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E-raamat: Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints: Non-Gasketed Joints

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  • Ilmumisaeg: 30-Dec-2022
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780429534171
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Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints: Non-Gasketed JointsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 30-Dec-2022
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780429534171
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"The fully updated Fifth Edition of this classic work provides a practical, detailed guide for the design threaded bolted joints, the tightening of threaded joints, and the latest design procedures for long-term life. New sections on Materials, and Threads and Their Strength, have been added, and coverage of FEA for design analysis is now included. The 5th Edition of John H. Bickford's classic Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints: Non-Gasketed Joints, updated by Michael Oliver, provides a thorough guide for the design of threaded bolted joints, the tightening of threaded joints, and latest design procedures for long-term life. Sections on Materials, and Threads and their Strength, have been added, and coverage of FEA for design analysis is now included. Referencing the latest standards, this new edition combines fastener materials, explanation of how fasteners are made, and how fasteners fit together, supplementing the basic design coverage included in previous versions of this authoritative text. The book will be of interest to engineers involved in the design and testing of bolted joints"--

The fully updated 5th edition provides a practical, detailed guide for the design threaded bolted joints, the tightening of threaded joints, and the latest design procedures for long-term life. New sections on materials, and threads and their strength, have been added, and coverage of FEA for design analysis is now included.

Preface xxv
Acknowledgments xxvii
Authors xxix
Chapter 1 Basic Concepts
1(14)
1.1 Two Types of Bolted Joints
1(1)
1.2 Bolt's Job
2(2)
1.2.1 Tensile Joints
2(1)
1.2.2 Shear Joints
3(1)
1.3 The Challenge
4(4)
1.3.1 Assembly Process
4(1)
1.3.2 The Complexity of Tightening the Bolt
5(2)
1.3.3 In-Service Behavior
7(1)
1.3.3.1 Joints Loaded in Tension
8(1)
1.3.3.2 Shear Joints
8(1)
1.4 Failure Modes
8(1)
1.5 Design
9(3)
1.5.1 In General
9(1)
1.5.2 Specific Goals of the Designer
10(1)
1.5.3 Final Thought
11(1)
1.6 Layout of the Book
12(3)
Exercises
12(1)
References
12(3)
Chapter 2 Materials
15(30)
2.1 Properties That Affect the Clamping Force
15(3)
2.1.1 Magnitude of the Clamping Force
15(1)
2.1.2 Stability of the Clamping Force
16(1)
2.1.2.1 Thermal Expansion or Contraction
16(1)
2.1.2.2 Corrosion
16(1)
2.1.2.3 Fatigue Rupture
16(1)
2.1.2.4 Loss of Strength with Temperature
16(1)
2.1.2.5 Loss of Clamping Force with Temperature
16(1)
2.1.2.6 Elastic Stiffness of the Parts
17(1)
2.1.2.7 Change in Stiffness with Temperature
17(1)
2.1.2.8 Brittle Fracture
17(1)
2.1.3 Miscellaneous Properties
17(1)
2.2 Fastener Standards
18(1)
2.3 Selecting an Appropriate Standard
18(1)
2.4 Bolting Materials
19(1)
2.5 Tensile Strength of Bolting Materials
20(3)
2.5.1 General Purpose/Automotive Group
20(1)
2.5.2 Structural Steel Group
21(1)
2.5.3 Petrochemical/Power Group
21(1)
2.5.4 Metric Group
21(1)
2.5.5 Extreme-Temperature Materials
21(1)
2.5.5.1 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) F2281 Materials
21(1)
2.5.5.2 Traditional High-Temperature Materials
22(1)
2.5.6 Corrosion-Resistant Group
22(1)
2.5.7 ASTM Bolting Standards
23(1)
2.5.7.1 Room Temperature Strengths of ASTM F2281 and F2282 Materials
23(1)
2.6 Metric Fasteners
23(1)
2.7 Equivalent Materials
24(1)
2.7.1 Steel Designation
24(1)
2.8 Some Comments on the Strength of Bolting Materials
24(3)
2.8.1 In General
24(1)
2.8.2 Shear Strength
25(1)
2.8.3 Bearing Yield Strength
25(1)
2.8.4 Hardness Versus Strength
26(1)
2.9 Nut Selection
27(3)
2.10 Effects of Temperature on Material Properties
30(5)
2.10.1 Thermal Expansion
30(5)
