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E-raamat: Introduction to Bioenergy

(West Texas A&M University, Canyon, USA), (West Texas A&M University, Canyon, USA)
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Explore a Major Component of Renewable Energy







Introduction to Bioenergy

takes a look at energy from biomass (thermal energy, power, liquid fuels, and biogas) and envisions a sustainable future fueled by renewable energy. From production to conversion to heat, power, and biofuel, this book breaks down the science of bioenergy and explains the major processes for its production, conversion, and use.

Covers Solar Energy, Bioenergy, and Biomass Resources

The book begins with an introduction to solar energy (the source of bioenergy) and then moves on to describe bioenergy, biomass, chemical conversion, and the renewable energy processes involved. The authors cover measurement energy parameters, analysis of data, and the prediction of energy production for different bio products. They also consider the institutional, environmental, and economic concerns surrounding bioenergy.

An all-inclusive resource covering a rapidly-advancing field, this book:











Explores the impact of climate change and global warming on the production of biomass Describes the positive and negative effects of biomass production on ecosystems and biodiversity Illustrates the use of biomass for the production of electricity Considers the replacement of fossil fuels with biofuels, biofuel production, and emerging technologies Addresses institutional and environmental issues relevant to bioenergy Discusses factors impacting the economic feasibility of renewable energy systems







Introduction to Bioenergy

defines major processes for the production, conversion, and use of bioenergy. A book suitable for coursework or self-study, this essential work serves students and practicing professionals in the renewable energy, environmental science, agriculture engineering, and biology fields.

Arvustused

"This book provides an excellent overview of the basic science that describes the source (solar energy) and how this energy is collected and converted to what we call bioenergy. The latter chapters describe how bioenergy can be utilized by society and meet the growing need for additional energy as the supply of fossil fuels declines in the future." R. Nolan Clark, Retired, Director, ARS, USDA, Bushland, Texas, USA

Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Authors xv
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(16)
1.1 Numbers
1(1)
1.2 Carbon Cycle
2(1)
1.3 Climate Change
3(1)
1.4 Biomass Production
4(1)
1.5 Land Use
5(2)
1.6 Food and Fiber Production
7(4)
1.7 Wood
11(1)
1.8 Sustainable Use
11(1)
1.9 Bioenergy
12(5)
Problems
14(1)
References
15(1)
Recommended Resources
15(2)
Chapter 2 Energy
17(24)
2.1 Introduction
17(1)
2.2 Definitions of Energy and Power
17(2)
2.3 Heat
19(1)
2.4 Thermodynamics
19(1)
2.5 Energy Dilemma in Light of the Laws of Thermodynamics
20(3)
2.5.1 Conservation
20(1)
2.5.2 Efficiency
20(3)
2.6 Use of Fossil Fuels
23(9)
2.6.1 Petroleum
27(2)
2.6.2 Natural Gas
29(1)
2.6.3 Coal
30(2)
2.7 Nuclear
32(1)
2.8 Finite Resource
33(2)
2.9 Summary
35(6)
Problems
36(2)
References
38(1)
Recommended Resources
39(2)
Chapter 3 Sun
41(16)
3.1 Solar Power
41(1)
3.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum
41(3)
3.2.1 Visible
44(1)
3.2.2 Blackbody Radiation
44(1)
3.3 Energy Balance of the Earth
44(4)
3.4 Earth--Sun Motion
48(4)
3.4.1 Earth Motion
49(1)
3.4.2 Sun Position
50(2)
3.5 Insolation
52(1)
3.6 Solar Resource
52(5)
Problems
55(1)
References
56(1)
Recommended Resources
56(1)
Chapter 4 Climate Change
57(14)
4.1 Climate Change-A
58(1)
4.2 Greenhouse Effect
59(1)
4.3 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
60(2)
4.4 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
62(1)
4.5 Global Warming
63(1)
4.6 Information and Comments
64(2)
4.7 Geoengineering
66(1)
4.8 Effect on the Biosphere
67(4)
Problems
67(1)
References
68(1)
Recommended Resources
69(2)
Chapter 5 Plants
71(16)
5.1 Plant Basics
71(1)
5.2 Biomass Resource
71(3)
5.3 Valuable Parts of the Plants
74(4)
5.3.1 Food/Fiber or Fuel
77(1)
5.3.2 Value or Use Decides What Gets Planted
78(1)
5.4 Where Can They Grow
78(1)
5.5 Multi Seasonal
79(2)
5.6 Multipurpose
81(1)
5.7 Perennial Grasses
82(5)
Problems
83(1)
References
84(1)
Recommended Resources
85(2)
Chapter 6 Soil
87(14)
6.1 Formation and Composition
90(5)
6.1.1 Parent Material
90(1)
6.1.2 Climate
90(4)
6.1.3 Living Organisms
94(1)
6.1.4 Landscape Position
94(1)
6.1.5 Time
95(1)
6.2 Soil Use, Preparation
95(1)
6.3 Soil Conservation
96(1)
6.4 Sustainability
97(4)
Problems
98(1)
References
99(1)
Recommended Resources
99(2)
Chapter 7 Constraints
101(18)
7.1 Water
101(8)
7.2 Agronomy
109(1)
7.3 Biomass Logistics
110(1)
7.4 Other Constraints
111(8)
7.4.1 Food Security
111(1)
7.4.2 Environmental
111(3)
7.4.3 Social
114(1)
7.4.4 Economics
115(1)
Problems
116(1)
References
116(1)
Recommended Resources
117(2)
Chapter 8 Heat and Power
119(24)
8.1 Introduction
119(3)
8.2 Stoves
122(5)
8.2.1 Cook Stoves
124(1)
8.2.2 Wood Stoves
125(1)
8.2.3 Pellet Stoves
126(1)
8.3 Heat and Electricity
127(11)
8.3.1 Wood Pellets
129(1)
8.3.2 Plantations
130(1)
8.3.3 Municipal Solid Waste
131(2)
8.3.4 Landfill Gas
133(1)
8.3.5 Biogas
133(5)
8.4 Biodigestors
138(5)
Problems
139(1)
References
140(1)
Recommended Resources
141(2)
Chapter 9 Biofuels
143(22)
9.1 Ethanol
145(5)
9.1.1 Process
148(1)
9.1.2 Lignocellulosic
149(1)
9.2 Biodiesel
150(4)
9.2.1 Composition
152(1)
9.2.2 Process
153(1)
9.2.3 Examples
153(1)
9.3 Microalgae
154(4)
9.4 Biomethane
158(1)
9.5 Biorefinery
158(1)
9.6 Comments
159(6)
Problems
161(1)
References
162(1)
Recommended Resources
163(2)
Chapter 10 Secondary Uses
165(10)
10.1 Energetics
165(1)
10.2 By-Products
166(4)
10.3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions
170(5)
Problems
172(1)
References
173(1)
Recommended Resources
174(1)
Chapter 11 Institutional Issues
175(24)
11.1 United States
175(2)
11.2 World
177(2)
11.2.1 Global Bioenergy Partnership
177(1)
11.2.2 Scope
178(1)
11.2.3 UN Environment Programme
178(1)
11.3 Regulations
179(1)
11.4 Environmental Issues
180(1)
11.5 Politics
181(1)
11.6 Incentives
182(9)
11.6.1 United States
183(2)
11.6.1.1 Federal Support
185(3)
11.6.1.2 State Support
188(1)
11.6.1.3 Green Power
188(1)
11.6.1.4 Net Metering
189(2)
11.6.2 Other Countries
191(1)
11.7 Externalities (Social Costs/Benefits)
191(2)
11.8 Transmission
193(6)
Problems
194(1)
References
195(1)
Recommended Resources
196(3)
Chapter 12 Economics
199(32)
12.1 Introduction
199(2)
12.2 Factors Affecting Economics
201(2)
12.3 Economic Analyses
203(3)
12.3.1 Simple Payback
203(1)
12.3.2 Cost of Energy
204(2)
12.4 Life-Cycle Costs
206(2)
12.5 Present Worth and Levelized Costs
208(1)
12.6 Externalities
209(1)
12.7 Project Development
209(2)
12.8 Cost (Value) of Energy, Different Sources
211(10)
12.8.1 Passive Solar
213(1)
12.8.2 Active Solar Heat
214(1)
12.8.3 Photovoltaics
214(2)
12.8.4 Concentrating Solar Power
216(1)
12.8.5 Wind
216(2)
12.8.6 Geothermal Systems
218(1)
12.8.7 Water
218(1)
12.8.8 Village Power
218(2)
12.8.9 Wind Diesel
220(1)
12.9 Bioenergy
221(3)
12.9.1 Heat and Power
221(1)
12.9.2 Biofuels
222(2)
12.10 Summary
224(1)
12.11 The Future
225(6)
Problems
226(1)
References
227(1)
Recommended Resources
228(3)
Chapter 13 Observations
231(16)
13.1 Solid State Electronics
235(1)
13.2 Internet
236(1)
13.3 Geographic Information Systems
236(1)
13.4 Satellites
237(1)
13.5 Examples
237(2)
13.5.1 Interactive Maps
237(1)
13.5.2 Interactive Database
238(1)
13.5.3 Tools
239(1)
13.5.4 Other
239(1)
13.6 Predictions
239(1)
13.7 Science
240(1)
13.8 Authors' Predictions
241(1)
13.9 On the Down Side
242(5)
Problems
244(1)
References
245(1)
Recommended Resources
245(2)
Appendix 247(6)
Index 253
Vaughn Nelson has been involved with renewable energy, primarily wind energy, since the early 1970s. Currently, he is retired from West Texas A&M University (WTAMU). He has earned the following degrees: PhD in physics, University of Kansas, EdM, Harvard University, and BSE, Kansas State Teachers College, Emporia. He is the author of three books and four CDs, and has published over 50 articles and reports. In the series Energy and the Environment, Dr. Nelson is the author of Wind Energy (2009, 2nd ed. 2013) and Introduction to Renewable Energy (2011) as well as the 2nd ed. (2015) from CRC Press.

Kenneth Starcher began his college career and involvement with renewables in the same semester at West Texas State University in 1976. It led to a BS in physics/computer science in 1980. He received an MS in engineering technology at West Texas A&M University (WTAMU) in 1995. Ken has been the educational funnel for on-site training and public information for students and public workshops for AEI and has been a field worker for projects at the company since 1980. He has served as a consultant for wind companies in the United States and produced wind resources maps for various areas worldwide.
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