed
321(1)
9.12 Periodic Table Alphabetically
321(7)
9.13 Polarization Matching Matrix
328(1)
9.14 Power in dBm and Power in Watts
328(4)
9.15 Preferred SI Scientific Prefixes
332(1)
9.16 Terms and Definitions
332(5)
9.17 VSWR to Return Loss
337(4)
Appendix: Abbreviations and Acronyms 341(48)
Index 389
Thereza M. Macnamara attained her first degree in applied physics and her masters degree in microwaves at London University. After two years of teaching physics up to Advanced level, she worked as a microwave engineer at G&E Bradley. She then worked as a research physicist for Morganite Research and Development before returning to work as a microwave engineer, working on a standard field facility, waveguide components, thermistor detectors, and calibration at Wayne-Kerr Laboratories, Flann Microwave Instruments ad Bradley Electronics. After a short break to have a family, she returned to work as an examiner at the British Patent Office and lecturing in mathematics and physics whilst her children were growing up. She then took up a post as a senior RF engineer at ERA Technology, where she worked on antennas, feed networks and as an EMC engineer, before taking up the post of an electromagnetic specialist at BAE Systems where she worked fro 17 years. Whilst at BAE Systems she worked in the R&D department and on Nimrod, Typhoon, Harrier, Tornado and Jaguar aircraft, and then became the technical coordinator of the EU funded research project IPAS (Installed Performance of Antennas on AeroStructures). Apart from many technical papers, she has also authored a reference book on EMC, entitled Handbook of Antennas for EMC.
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