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E-raamat: Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure (2nd edition)

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Bestselling introduction to English morphology, now revised and updatedWhat exactly are words? Are they the things that get listed in dictionaries, or are they the basic units of sentence structure? Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy explores the implications of these different approaches to words in English. He explains the various ways in which words are related to one another, and shows how the history of the English language has affected word structure.Topics include: words, sentences and dictionaries; a word and its parts (roots and affixes); a word and its forms (inflection); a word and its relatives (derivation); compound words; word structure; productivity; and the historical sources of English word formation.Requiring no prior linguistic training, this textbook is suitable for undergraduate students of English - literature or language - and provides a sound basis for further linguistic study.The second edition featuresupdated exercises throughout, with answers and discussionfully updated recommendations for further readingrefreshed examples and referencesa completely new introduction and glossary
Acknowledgements viii
1 Introduction
1(3)
Recommendations for reading
2(2)
2 Words, sentences and dictionaries
4(12)
2.1 Words as meaningful building-blocks of language
4(1)
2.2 Words as types and words as tokens
5(1)
2.3 Words with predictable meanings
6(3)
2.4 Non-words with unpredictable meanings
9(3)
2.5 Conclusion: words versus lexical items
12(4)
Technical terms
13(1)
Exercises
14(1)
Recommendations for reading
15(1)
3 A word and its parts: roots, affixes and their shapes
16(14)
3.1 Taking words apart
16(2)
3.2 Kinds of morpheme: bound versus free
18(2)
3.3 Kinds of morpheme: root, affix, combining form
20(2)
3.4 Morphemes and their allomorphs
22(2)
3.5 Identifying morphemes independently of meaning
24(2)
3.6 Conclusion: ways of classifying word-parts
26(4)
Technical terms
27(1)
Exercises
28(1)
Recommendations for reading
29(1)
4 A word and its forms: inflection
30(19)
4.1 Words and grammar: lexemes, word forms and grammatical words
30(2)
4.2 Regular and irregular inflection
32(4)
4.3 Forms of nouns
36(4)
4.4 Forms of pronouns and determiners
40(1)
4.5 Forms of verbs
41(2)
4.6 Forms of adjectives
43(1)
4.7 Conclusion and summary
44(5)
Technical terms
45(2)
Exercises
47(1)
Recommendations for reading
48(1)
5 A word and its relatives: derivation
49(16)
5.1 Relationships between lexemes
49(1)
5.2 Word classes and conversion
50(3)
5.3 Adverbs derived from adjectives
53(1)
5.4 Nouns derived from norms
54(1)
5.5 Nouns derived from members of other word classes
55(2)
5.6 Adjectives derived from adjectives
57(1)
5.7 Adjectives derived from members of other word classes
58(1)
5.8 Verbs derived from verbs
59(1)
5.9 Verbs derived from members of other word classes
60(1)
5.10 Conclusion: generality and idiosyncrasy
61(4)
Technical terms
62(1)
Exercises
63(1)
Recommendations for reading
64(1)
6 Compound words, blends and phrasal words
65(13)
6.1 Compounds versus phrases
65(1)
6.2 Compound verbs
66(1)
6.3 Compound adjectives
67(1)
6.4 Compound nouns
67(3)
6.5 Headed and headless compounds
70(1)
6.6 Blends and acronyms
71(1)
6.7 Compounds containing bound combining forms
72(1)
6.8 Phrasal words
73(1)
6.9 Conclusion
74(4)
Technical terms
74(1)
Exercises
75(1)
Recommendations for reading
76(2)
7 A word and its structure
78(14)
7.1 Meaning and structure
78(1)
7.2 Affixes as heads
78(1)
7.3 More elaborate word forms: multiple affixation
79(4)
7.4 More elaborate word forms: compounds within compounds
83(3)
7.5 Apparent mismatches between meaning and structure
86(3)
7.6 Conclusion: structure as guide but not straitjacket
89(3)
Technical terms
90(1)
Exercises
90(1)
Recommendations for reading
91(1)
8 Productivity
92(16)
8.1 Introduction: kinds of productivity
92(1)
8.2 Productivity in shape: formal generality and regularity
92(3)
8.3 Productivity in meaning: semantic regularity
95(3)
8.4 Semantic blocking
98(2)
8.5 Productivity in compounding
100(2)
8.6 Measuring productivity: the significance of neologisms
102(2)
8.7 Conclusion: `productivity' in syntax
104(4)
Technical terms
105(1)
Exercises
106(1)
Recommendations for reading
107(1)
9 The historical sources of English word formation
108(14)
9.1 Introduction
108(1)
9.2 Germanic, Romance and Greek vocabulary
108(2)
9.3 The rarity of borrowed inflectional morphology
110(2)
9.4 The reduction in inflectional morphology
112(2)
9.5 Characteristics of Germanic and non-Germanic derivation
114(2)
9.6 Fashions in morphology
116(2)
9.7 Conclusion: history and structure
118(4)
Technical terms
119(1)
Exercises
119(2)
Recommendations for reading
121(1)
10 Conclusion: words in English and in languages generally
122(30)
10.1 A puzzle: disentangling lexemes, word forms and lexical items
122(1)
10.2 Lexemes and lexical items: possible reasons for their overlap in English
123(1)
10.3 Lexemes and lexical items: the situation outside English
124(2)
10.4 Lexemes and word forms: the situation outside English
126(26)
Recommendations for reading
127(1)
Discussion of the exercises
128(21)
References
149(3)
Index 152