| Preface |
|
xi | |
| Acknowledgements |
|
xiii | |
|
|
|
1 | (8) |
|
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
How does a CFD code work? |
|
|
2 | (2) |
|
|
|
4 | (2) |
|
|
|
6 | (3) |
|
Conservation laws of fluid motion and boundary conditions |
|
|
9 | (31) |
|
Governing equations of fluid flow and heat transfer |
|
|
9 | (11) |
|
Mass conservation in three dimensions |
|
|
10 | (2) |
|
Rates of change following a fluid particle and for a fluid element |
|
|
12 | (2) |
|
Momentum equation in three dimensions |
|
|
14 | (2) |
|
Energy equation in three dimensions |
|
|
16 | (4) |
|
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
Navier-Stokes equations for a Newtonian fluid |
|
|
21 | (3) |
|
Conservative form of the governing equations of fluid flow |
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
Differential and integral forms of the general transport equations |
|
|
24 | (2) |
|
Classification of physical behaviours |
|
|
26 | (3) |
|
The role of characteristics in hyperbolic equations |
|
|
29 | (3) |
|
Classification method for simple PDEs |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
Classification of fluid flow equations |
|
|
33 | (2) |
|
Auxiliary conditions for viscous fluid flow equations |
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
Problems in transonic and supersonic compressible flows |
|
|
36 | (2) |
|
|
|
38 | (2) |
|
Turbulence and its modelling |
|
|
40 | (75) |
|
|
|
40 | (4) |
|
Transition from laminar to turbulent flow |
|
|
44 | (5) |
|
Descriptors of turbulent flow |
|
|
49 | (3) |
|
Characteristics of simple turbulent flows |
|
|
52 | (9) |
|
|
|
53 | (4) |
|
Flat plate boundary layer and pipe flow |
|
|
57 | (4) |
|
|
|
61 | (1) |
|
The effect of turbulent fluctuations on properties of the mean flow |
|
|
61 | (4) |
|
Turbulent flow calculations |
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations and classical turbulence models |
|
|
66 | (32) |
|
|
|
69 | (3) |
|
|
|
72 | (8) |
|
Reynolds stress equation models |
|
|
80 | (5) |
|
Advanced turbulence models |
|
|
85 | (12) |
|
Closing remarks - RANS turbulence models |
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
|
|
98 | (12) |
|
Spacial filtering of unsteady Navier-Stokes equations |
|
|
98 | (4) |
|
Smagorinksy-Lilly SGS model |
|
|
102 | (2) |
|
|
|
104 | (1) |
|
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
Initial and boundary conditions for LES |
|
|
106 | (2) |
|
LES applications in flows with complex geometry |
|
|
108 | (1) |
|
General comments on performance of LES |
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
Direct numerical simulation |
|
|
110 | (3) |
|
|
|
111 | (2) |
|
|
|
113 | (1) |
|
|
|
113 | (2) |
|
The finite volume method for diffusion problems |
|
|
115 | (19) |
|
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
Finite volume method for one-dimensional steady state diffusion |
|
|
115 | (3) |
|
Worked examples: one-dimensional steady state diffusion |
|
|
118 | (11) |
|
Finite volume method for two-dimensional diffusion problems |
|
|
129 | (2) |
|
Finite volume method for three-dimensional diffusion problems |
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
|
|
132 | (2) |
|
The finite volume method for convection---diffusion problems |
|
|
134 | (45) |
|
|
|
134 | (1) |
|
Steady one-dimensional convection and diffusion |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
The central differencing scheme |
|
|
136 | (5) |
|
Properties of discretisation schemes |
|
|
141 | (4) |
|
|
|
141 | (2) |
|
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
|
|
143 | (2) |
|
Assessment of the central differencing scheme for convection-diffusion problems |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
The upwind differencing scheme |
|
|
146 | (5) |
|
Assessment of the upwind differencing scheme |
|
|
149 | (2) |
|
The hybrid differencing scheme |
|
|
151 | (4) |
|
Assessment of the hybrid differencing scheme |
|
|
154 | (1) |
|
Hybrid differencing scheme for multi-dimensional convection-diffusion |
|
|
154 | (1) |
|
|
|
155 | (1) |
|
Higher-order differencing schemes for convection-diffusion problems |
|
|
156 | (8) |
|
Quadratic upwind differencing scheme: the QUICK scheme |
|
|
156 | (6) |
|
Assessment of the QUICK scheme |
|
|
162 | (1) |
|
Stability problems of the QUICK scheme and remedies |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
General comments on the QUICK differencing scheme |
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
|
|
164 | (12) |
|
Generalisation of upwind-biased discretisation schemes |
|
|
165 | (2) |
|
Total variation and TVD schemes |
|
|
167 | (1) |
|
|
|
168 | (2) |
|
|
|
170 | (1) |
|
Implementation of TVD schemes |
|
|
171 | (4) |
|
Evaluation of TVD schemes |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
|
|
176 | (3) |
|
Solution algorithms for pressure-velocity coupling in steady flows |
|
|
179 | (33) |
|
|
|
179 | (1) |
|
|
|
180 | (3) |
|
|
|
183 | (3) |
|
|
|
186 | (4) |
|
Assembly of a complete method |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
|
|
191 | (2) |
|
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
|
|
193 | (3) |
|
General comments on SIMPLE, SIMPLER, SIMPLEC and PISO |
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
Worked examples of the SIMPLE algorithm |
|
|
197 | (14) |
|
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
Solution of discretised equations |
|
|
212 | (31) |
|
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
|
|
213 | (2) |
|
Application of the TDMA to two-dimensional problems |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
Application of the TDMA to three-dimensional problems |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
|
|
216 | (7) |
|
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
|
|
223 | (6) |
|
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
Gauss-Seidel iteration method |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
|
|
226 | (3) |
|
|
|
229 | (13) |
|
An outline of a multigrid procedure |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
|
|
232 | (7) |
|
|
|
239 | (2) |
|
Grid generation for the multigrid method |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
The finite volume method for unsteady flows |
|
|
243 | (24) |
|
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