2.10.2 Miscellaneous Temperature Problems
35(1)
2.11 Other Material Factors to Consider
35(1)
2.11.1 Fatigue Properties
35(1)
2.11.2 Corrosion
35(1)
2.11.3 Miscellaneous Considerations
35(1)
2.12 Joint Materials
36(2)
2.13 The Affect of Material Hardness on the Development of Preload
38(2)
2.14 The Manufacturing of Threaded Fasteners
40(5)
2.14.1 Creating the Threaded Fastener
40(1)
2.14.2 Microstructure
41(2)
Exercises
43(1)
References
43(2)
Chapter 3 Stress and Strength Considerations
45(30)
3.1 Types of Strength
45(1)
3.1.1 Tensile Strength
45(1)
3.1.2 Thread-Stripping Strength
45(1)
3.1.3 Shear Strength
46(1)
3.1.4 Brittle Fracture Strength
46(1)
3.1.5 Strengths at High and Low Temperatures
46(1)
3.1.6 Fatigue Strength
46(1)
3.1.7 Stress Corrosion Cracking Strength
46(1)
3.2 Bolt in Tension
46(13)
3.2.1 Elastic Curves for Bolts in Tension
46(1)
3.2.2 Elastic Curves Under Repeated Loading
47(1)
3.2.3 Stress Distribution Under Tensile Load
48(1)
3.2.4 Stress Concentrations
49(1)
3.2.5 Magnitude of Tensile Stress
49(4)
3.2.6 Load Distribution and Stress in the Nut
53(6)
3.3 Strength of a Bolt
59(8)
3.3.1 Proof Strength
59(1)
3.3.2 Tensile Stress Area
60(2)
3.3.3 Other Stress Area Equations
62(2)
3.3.4 Stress Areas---Metric Threads
64(1)
3.3.5 Strength of the Bolt Under Static Loads
65(1)
3.3.6 Static Failure of the Bolt
66(1)
3.4 Strength of the Joint
67(5)
3.4.1 Contact Stress between Fastener and Joint
67(2)
3.4.2 Stresses within and between the Joint Members
69(2)
3.4.3 Static Failure of the Joint
71(1)
3.5 Other Types of Load on a Bolt
72(3)
3.5.1 Strength under Combined Loads
73(1)
Exercises
74(1)
References
74(1)
Chapter 4 Threads and Their Strength
75(38)
4.1 Thread Forms
75(2)
4.1.1 Thread Forms in General
75(1)
4.1.2 Inch Series Thread Forms
75(2)
4.1.3 Metric Thread Forms
77(1)
4.2 Thread Series
77(1)
4.2.1 Inch
77(1)
4.2.2 Metric
78(1)
4.3 Thread Nomenclature: Diameters, Allowance, Tolerance, and Class
78(10)
4.3.1 Diameters
79(1)
4.3.1.1 Tolerance and Allowance
80(2)
4.3.1.2 Allowance
82(1)
4.3.1.3 Tolerance
82(1)
4.3.1.4 Thread Class
82(1)
4.3.2 Metric Threads
83(1)
4.3.2.1 Tolerance Position (Allowance)
83(1)
4.3.2.2 Tolerance Grade (Tolerance)
84(1)
4.3.2.3 Tolerance Class (the Class)
84(1)
4.3.3 Inch Series and Metric Thread Classes, Compared
84(1)
4.3.4 Formulas for Tolerance and Allowance
85(1)
4.3.5 Coating Allowances
86(2)
4.3.6 Tolerances for Abnormal Lengths of Engagement
88(1)
4.4 Thread Inspection
88(5)
4.4.1 Inspection Levels
89(1)
4.4.2 Gaging
89(2)
4.4.3 Thread Errors
91(1)
4.4.4 Actual Inspecting
92(1)
4.5 Thread Call-Outs or Identification on Drawings
93(3)
4.5.1 Inch Series
93(1)
4.5.2 Metric Thread
94(1)
4.5.3 The Drawing
94(2)
4.6 Coarse-Versus Fine-Versus Constant-Pitch Threads
96(1)
4.6.1 Coarse-Pitch Threads
96(1)
4.6.2 Fine-Pitch Threads
96(1)
4.6.3 Constant-Pitch Threads
96(1)
4.6.4 Miscellaneous Factors Affecting Choice
96(1)
4.7 3D Modeling of Threads
97(3)
4.8 The Strength of Threads
100(5)
4.8.1 Basic Considerations
100(1)
4.8.2 Thread Strength Equations
100(2)
4.8.3 Thread Strength Computations When LE = D
102(1)
4.8.4 Basic Procedure---An Example
103(1)
4.8.5 Thread Strength Calculations When LE ≠ D
103(1)
4.8.6 Other Stress Area Formulas
104(1)
4.9 What Happens to Thread Form Under Load?
105(1)
4.10 Things that Modify the Static Strength of Threads
105(4)
4.10.1 Common Factors
105(4)
4.10.2 Which Is Usually Stronger---Nut or Bolt?
109(1)
4.10.3 Tables of Tensile Stress and Shear Areas
109(1)
4.11 Other Factors Affecting Strength
109(4)
4.11.1 Pitch Diameter
109(1)
4.11.2 Other Thread Parameters
110(1)
Exercises
110(1)
References
111(2)
Chapter 5 Stiffness and Strain Considerations
113(28)
5.1 Bolt Deflection
113(6)
5.1.1 Basic Concepts
113(2)
5.1.2 Change in Length of the Bolt
115(1)
5.1.2.1 Effective Length
115(3)
5.1.2.2 Cross-Sectional Areas of the Bolt
118(1)
5.1.3 Computing Change in Length of the Bolt
118(1)
5.2 Bolt Stiffness Calculations
119(4)
5.2.1 Basic Concepts
119(1)
5.2.2 Example
119(2)
5.2.3 Actual versus Computed Stretch and Stiffness
121(1)
5.2.4 Stiffness of Bolt--Nut--Washer System
121(1)
5.2.5 Alternative Expression for Bolt Stiffness
121(1)
5.2.6 Energy Stored in the Bolt
122(1)
5.3 The Joint
123(7)
5.3.1 Basic Concepts
123(1)
5.3.2 Computing Joint Stiffness
124(1)
5.3.2.1 Stiffness of Concentric Joints
125(1)
5.3.2.2 Stiffness of Eccentric Joints
125(4)
5.3.3 Stiffness in Practice
129(1)
5.3.3.1 A Quick Way to Estimate the Stiffness of Non-Gasketed Steel Joints
129(1)
5.4 Gasketed Joints
130(2)
5.5 An Alternate Way to Compute Joint Stiffness
132(1)
5.6 Joint Stiffness Ratio or Load Factor
133(1)
5.7 Stiffness---Some Design Goals
133(2)
5.7.1 Energy Stored in the Joint Members
133(1)
5.7.2 Relationship between Stiffness and Stored Energy
134(1)
5.7.3 Stiffness Ratio
135(1)
5.8 Experiments in Stiffness
135(6)
Exercises
139(1)
References
139(2)
Chapter 6 Introduction to Assembly
141(30)
6.1 Initial versus Residual Preload
141(1)
6.2 Speaking of Torque
142(1)
6.3 Starting the Assembly Process
142(4)
6.3.1 Assembling the Parts
143(1)
6.3.2 Tightening the First Bolt
143(3)
6.4 Bolt Preload versus Clamping Force on the Joint
146(5)
6.4.1 Effects of Hole Interference
147(1)
6.4.2 Resistance from Joint Members
148(3)
6.5 Continuing the Snugging Pass
151(1)
6.6 Short-Term Relaxation of Individual Bolts
152(8)
6.6.1 Sources of Short-Term Relaxation
152(1)
6.6.1.1 Poor Thread Engagement
153(1)
6.6.1.2 Thread Engagement Too Short
153(1)
6.6.1.3 Soft Parts
153(1)
6.6.1.4 Bending
154(1)
6.6.1.5 Non-perpendicular Nuts or Bolt Heads
154(1)
6.6.1.6 Fillets or Undersized Holes
154(1)
6.6.1.7 Oversized Holes
154(1)
6.6.1.8 Conical Makeups
154(2)
6.6.2 Factors Affecting Short-Term Relaxation
156(1)
6.6.2.1 Bolt Length
156(1)
6.6.2.2 Belleville Washers
156(1)
6.6.2.3 Number of Joint Members
156(1)
6.6.2.4 Simultaneous Tightening of Many Fasteners
157(1)
6.6.2.5 Bent Joint Members
157(1)
6.6.3 Amount of Relaxation To Expect
157(1)
6.6.4 Torsional Relaxation
158(2)
6.7 The Effect of Tightening Speed on Preload Generation
160(2)
6.8 Elastic Interactions Between Bolts
162(5)
6.9 The Assembly Process Reviewed
167(2)
6.10 Optimizing Assembly Results
169(2)
Exercises
169(1)
References
170(1)
Chapter 7 Torque Control of Preload
171(42)
7.1 Importance of Correct Preload
171(2)
7.1.1 Problems Created by Incorrect Preload
171(1)
7.1.2 How Much Preload?
172(1)
7.1.3 Factors That Affect the Working Loads on Bolts
173(1)
7.2 Torque versus Preload---The Long-Form Equation
173(6)
7.3 Things That Affect the Torque-Preload Relationship
179(4)
7.3.1 Variables That Affect Friction
179(1)
7.3.2 Geometric Variables
180(1)
7.3.3 Strain Energy Losses
180(1)
7.3.4 Prevailing Torque
181(1)
7.3.5 Weight Effect
181(1)
7.3.6 Hole Interference
181(1)
7.3.7 Interference Fit Threads
181(1)
7.3.8 The Mechanic
181(1)
7.3.9 Tool Accuracy
182(1)
7.3.10 Miscellaneous Factors
182(1)
7.3.11 Lubrication
182(1)
7.4 Torque versus Preload---The Short-Form Equation
183(1)
7.5 Nut Factors
184(4)
7.5.1 Some General Comments
184(1)
7.5.2 Nut Factor Examples and Case Histories
185(3)
7.5.3 Coefficient of Friction versus Nut Factor
188(1)
7.6 Torque Control in Practice
188(5)
7.6.1 What Torque Should I Use?
188(1)
7.6.2 Initial Preload Scatter
189(1)
7.6.3 Low Friction for Best Control
190(2)
7.6.4 The Lines Aren't Always Straight
192(1)
7.6.5 Other Problems
192(1)
7.7 Some Tools for Torque Control
193(8)
7.7.1 Some Generalities
193(2)
7.7.2 Reaction Forces Created by the Tool
195(1)
7.7.2.1 Shear Loads Created by Torque Wrenches
195(1)
7.7.2.2 Reaction Torques
195(1)
7.7.3 In the Beginning---A Search for Accuracy
196(1)
7.7.3.1 Manual Torque Wrenches
196(1)
7.7.4 More Torque for Large Fasteners
197(1)
7.7.4.1 Torque Multipliers and Geared Wrenches
197(1)
7.7.4.2 Hydraulic Wrenches
198(1)
7.7.5 Toward Higher Speed
198(1)
7.7.5.1 Impact Wrenches
198(1)
7.7.5.2 Pulse Tools
199(1)
7.7.5.3 Nut Runners
199(1)
7.7.6 Add Torque Calibration or Torque Monitoring
200(1)
7.7.7 Add Torque Feedback for Still Better Control
201(1)
7.7.8 For More Information
201(1)
7.8 Chatter
201(5)
7.8.1 Background
202(1)
7.8.2 Torque and Preload
202(1)
7.8.3 Under-Head and Thread CoF
203(1)
7.8.4 How to Fix the Chatter
203(3)
7.8.5 Chatter Conclusion
206(1)
7.9 Fasteners that Limit Applied Torque
206(1)
7.9.1 The Twist-Off Bolt
207(1)
7.9.2 The Frangible Nut
207(1)
7.10 Is Torque Control Any Good?
207(1)
7.11 Testing Tools
208(1)
7.12 The Influence of Torque Control on Joint Design
208(2)
7.13 Using Torque to Disassemble a Joint
210(3)
Exercises
211(1)
References
211(2)
Chapter 8 Torque and Turn Control
213(24)
8.1 Basic Concepts of Turn Control
213(4)
8.2 Turn versus Preload
217(3)
8.2.1 Common Turn-Preload Relationship
217(1)
8.2.2 Other Turn-Preload Curves
218(1)
8.2.2.1 Sheet Metal Joint
219(1)
8.2.2.2 Gasketed Joint
219(1)
8.3 Friction Effects
220(1)
8.4 Torque and Turn in Theory
221(2)
8.4.1 Torque, Turn, and Energy
221(1)
8.4.2 Torque--Turn--Preload Cube
221(1)
8.4.3 The Broader View
221(2)
8.5 Turn-of-Nut Control
223(3)
8.5.1 The Theory
223(1)
8.5.2 The Practice
224(1)
8.5.2.1 Structural Steel
224(1)
8.5.2.2 Turn-of-Nut Procedure in Production Operations
225(1)
8.5.2.3 Turn-of-Nut Procedure in Aerospace Assembly
225(1)
8.6 Production Assembly Problems
226(2)
8.7 Popular Control Strategies
228(6)
8.7.1 Torque--Angle Window Control
228(1)
8.7.2 Torque--Time Window Control
229(1)
8.7.3 Hesitation and Pulse Tightening
229(2)
8.7.4 Yield Control
231(2)
8.7.5 Turn-of-Nut Control
233(1)
8.7.6 Prevailing Torque Control
233(1)
8.7.7 Plus---Permanent Records
233(1)
8.7.8 Meanwhile, Out in the Field
233(1)
8.8 Monitoring the Results
234(1)
8.9 Problems Reduced by Torque-Angle Control
235(1)
8.10 How to Get the Most Out of Torque-Angle Control
235(2)
Exercises
236(1)
References
236(1)
Chapter 9 Other Ways to Control Preload
237(26)
9.1 Stretch Control: The Concept
237(1)
9.2 Problems of Stretch Control
238(1)
9.2.1 Dimensional Variations
238(1)
9.2.2 Change in Temperature
238(1)
9.2.3 Plastic Deformation of the Bolt
238(1)
9.2.4 Bending and Non-perpendicular Surfaces
239(1)
9.2.5 Grip Length
239(1)
9.3 Stretch Measurement Techniques
239(4)
9.3.1 Micrometer Measurements
239(1)
9.3.1.1 Irregular Measurement Surfaces
239(1)
9.3.1.2 Operator Feel
239(1)
9.3.1.3 Measurement Accuracy Required
240(1)
9.3.1.4 Depth Micrometers
240(1)
9.3.2 Other Techniques
241(1)
9.3.2.1 Dial Gages
241(1)
9.3.2.2 Commercially Available Gage Bolt
241(1)
9.3.2.3 Other Gage Measurements
242(1)
9.4 How Much Stretch?
243(1)
9.5 Problems Reduced by Stretch Control
243(2)
9.6 How to Get the Most Out of Stretch Control
245(1)
9.7 Direct Preload Control---An Introduction
245(4)
9.7.1 Strain-Gaged Bolts
245(1)
9.7.2 Strain-Gaged Force Washers
246(1)
9.7.3 Direct Tension Indicators
246(1)
9.7.4 Squirter Self-Indicating DTIs
247(1)
9.7.5 Twist-Off Tension-Control Bolts
247(1)
9.7.6 Alternative-Design Fasteners
248(1)
9.8 Bolt Tensioners
249(1)
9.8.1 The Hardware
249(1)
9.9 Bolt Heaters
250(1)
9.10 Problems Reduced by Direct Preload Control
251(1)
9.10.1 Direct Tension Indicators
251(1)
9.10.2 Twist-Off Bolts
251(1)
9.10.3 Hydraulic Tensioners
251(1)
9.10.4 Bolt Heaters
251(1)
9.11 Getting the Most Out of Direct Preload Control
251(2)
9.11.1 Twist-Off Bolts and DTI Washers
252(1)
9.11.2 Bolt Tensioners
252(1)
9.11.3 Bolt Heaters
253(1)
9.12 Ultrasonic Measurement of Stretch or Tension
253(3)
9.12.1 In General
253(1)
9.12.2 Principle of Operation
253(1)
9.12.3 How It's Used
254(1)
9.12.4 Cal ibration of the Instrument
255(1)
9.12.5 Presently Available Instruments
256(1)
9.13 Ultrasonic Measurements Using Plasma---Coated, Thin Film Transducers
256(1)
9.14 Fiber Optic Strain Measurement
256(7)
9.14.1 Principle of Operation
257(1)
9.14.2 How It's Used
257(1)
9.14.3 Installation
258(1)
9.14.4 Calibration
258(1)
9.14.5 Performance
259(1)
Exercises
260(1)
References
260(3)
Chapter 10 Theoretical Behavior of the Joint under Tensile Loads
263(34)
10.1 Basic Joint Diagram
263(11)
10.1.1 Elastic Curves for Bolt and Joint Members
264(1)
10.1.2 Determining Maximum and Minimum Residual Assembly Preload
264(1)
10.1.2.1 The Equations
264(2)
10.1.2.2 An Example
266(2)
10.1.3 Joint Diagram for Simple Tensile Loads
268(1)
10.1.4 The Parable of the Red Rolls Royce
269(1)
10.1.5 Back to the Joint Diagram---Simple Tensile Load
270(1)
10.1.6 Finite Element Analysis Support
271(3)
10.2 Details and Variations
274(4)
10.2.1 Changing the Bolt or Joint Stiffness
274(1)
10.2.2 Critical External Load
274(1)
10.2.3 Very Large External Loads
275(2)
10.2.4 Another Form of Joint Diagram
277(1)
10.3 Mathematics of the Joint
278(4)
10.3.1 Basic Equations
278(2)
10.3.2 Continuing the Example
280(2)
10.4 Loading Planes
282(10)
10.4.1 Tension Applied to Interface of Joint Members
282(4)
10.4.2 Mathematics of a Tension Load at the Interface
286(1)
10.4.3 Significance of the Loading Planes
286(1)
10.4.4 Loading Planes within the Joint Members
287(4)
10.4.5 Modifying Our Example to Include the Effects of Internal Loading Planes
291(1)
10.5 Dynamic Loads on Tension Joints
292(1)
10.6 The Joint Under a Compressive Load
293(1)
10.7 A Warning
294(3)
Exercises
295(1)
References
295(2)
Chapter 11 Behavior of the Joint Loaded in Tension: A Closer Look
297(38)
11.1 Effect of Prying Action on Bolt Loads
298(9)
11.1.1 Definition of Prying
298(1)
11.1.2 Discussion of Prying
299(4)
11.1.3 Prying Is Non-Linear
303(1)
11.1.4 Prying via Fea
304(3)
11.2 Mathematics of Pryi ng
307(6)
11.2.1 In General
307(1)
11.2.2 VDI's Analytical Procedure
307(4)
11.2.3 Critical Loads and the Preloads Required to Prevent Joint Separation
311(1)
11.2.4 Bending Stress in the Bolt Before Liftoff
312(1)
11.2.5 Effects of Very Large External Loads
313(1)
11.3 Other Non-Linear Factors
313(4)
11.3.1 Nut-Bolt System
313(4)
11.4 Thermal Effects
317(9)
11.4.1 Change in Elasticity
317(1)
11.4.2 Loss of Strength
318(1)
11.4.3 Differential Thermal Expansion
318(4)
11.4.4 Stress Relaxation
322(2)
11.4.5 Creep Rupture
324(1)
11.4.6 Compensating for Thermal Effects
324(2)
11.5 Joint Equations That Include the Effects of Eccentricity and Differential Expansion
326(9)
11.5.1 The Equations
326(1)
11.5.2 An Example
327(4)
Exercises
331(1)
References
332(3)
Chapter 12 In-Service Behavior of a Shear Joint
335(10)
12.1 Bolted Joints Loaded in Axial Shear
335(6)
12.1.1 In General
335(1)
12.1.2 Friction-Type Joints
336(1)
12.1.2.1 Bolt Load in Friction-Type Joints
336(1)
12.1.2.2 Stresses in Friction-Type Joints
337(1)
12.1.3 Bearing-Type Joints
337(1)
12.1.3.1 Stresses in Bearing-Type Joints
338(3)
12.2 Factors That Affect Clamping Force in Shear Joints
341(1)
12.3 Response of Shear Joints to External Loads
341(1)
12.4 Joints Loaded in Both Shear and Tension
342(1)
12.5 Present Definitions---Types of Shear Joint
343(2)
Exercises
344(1)
References
344(1)
Chapter 13 Introduction to Joint Failure
345(10)
13.1 Mechanical Failure of Bolts
345(1)
13.2 Missing Bolts
346(1)
13.3 Loose Bolts
346(1)
13.4 Bolts Too Tight
346(1)
13.5 Which Failure Modes Must We Worry About?
347(1)
13.6 Concept of Essential Conditions
347(1)
13.7 Importance of Correct Preload
348(1)
13.7.1 Corrosion
348(1)
13.7.2 Stress Corrosion Cracking
349(1)
13.7.3 Fatigue Failure
349(1)
13.7.4 Mechanical Failure
349(1)
13.7.5 Self-Loosening of Fastener
349(1)
13.7.6 Leakage
349(1)
13.8 Load Intensifies
349(1)
13.9 Failure of Joint Members
350(1)
13.10 Galling
351(4)
13.10.1 Discussion
351(1)
13.10.2 Removing Galled Studs
352(1)
Exercises
353(1)
References
353(2)
Chapter 14 Self-Loosening
355(24)
14.1 The Problem
355(1)
14.2 How Does a Nut Self-Loosen?
355(3)
14.3 Loosening Sequence
358(1)
14.4 Junker's Theory of Self-Loosening
358(4)
14.4.1 The Equations
359(1)
14.4.2 The Long-Form Equation in Practice
359(1)
14.4.3 The Equation When Applied Torque Is Absent
360(1)
14.4.4 Why Slip Occurs
360(2)
14.4.5 Other Reasons for Slip
362(1)
14.4.6 Other Theories of Self-Loosening
362(1)
14.5 Testing For Vibration Resistance
362(2)
14.5.1 NAS Test
362(1)
14.5.2 Junker Test
363(1)
14.6 To Resist Vibration
364(15)
14.6.1 Maintaining Preload and Friction
365(1)
14.6.1.1 Conventional Wisdom
365(1)
14.6.2 Preventing Relative Slip between Surfaces
365(1)
14.6.3 Countering Back-Off Torque
366(1)
14.6.3.1 Prevailing Torque Fasteners
367(2)
14.6.3.2 DISC-LOCK® Washers and Nuts
369(1)
14.6.3.3 In General
370(1)
14.6.4 Double Nuts
370(1)
14.6.5 Mechanically Locked Fasteners
370(1)
14.6.5.1 Lock Wires and Pins
370(1)
14.6.5.2 Welding
371(1)
14.6.5.3 Stage 8 Fastening System
371(1)
14.6.5.4 Huck Lockbolt
372(1)
14.6.5.5 Honeybee Robotics
372(1)
14.6.5.6 A-Lock Bolt and Nut
372(1)
14.6.5.7 Omni-Lok Fasteners
372(1)
14.6.6 Chemically Bonded Fasteners
372(1)
14.6.6.1 Rust
373(1)
14.6.6.2 Anaerobic Adhesives
373(1)
14.6.7 Vibration-Resistant Washers
374(1)
14.6.7.1 Washers That Maintain Tension in the Fastener
374(1)
14.6.7.2 Toothed Washer
375(1)
14.6.7.3 Helical Spring Washer
375(1)
14.6.7.4 DISC-LOCK® Washer
375(1)
14.6.8 Comparison of Options
375(1)
Exercises
376(1)
References
376(3)
Chapter 15 Fatigue Failure
379(26)
15.1 Fatigue Process
379(2)
15.1.1 Sequence of a Fatigue Failure
379(1)
15.1.1.1 Crack Initiation
379(1)
15.1.1.2 Crack Growth
379(1)
15.1.1.3 Crack Propagation
380(1)
15.1.1.4 Final Rupture
380(1)
15.1.2 Types of Fatigue Failure
380(1)
15.1.3 Appearance of the Break
381(1)
15.2 What Determines Fatigue Life?
381(4)
15.2.1 S-N Diagrams
382(1)
15.2.2 Material versus "The Part"
383(1)
15.2.3 Summary
384(1)
15.3 Other Types of Diagram
385(4)
15.3.1 Constant Life Diagram
385(1)
15.3.2 Center Portion of Constant Life Diagram
386(1)
15.3.3 Approximate Constant Life Diagram
386(1)
15.3.4 Endurance Limit Diagram
387(1)
15.3.5 Fatigue Life Data for Fasteners
388(1)
15.4 Influence of Preload and Joint Stiffness
389(7)
15.4.1 Fatigue in a Linear Joint
389(2)
15.4.2 Non-Linear Joints
391(1)
15.4.3 What Is the Optimum Preload?
392(2)
15.4.4 Fatigue and the VDI Joint Design Equations
394(2)
15.5 Minimizing Fatigue Problems
396(4)
15.5.1 Minimizing Stress Levels
396(1)
15.5.1.1 Increased Thread Root Radius
396(1)
15.5.1.2 Rolled Threads
396(1)
15.5.1.3 Fillets
396(1)
15.5.1.4 Perpendicularity
396(1)
15.5.1.5 Overlapping Stress Concentrations
397(1)
15.5.1.6 Thread Run-Out
397(1)
15.5.1.7 Thread Stress Distribution
397(1)
15.5.1.8 Bending
398(1)
15.5.1.9 Corrosion
398(1)
15.5.1.10 Flanged Head and Nut
399(1)
15.5.1.11 Surface Condition
399(1)
15.5.2 Reducing Load Excursions
399(1)
15.5.2.1 Prevent Prying
399(1)
15.5.2.2 Proper Selection of Preload
399(1)
15.5.2.3 Control of Bolt-to-Joint Stiffness Ratios
399(1)
15.5.2.4 Achieving the Correct Preload
400(1)
15.6 Predicting Fatigue Life or Endurance Limit
400(1)
15.7 Fatigue of Shear Joint Members
401(1)
15.8 Case Histories
401(4)
15.8.1 Transmission Towers
401(1)
15.8.2 Gas Compressor Distance Piece
402(1)
Exercises
403(1)
References
403(2)
Chapter 16 Corrosion
405(44)
16.1 Corrosion Mechanism
405(4)
16.1.1 Galvanic Series
405(1)
16.1.2 Corrosion Cell
406(1)
16.1.3 Types of Cells
407(1)
16.1.3.1 Two-Metal Corrosion
407(1)
16.1.3.2 Broken Oxide Film
407(1)
16.1.3.3 Stress Corrosion Cracking
408(1)
16.1.3.4 Crevice Corrosion
408(1)
16.1.3.5 Fretting Corrosion
409(1)
16.2 Hydrogen Embrittlement
409(14)
16.2.1 Brittle Cracking and Fracture
409(1)
16.2.2 General Description of Hydrogen Embrittlement
410(1)
16.2.3 Hydrogen Damage Mechanism
410(1)
16.2.4 Fracture Morphology
411(1)
16.2.5 Conditions at the Tip of a Crack
412(1)
16.2.6 Conditions for Hydrogen Embrittlement Failure
413(1)
16.2.6.1 Root Cause and Triggers for Hydrogen Embrittlement Failure
413(1)
16.2.7 Material Susceptibility
413(1)
16.2.7.1 General
413(2)
16.2.7.2 Defects and Other Conditions Causing Abnormal Material Susceptibility
415(1)
16.2.7.3 Methodology for Measuring HE Threshold Stress
416(1)
16.2.8 Tensile Stress
417(1)
16.2.9 Atomic Hydrogen
417(1)
16.2.9.1 Sources of Hydrogen
417(1)
16.2.9.2 Internal Hydrogen
417(1)
16.2.9.3 Environmental Hydrogen
418(1)
16.2.10 Case-Hardened Fasteners
419(1)
16.2.11 Hot Dip Galvanizing and Thermal Up-Quenching
419(1)
16.2.12 Stress Relief Prior to Electroplating
420(1)
16.2.13 Fasteners Thread Rolled after Heat Treatment
421(1)
16.2.14 Hydrogen Embrittlement Test Methods
421(1)
16.2.15 Baking
422(1)
16.3 Hydrogen Embrittlement and Stress Corrosion Cracking---A Fracture Mechanics Approach
423(11)
16.3.1 The Concept of KISCC
423(1)
16.3.2 Factors Affecting KISCC
424(1)
16.3.2.1 Bolt Material
424(1)
16.3.2.2 The Environment
424(1)
16.3.2.3 Bolt Strength or Hardness
424(2)
16.3.2.4 Type of Electrolyte
426(1)
16.3.2.5 Temperature
426(1)
16.3.2.6 Bolt Diameter and Thread Pitch
426(1)
16.3.3 Combating SCC
426(1)
16.3.3.1 Susceptibility of the Material
426(2)
16.3.3.2 Eliminating the Electrolyte
428(1)
16.3.3.3 Keeping Stress Levels below a Threshold Limit
428(4)
16.3.4 Surface Coating or Treatment
432(1)
16.3.5 Detecting Early SCC Cracks
433(1)
16.4 Minimizing Corrosion Problems
434(2)
16.4.1 In General
434(1)
16.4.2 Detailed Techniques
434(2)
16.5 Fastener Coatings
436(13)
16.5.1 In General
436(1)
16.5.2 Organic Coatings
437(1)
16.5.2.1 Paints
437(1)
16.5.2.2 Phos-Oil Coatings
438(1)
16.5.2.3 Solid-Film Organic Coatings
438(1)
16.5.3 Inorganic or Metallic Coatings
438(1)
16.5.3.1 Electroplated Coatings
438(1)
16.5.3.2 Hot-Dip Coatings
439(1)
16.5.3.3 Mechanical Plating
439(1)
16.5.3.4 Miscellaneous Coating Processes
440(1)
16.5.4 Composite Coatings
440(4)
16.5.5 Rating Corrosion Resistance
444(1)
16.5.6 Substitutes for Cadmium Plate
444(1)
Exercises
445(1)
References
445(4)
Chapter 17 Selecting Preload for an Existing Joint
449(44)
17.1 How Much Clamping Force Do We Need?
449(6)
17.1.1 Factors to Consider
449(1)
17.1.1.1 Joint Slip
450(1)
17.1.1.2 Self-Loosening
450(1)
17.1.1.3 Pressure Loads
450(1)
17.1.1.4 Joint Separation
451(1)
17.1.1.5 Fatigue
451(1)
17.1.2 Placing an Upper Limit on the Clamping Force
451(1)
17.1.2.1 Yield Strength of the Bolt
452(1)
17.1.2.2 Thread-Stripping Strength
452(1)
17.1.2.3 Design-Allowable Bolt Stress and Assembly Stress Limits
452(1)
17.1.2.4 Torsional Stress Factor
452(1)
17.1.2.5 Shear Stress Allowance
453(1)
17.1.2.6 Stress Cracking
453(1)
17.1.2.7 Combined Loads
453(1)
17.1.2.8 Damage to Joint Members
453(1)
17.1.2.9 Distortion of Joint Members
454(1)
17.1.2.10 Gasket Crush
454(1)
17.1.3 Summarizing Clamping Force Limits
454(1)
17.2 Simple Ways to Select Assembly Preloads
455(3)
17.2.1 Best Guide: Past Experience
455(1)
17.2.2 Second Best: Ask the Designer
456(1)
17.2.3 Unimportant Joint: No Prior Experience
456(1)
17.2.4 When More Care Is Indicated
456(2)
17.2.5 If Improvements Are Required
458(1)
17.2.6 Selecting Preload for Critical Joints
458(1)
17.3 Estimating the In-Service Clamping Force
458(8)
17.3.1 Basic Assumptions
460(1)
17.3.2 Combining the Scatter Effects
460(6)
17.4 Relating Desired to Anticipated Bolt Tensions
466(2)
17.5 Which Variables to Include in the Analysis
468(1)
17.5.1 In General
468(1)
17.5.2 Possible Factors to Include
468(1)
17.5.3 Which Should We Include?
469(1)
17.6 ASTM F16.96 Subcommittee on Bolting Technology
469(1)
17.7 A More Rigorous Procedure (Final Equations, 3D Solid Modeling, FEA, and Testing)
470(5)
17.7.1 The Equations
470(1)
17.7.1.1 Minimum Clamping Force---Some Examples
471(3)
17.7.1.2 Maximum Bolt Tension
474(1)
17.8 3D Solid Modeling
475(1)
17.9 Finite Element Analysis
476(5)
17.9.1 The Math
477(1)
17.9.2 Analysis or Table
478(1)
17.9.3 Prepare the Simulation
479(2)
17.10 Physical Testing
481(8)
17.10.1 Why Test
481(1)
17.10.2 Fastener Test Equipment
482(3)
17.10.3 Fastener Tests
485(4)
17.11 NASA's Space Shuttle Preload Selection Procedure
489(4)
17.11.1 Calculating Maximum and Minimum Preloads
490(1)
17.11.2 Confirming the Preload Calculations
491(1)
17.11.3 Discussion
491(1)
Exercises
492(1)
References
492(1)
Chapter 18 Design of Joints Loaded in Tension
493(20)
18.1 A Major Goal: Reliable Joints
493(1)
18.1.1 Checklist for Reliable Bolted Joints
493(1)
18.2 Typical Design Steps
494(3)
18.2.1 Initial Definitions and Specifications
495(1)
18.2.2 Preliminary Design
495(1)
18.2.3 Load Estimates
495(1)
18.2.4 Review Preliminary Layouts: Define the Bolts
496(1)
18.2.5 Clamping Force Required
496(1)
18.2.5.1 Minimum Clamp
496(1)
18.2.5.2 Maximum Clamp
497(1)
18.3 Joint Design in the Real World
497(1)
18.4 VDI Joint Design Procedure
497(8)
18.4.1 Terms and Units
498(1)
18.4.2 Design Goals
499(1)
18.4.3 General Procedure
499(1)
18.4.4 Estimating Assembly Preloads: Preliminary Estimate of Minimum and Maximum Assembly Preloads
500(1)
18.4.5 Adding the Effects of the External Load
500(2)
18.4.6 Is the Required Force Good Enough?
502(1)
18.4.7 Further Considerations
503(1)
18.4.7.1 Static Strength of the Bolt
503(1)
18.4.7.2 Fatigue
503(1)
18.4.7.3 Bearing Stress
503(1)
18.4.7.4 Shear Stress
504(1)
18.4.7.5 Bending Stress
504(1)
18.4.7.6 Eccentric Loading
504(1)
18.4.8 Revised Bolt Specifications
504(1)
18.5 An Example
505(2)
18.5.1 Inputs
505(1)
18.5.2 Calculations
505(1)
18.5.2.1 Maximum and Minimum Assembly Preloads
506(1)
18.5.2.2 Static Strength of the Bolts
506(1)
18.5.2.3 Fatigue Strength
506(1)
18.5.2.4 Contact Stress
506(1)
18.6 Other Factors to Consider When Designing a Joint
507(6)
18.6.1 Thread Strength
507(1)
18.6.2 Flexible Bolts
507(1)
18.6.3 Accessibility
507(1)
18.6.4 Shear versus Tensile Loads
507(1)
18.6.5 Load Magnifiers
507(1)
18.6.6 Minimizing Embedment
508(1)
18.6.7 Differential Expansion
508(1)
18.6.8 Other Stresses in Joint Members
508(1)
18.6.9 Locking Devices
508(1)
18.6.10 Hole Interference
508(1)
18.6.11 Safety Factors
508(1)
18.6.12 Selecting a Torque to Be Used at Assembly
508(1)
Exercises
509(1)
References
510(1)
Bibliography
510(3)
Chapter 19 Design of Joints Loaded in Shear
513(24)
19.1 An Overview
513(1)
19.2 The VDI Procedure Applied to Shear Joints
513(3)
19.3 How Shear Joints Resist Shear Loads
516(2)
19.3.1 In General
516(1)
19.3.2 Concept of Slip-Critical Joints
516(2)
19.4 Strength of Friction-Type Joints
518(6)
19.4.1 In General
518(1)
19.4.2 Allowable Stress Procedure
518(1)
19.4.3 Other Factors to Consider
519(1)
19.4.4 Slip Coefficients in Structural Steel
520(1)
19.4.5 An Example
521(1)
19.4.5.1 Minimum Preload Required to Prevent Slip
522(2)
19.4.5.2 Alternate Using the Allowable Stress Procedure
524(1)
19.5 Strength of Bearing-Type Joints
524(5)
19.5.1 Shear Strength of Bolts
524(1)
19.5.1.1 Distribution of Load among the Bolts
524(1)
19.5.1.2 Shear Strength Calculations
525(1)
19.5.2 Tensile Strength of Joint Plates
526(1)
19.5.3 Bearing Stress
526(1)
19.5.4 Tearout Strength
527(1)
19.5.5 Summary
528(1)
19.5.6 Clamping Force Required by a Bearing-Type Joint
528(1)
19.6 Eccentrically Loaded Shear Joints
529(5)
19.6.1 Rotation about an Instant Center
529(1)
19.6.2 Rotation About the Centroid of the Bolt Group
529(1)
19.6.2.1 Find the Centroid of the Bolt Group
530(1)
19.6.2.2 Estimating the Shear Stress on the Most Remote Bolt
531(3)
19.7 Allowable Stress versus Load and Resistance Factor Design
534(3)
Exercises
534(1)
References
535(2)
Appendix A Units and Symbol Log 537(8)
Appendix B Glossary of Fastener and Bolted Joint Terms 545(8)
Appendix C Sources of Bolting Information and Standards 553(2)
Appendix D English and Metric Conversion Factors 555(2)
Appendix E Tensile Stress Areas for English and Metric Threads with Estimated "Typical" Preloads and Torques for As-Received Steel Fasteners 557(12)
Appendix F Basic Head, Thread, and Nut Lengths 569(8)
Index 577
John H. Bickford worked as a Private Consultant, Middletown, Connecticut prior to his retirement. He also served as Vice-President and Manager of the Power-Dyne Division at Raymond Engineering, Inc. in Middletown, Connecticut. He is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and Founder and former President of the Bolting Technology Council.

Michael Oliver earned his B.S. degree from North Carolina State University, and his M.S. and Ph.D. from the University of Dayton. His work with fastener technology began when he worked at Delphi Automotive in Dayton, Ohio, as their Senior Fastener Engineer, running their Fastener Test Lab for 10 years. During this time period Dr. Oliver received his Ph.D. in Threaded Fasteners. He spent the rest of his career dealing with sustainment issues of aerospace structures, which also included aerospace threaded fasteners. His lab performed thread inspections using System 23 thread gaging as well as TIR on various locations on threaded fasteners. We obtained thread and under-head coefficient of friction values, established torque/clamp-load correlations, and created residual torque values for quality audits. Testing was a big part of my job. The remining time was spent traveling the world dealing with is called quality spills (some company did something that usually changed either the frictional coefficient(s) or material properties of one of the members of the threaded bolted joint).
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