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E-raamat: An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics

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This text is a comprehensive introduction to the field of corpus linguistics, and provides a systematic overview of pre-electronic and electronic corpora of all kinds.

The use of large, computerized bodies of text for linguistic analysis and description has emerged in recent years as one of the most significant and rapidly-developing fields of activity in the study of language. This book provides a comprehensive introduction and guide to Corpus Linguistics. All aspects of the field are explored, from the various types of electronic corpora that are available to instructions on how to design and compile a corpus. Graeme Kennedy surveys the development of corpora for use in linguistic research, looking back to the pre-electronic age as well as to the massive growth of computer corpora in the electronic age.

Author's acknowledgements ix
Publisher's acknowledgements x
Chapter One Introduction
1(12)
1.1 Corpora
3(2)
1.2 The role of computers in corpus linguistics
5(2)
1.3 The scope of corpus linguistics
7(6)
Chapter Two The design and development of corpora
13(75)
2.1 Pre-electronic corpora
13(6)
2.1.1 Biblical and literary
13(1)
2.1.2 Lexicographical
14(1)
2.1.3 Dialect
15(1)
2.1.4 Language education
16(1)
2.1.5 Grammatical
17(2)
2.2 Types of electronic corpora
19(4)
2.3 Major electronic corpora for linguistic research
23(34)
2.3.1 First generation corpora
23(1)
2.3.1.1 The Brown Corpus
23(4)
2.3.1.2 The Lancaster--Oslo/Bergen (LOB) Corpus
27(2)
2.3.1.3 Other first generation corpora modelled on the Brown Corpus
29(2)
2.3.1.4 The London--Lund Corpus (LLC)
31(2)
2.3.2 Corpora of English compiled for specialized purposes
33(1)
2.3.2.1 Corpora for lexicography
33(2)
2.3.2.2 Dictionaries as corpora
35(1)
2.3.2.3 Corpora for studying spoken English
36(2)
2.3.2.4 Diachronic corpora
38(2)
2.3.2.5 Corpora for research on language acquisition
40(3)
2.3.2.6 Other corpora for special purposes
43(2)
2.3.3 Second generation mega-corpora
45(1)
2.3.3.1 The Cobuild project
46(2)
2.3.3.2 The Longman Corpus Network
48(2)
2.3.3.3 The British National Corpus (BNC)
50(4)
2.3.3.4 The International Corpus of English (ICE)
54(3)
2.4 Electronic text databases
57(3)
2.5 Issues in corpus design and compilation
60(10)
2.5.1 Static or dynamic
60(2)
2.5.2 Representativeness and balance
62(4)
2.5.3 Size
66(4)
2.6 Compiling a corpus
70(15)
2.6.1 Corpus design
70(5)
2.6.2 Planning a storage system and keeping records
75(1)
2.6.3 Getting permission
76(2)
2.6.4 Text capture
78(1)
2.6.4.1 Written texts
78(2)
2.6.4.2 Spoken texts
80(2)
2.6.5 Markup
82(3)
2.7 Organizations and professional associations concerned with corpus design, development and research
85(3)
Chapter Three Corpus-based descriptions of English
88(116)
3.1 Lexical description
91(30)
3.1.1 Pre-electronic lexical description for pedagogical purposes
93(4)
3.1.2 Computer corpus-based studies of the lexicon
97(11)
3.1.3 Collocation
108(13)
3.2 Grammatical studies centred on morphemes or words
121(33)
3.2.1 Verb-form use for tense and aspect
122(8)
3.2.2 Modals
130(4)
3.2.3 Voice
134(3)
3.2.4 Verb and particle use
137(1)
3.2.5 Subjunctive
137(2)
3.2.6 Prepositions: of, at, from, between, through, by
139(5)
3.2.7 Conjunctions: since, when, once
144(8)
3.2.8 More and less
152(2)
3.3 Grammatical studies centred on the sentence
154(20)
3.3.1 Sentence length
157(2)
3.3.2 Syntactic processes
159(1)
3.3.2.1 Clause patterning
159(3)
3.3.2.2 Noun modification
162(3)
3.3.2.3 Conditionality
165(2)
3.3.2.4 Causation
167(4)
3.3.2.5 Negation
171(2)
3.3.2.6 Clef ting
173(1)
3.4 Pragmatics and spoken discourse
174(6)
3.5 Corpus-based studies of variation in the use of English
180(24)
3.5.1 Comparisons of spoken and written English
182(8)
3.5.2 Comparisons of regional varieties of English
190(7)
3.5.3 Variation in registers and genres
197(2)
3.5.4 Studies of language change
199(5)
Chapter Four Corpus analysis
204(64)
4.1 Corpus annotation and processing
206(38)
4.1.1 Lemmatization
206(3)
4.1.2 Word-class tagging
209(16)
4.1.3 Semantic aspects of tagging
225(6)
4.1.4 Parsing
231(13)
4.2 Procedures used in corpus analysis
244(15)
4.2.1 Word lists
245(2)
4.2.2 Concordances
247(11)
4.2.3 Statistics in corpus analysis
258(1)
4.3 Corpus search and retrieval software
259(9)
4.3.1 The Oxford Concordance Program (OCP)
260(1)
4.3.2 Word Cruncher
261(1)
4.3.3 TACT
262(1)
4.3.4 Other widely used software for special purposes
263(2)
4.3.5 New generation software
265(3)
Chapter Five Implications and applications of corpus-based analysis
268(27)
5.1 Goals of linguistic description and the effect of corpora on methodology
270(6)
5.1.1 Language as possibility and language as probability
270(3)
5.1.2 The description of English
273(3)
5.2 Corpus linguistics and computational linguistics
276(4)
5.3 Corpus-based approaches to language teaching
280(15)
5.3.1 The content of language teaching
282(6)
5.3.2 Language teaching methodology
288(7)
References 295(15)
Index 310
Graeme Kennedy is Professor of Applied Linguistics at Victoria University of Wellington.
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