One-dimensional unsteady heat conduction |
|
|
243 | (6) |
|
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
The fully implicit scheme |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
|
|
249 | (7) |
|
Implicit method for two- and three-dimensional problems |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
Discretisation of transient convection-diffusion equation |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
Worked example of transient convection-diffusion using QUICK differencing |
|
|
258 | (4) |
|
Solution procedures for unsteady flow calculations |
|
|
262 | (3) |
|
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
The transient PISO algorithm |
|
|
263 | (2) |
|
Steady state calculations using the pseudo-transient approach |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
A brief note on other transient schemes |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
Implementation of boundary conditions |
|
|
267 | (18) |
|
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
Inlet boundary conditions |
|
|
268 | (3) |
|
Outlet boundary conditions |
|
|
271 | (2) |
|
|
|
273 | (6) |
|
The constant pressure boundary condition |
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
Symmetry boundary condition |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
Periodic or cyclic boundary condition |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
Potential pitfalls and final remarks |
|
|
281 | (4) |
|
Errors and uncertainty in CFD modelling |
|
|
285 | (19) |
|
Errors and uncertainty in CFD |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
|
|
286 | (3) |
|
|
|
289 | (2) |
|
Physical model uncertainty |
|
|
291 | (2) |
|
Verification and validation |
|
|
293 | (5) |
|
Guidelines for best practice in CFD |
|
|
298 | (2) |
|
Reporting/documentation of CFD simulation inputs and results |
|
|
300 | (2) |
|
|
|
302 | (2) |
|
Methods for dealing with complex geometries |
|
|
304 | (39) |
|
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
Body-fitted co-ordinate grids for complex geometries |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
Catesian vs. curvilinear grids - an example |
|
|
306 | (2) |
|
Curvilinear grids - difficulties |
|
|
308 | (2) |
|
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Discretisation in unstructured grids |
|
|
312 | (4) |
|
Discretisation of the diffusion term |
|
|
316 | (4) |
|
Discretisation of the convective term |
|
|
320 | (4) |
|
Treatment of source terms |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
Assembly of discretised equations |
|
|
325 | (4) |
|
Example calculations with unstructured grids |
|
|
329 | (7) |
|
Pressure---velocity coupling in unstructured meshes |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
Staggered vs. co-located grid arrangements |
|
|
337 | (3) |
|
Extension of the face velocity interpolation method to unstructured meshes |
|
|
340 | (2) |
|
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
CFD modelling of combustion |
|
|
343 | (74) |
|
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
Application of the first law of thermodynamics to a combustion system |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
Some important relationships and properties of gaseous mixtures |
|
|
346 | (2) |
|
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
Adiabatic flame temperature |
|
|
349 | (2) |
|
Equilibrium and dissociation |
|
|
351 | (4) |
|
Mechanisms of combustion and chemical kinetics |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
Overall reactions and intermediate reactions |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
|
|
356 | (5) |
|
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
|
|
361 | (2) |
|
Governing equations for combusting flows |
|
|
363 | (4) |
|
The simple chemical reacting system (SCRS) |
|
|
367 | (3) |
|
Modelling of a laminar diffusion flame - an example |
|
|
370 | (6) |
|
CFD calculation of turbulent non-premixed combustion |
|
|
376 | (4) |
|
SCRS model for turbulent combustion |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
Probability density function approach |
|
|
380 | (2) |
|
|
|
382 | (2) |
|
The chemical equilibrium model |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
Eddy break-up model of combustion |
|
|
385 | (3) |
|
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
|
|
388 | (2) |
|
Generation of laminar flamelet libraries |
|
|
390 | (9) |
|
Statistics of the non-equilibrium parameter |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
Pollutant formation in combustion |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
Modelling of thermal NO formation in combustion |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
Flamelet-based NO modelling |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
An example to illustrate laminar flamelet modelling and NO modelling of a turbulent flame |
|
|
403 | (12) |
|
Other models for non-premixed combustion |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
Modelling of premixed combustion |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
Numerical calculation of radiative heat transfer |
|
|
417 | (28) |
|
|
|
417 | (7) |
|
Governing equations of radiative heat transfer |
|
|
424 | (2) |
|
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
Four popular radiation calculation techniques suitable for CFD |
|
|
427 | (10) |
|
|
|
427 | (2) |
|
The discrete transfer method |
|
|
429 | (4) |
|
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
The discrete ordinates method |
|
|
433 | (4) |
|
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
|
|
437 | (5) |
|
Calculation of radiative properties in gaseous mixtures |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
|
|
443 | (2) |
| Appendix A Accuracy of a flow simulation |
|
445 | (3) |
| Appendix B Non-uniform grids |
|
448 | (2) |
| Appendix C Calculation of source terms |
|
450 | (2) |
Appendix D Limiter functions used in
Chapter 5 |
|
452 | (4) |
| Appendix E Derivation of one-dimensional governing equations for steady, incompressible flow through a planar nozzle |
|
456 | (3) |
Appendix F Alternative derivation for the term (n. grad oi) in
Chapter 11 |
|
459 | (3) |
| Appendix G Some examples |
|
462 | (10) |
| Bibliography |
|
472 | (23) |
| Index |
|
495 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta