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E-raamat: Introduction to Environmental Geotechnology

3.00/5 (2 hinnangut Goodreads-ist)

Hsai-Yang Fang (Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA), Ronald C. Chaney (Cal Poly Humboldt, USA)

Formaat: 677 pages
Ilmumisaeg: 03-Nov-2016
Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9781439837313

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Formaat: 677 pages
Ilmumisaeg: 03-Nov-2016
Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9781439837313

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This undergraduate engineering textbook explains the soil mechanics concepts for analyzing soil behavior under different environmental conditions, proposes a particle energy field theory for interpreting soil-water-environmental interactions, and describes the swelling, cracking, hydraulic conductivity, thermal, electrical, radiation, and compaction properties of soils. Later chapters address soil erosion problems, slope stability and landslides, garbage landfills, and desert regions. The second edition applies the concepts to Tibetan railroad and highway projects, transfer of floodwater in northern China, and the Taiwan Strait Tunnel project. Annotation ©2017 Ringgold, Inc., Portland, OR (protoview.com)

This new edition of a bestseller presents updated technology advances that have occurred since publication of the first edition. It increases the utility and scope of the content through numerous case studies and examples and an entirely new set of problems and solutions. The book also has an accompanying instructor's guide and presents rubrics by which instructors can increase student learning and evaluate student outcomes, chapter by chapter. The book focuses on the increasing importance of water resources and energy in the broader context of environmental sustainability. It’s interdisciplinary coverage includes soil science, physical chemistry, mineralogy, geology, ground pollution, and more.

Preface to Second Edition

xxxiii

Chapter 1 Introduction

(20)

1.1 Introduction

(1)

1.2 Development of Environmental Geotechnology

(2)

1.2.1 General Discussion

(1)

1.2.2 Population Growth and Rising Living Standards

(2)

1.3 Aims of Environmental Geotechnology

(1)

1.4 Environmental Cycles and Their Interaction with Geotechnology

(4)

1.4.1 General Discussion

(1)

1.4.2 The Natural Environment

(1)

1.4.2.1 The Atmosphere

(1)

1.4.2.2 The Biosphere

(1)

1.4.2.3 The Hydrosphere

(1)

1.4.2.4 The Lithosphere

(1)

1.4.2.5 The Geomicrobiosphere

(1)

1.4.3 The Cycles of Nature

(1)

1.4.3.1 Oxygen Cycle

(1)

1.4.3.2 Nitrogen Cycle

(1)

1.4.3.3 Carbon Cycle

(1)

1.4.4 Water Stability in Natural Environmental Systems

(1)

1.5 Man-Made Environment

(2)

1.5.1 General Discussion

(1)

1.5.2 Solid and Liquid Wastes

(1)

1.5.3 Solid Wastes (Urban Refuse)

(1)

1.5.4 Waste Rubber Tires

(1)

1.5.5 Petroleum-Contaminated Soil

(1)

1.6 Acid Rain and Acid Drainage

(2)

1.6.1 Acid Rain (Acid Deposition)

(1)

1.6.2 Acid Mine Drainage

(1)

1.7 Environmental Geotechnical Problems

(1)

1.7.1 Arid Lands and Desert

(1)

1.7.2 Marginal Lands (Wetlands)

(1)

1.7.3 Coastal Margins

(1)

1.7.4 Soil Erosion

(1)

1.8 Pollution Processes and Soil-Pollution Interaction

(2)

1.8.1 General Discussion

(1)

1.8.2 Ground Pollution Sources or Routes

(2)

1.8.3 Pollution Process Mechanisms

(1)

1.9 Energy--Environment--Disaster Cycle

(1)

1.9.1 General Discussion

(1)

1.9.2 Environmental Geotechnical Problems

(1)

1.10 Methods for Analysis of Environmental Geotechnical Problems

(3)

1.10.1 General Discussion

(1)

1.10.2 Review of Current Soil Mechanics Concepts

(1)

1.10.3 Proposed Approaches or Methods for Evaluation of Soil Behavior

(1)

1.10.3.1 General Discussion

(1)

1.10.3.2 Instruction

(1)

1.10.3.3 Laboratory Testing

(1)

1.10.3.4 Data Interpretation and Analysis

(1)

1.11 Scope and Organization of the Text

(1)

1.12 Summary

(2)

Problems

(2)

Chapter 2 Particle-Energy-Field Theory and Its Applications

(24)

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 The Concept of Particle-Energy-Field Theory

(3)

2.2.1 Fundamentals

(1)

2.2.2 Assumptions

(1)

2.2.3 Elementary Particles

(1)

2.2.4 Particle Systems

(1)

2.3 Energy, Energy Field, and Particle Energy Field

(1)

2.3.1 Energies between Particles

(1)

2.3.1.1 Bonding Behavior between Particles

(1)

2.3.1.2 Attractive and Repulsive Forces

(1)

2.3.2 Energy and Energy Fields

(1)

2.3.3 Particle Force Field

(1)

2.3.4 Energy Fields and Environments

(1)

2.4 The States of Aggregation of Idealized Particles

(4)

2.4.1 General Discussion

(1)

2.4.2 Types of Bonds and Energy Ranges

(1)

2.4.3 Volume Relationships for Idealized Particles

(2)

2.5 Crystal---A True Solid

(3)

2.5.1 General Discussion

(1)

2.5.2 Crystal Symmetry

(1)

2.5.3 The Crystal Systems

(1)

2.5.4 Crystal Classes

(1)

2.5.5 Crystal Lattices

(1)

2.6 Granular Particles and Their Packing Characteristics

(3)

2.6.1 General Discussion

(1)

2.6.2 Granular Particle Measurement

(1)

2.6.2.1 Size Measurement

(1)

2.6.2.2 Shape Measurement

(1)

2.6.3 Packing Characteristics of Granular Materials

(1)

2.6.4 Interparticle Characteristics and Their Primary Structure

(1)

2.6.4.1 The Laws of Granulometry

(1)

2.6.4.2 Interparticle Forces

(1)

2.6.5 Particle Packing Systems

(1)

2.6.5.1 Uniform Packings

(1)

2.6.5.2 Polygonal Shapes

(1)

2.6.5.3 Binary Systems

(1)

2.6.5.4 Ternary Systems

(1)

2.6.5.5 Continuous Gradings

(1)

2.7 Chemical Fundamentals

(1)

2.8 Phenomena of Solid--Liquid--Gas at Interface

(2)

2.8.1 Single-Phase Interface

(1)

2.8.2 Two-Phase Interface

(1)

2.8.3 Multiphase Interface

(1)

2.9 Particle Behavior Under Load-Mechanical Energy Field

(2)

2.9.1 General Discussion

(1)

2.9.2 Load-Deformation Process

(1)

2.9.3 Particle Dynamics

(1)

2.10 Multimedia Energy Field

(3)

2.10.1 General Discussion

(1)

2.10.2 Thermal Energy Field

(1)

2.10.3 Electric and Magnetic Energy Fields

(1)

2.10.4 Radiation Energy Field

(1)

2.11 Justification for Application to Geotechnology

(1)

2.12 Summary

(2)

Problems

(1)

Chapter 3 Nature of Soil and Environment

(30)

3.1 Soil as a Natural Genetic System

(1)

3.2 Soil as a Polydisperse System

(4)

3.2.1 Characteristics of the Solid Phase

(1)

3.2.2 Characteristics of the Liquid Phase

(1)

3.2.3 Characteristics of Soil-Air Interface

(1)

3.2.4 Characteristics of Soil at In Situ Condition

(2)

3.3 Soil Texture, Strata, Horizons, and Profiles

(3)

3.3.1 Soil Strata and Texture

(1)

3.3.2 Horizons and Profile

(1)

3.3.3 Podzol Soil Profiles

(2)

3.3.4 PCA Simplified Soil Profile and Horizons System

(1)

3.3.4.1 General Discussion

(1)

3.3.4.2 Horizons

(1)

3.4 Identification and Classification Systems of Soils

(4)

3.4.1 General Discussion

(1)

3.4.2 Unified Soil Classification System (ASTM D2487)

(1)

3.4.3 AASHTO Soil Classification System (AASHTO M145-88)

(1)

3.4.4 Other Soil Classification Systems

(3)

3.5 USDA Soil Classification System

(2)

3.5.1 General Discussion

(1)

3.5.2 Orders---Zonal, Intrazonal, and Azonal

(1)

3.5.3 Great Soil Groups and Soil Series

(1)

3.5.3.1 Great Soil Group

(1)

3.5.3.2 Soil Series

(1)

3.5.4 Soil Taxonomy

(1)

3.6 Chemical Composition of Natural Soil and Clay Fraction

(4)

3.6.1 General Discussion

(1)

3.6.2 General Chemistry of the Soil

(1)

3.6.3 Soil Organic Matter

(2)

3.6.4 Silica/Sesquioxide Ratio (SSR) of Clay Fraction

(2)

3.7 Granular Soils (Cobble, Boulder, Gravel, Sand, and Silt)

(2)

3.7.1 General Discussion

(1)

3.7.2 Aggregates

(1)

3.7.3 Sand and Gravel

(1)

3.7.4 Silt (0.02--0.002 mm)

(1)

3.8 Identification and Characterization of Contaminated Soils

(5)

3.8.1 General Discussion

(2)

3.8.2 Visual Identification of Contaminated Soils

(1)

3.8.3 Color of Ground Soil and Water

(1)

3.8.3.1 Color of Ground Soil

(1)

3.8.3.2 Color of Water and Characteristics of Water Bubbles

(1)

3.8.4 Odors in the Environments

(1)

3.8.4.1 General Discussion

(1)

3.8.4.2 Odor of Natural or By-Product Gases

(1)

3.8.4.3 Odor of Soil and Water

(1)

3.8.5 Cracking Patterns of Ground Soil

(1)

3.8.6 Properties Employed in Characterization of Contaminated Soil

(1)

3.9 Classification of Contaminated Soils

(2)

3.9.1 Basic Concept

(1)

3.9.2 Sensitivity of Soil to Environment

(1)

3.9.3 Pollution Sensitivity Index (PSI)

(1)

3.10 Dust: Microscopic Debris

(1)

3.10.1 General Discussion

(1)

3.10.2 Characteristics of Dust

(1)

3.10.3 Dust in the Environment

(1)

3.11 Suspension: Dust in the Water

(1)

3.11.1 Characteristics of Suspension

(1)

3.11.2 Suspension in the Environment

(1)

3.12 Summary

(2)

Problems

(1)

Chapter 4 Soil Technology

(34)

4.1 Introduction

(1)

4.2 Clay Mineralogy

(1)

4.2.1 General Discussion

(1)

4.2.2 Mineralogical Data Requirements

(1)

4.3 Structural Units of Soils

(3)

4.3.1 General Discussion

(1)

4.3.2 Clay Mineral Structures

(1)

4.3.3 Identification and Determination of Clay Minerals

(1)

4.3.3.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis

(1)

4.3.3.2 Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA)

(1)

4.3.3.3 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

(1)

4.4 Size and Shape Measurement of Soil

(2)

4.4.1 Effective Size and Uniformity Coefficient

(1)

4.4.2 Size and Shape Measurement for Granular Soils

(1)

4.4.3 Surface Area for Fine-Grained Soil

(1)

4.5 Particle Bonds, Bond Energies, and Linkages

(3)

4.5.1 Particle Bonds

(1)

4.5.2 Bond Energies

(2)

4.5.3 Linkage between Particles

(1)

4.6 Interparticle Energies or Forces

(3)

4.6.1 Dipole Moment and Orientation Effect

(1)

4.6.2 Attractive Energy or Force

(1)

4.6.2.1 Norrish Equation (1954)

(1)

4.6.2.2 MacEwan Equation (1954)

(1)

4.6.2.3 Jordine et al. (1962) and Jordine Equation (1963)

(1)

4.6.3 Repulsive Energy or Force

(1)

4.6.3.1 Pauling Equation (1945, 1960)

(1)

4.6.3.2 Van Olphen Equation (1954)

(1)

4.7 Particle Arrangement and Clay Structures

(2)

4.7.1 Particle Arrangement and Structures

(1)

4.7.2 Isomorphous Substitution

(1)

4.8 Ion-Exchange Reaction and Ion-Exchange Capacity

(6)

4.8.1 General Discussion

(1)

4.8.2 Characteristics and Mechanisms of Ion-Exchange Reaction

(1)

4.8.2.1 General Discussion

(1)

4.8.2.2 Ion-Exchange Reaction Mechanisms

(1)

4.8.2.3 Ion-Exchange Capacity

(1)

4.8.3 Factors Affecting IEC

(1)

4.8.3.1 Particle Size

(1)

4.8.3.2 Specific Surface Area

(2)

4.8.3.3 Temperature or Heat

(1)

4.8.3.4 Effect of Size of Ions

(1)

4.8.3.5 Correlation with Other Parameters

(1)

4.8.4 Anion Exchange

(1)

4.8.5 Ion-Exchange Reaction in Contaminated Soil--Water Systems

(1)

4.8.5.1 General Discussion

(1)

4.8.5.2 Ion-Exchange Reaction between Solids

(1)

4.8.5.3 Ion-Exchange Reaction between Phases

(1)

4.9 The Clay--Water--Electrolyte System

(2)

4.9.1 Characteristics of Diffuse Double-Layer

(1)

4.9.2 The Clay Micelle and Its Structure

(1)

4.9.3 Free Water and Environmental Water

(1)

4.9.3.1 Adsorbed Water

(1)

4.9.3.2 Osmotic Water

(1)

4.9.3.3 Hydration Water and Hydratation Water

(1)

4.9.3.4 Oriented Water

(1)

4.10 Characteristics and Structures of Some Typical Clay Minerals

(4)

4.10.1 General Discussion

(1)

4.10.2 Kaolin, Montmorillonite, and Illite Groups

(1)

4.10.2.1 Kaolinite Group

(1)

4.10.2.2 Montmorillonite Group

(1)

4.10.2.3 Illite Group

(1)

4.10.3 Chlorites and Halloysites

(1)

4.10.3.1 Chlorites

(1)

4.10.3.2 Halloysites

100

(1)

4.10.4 Geotechnical Properties of Clay Minerals

100

(1)

4.11 Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Soils

101

(1)

4.11.1 General Discussion

101

(1)

4.11.2 The Changing Mechanisms between Hydrophobic--Hydrophilic Conditions

101

(1)

4.11.3 Characteristics of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Soils

102

(1)

4.12 Homoionic Modifications (Pure Soil)

102

(2)

4.12.1 General Discussion

102

(1)

4.12.2 Method for Preparation of Homoionic Soil Samples

102

(1)

4.12.3 Typical Homoionic Modification Data

103

(1)

4.13 The Man-Made Soil

104

(2)

4.13.1 General Discussion

104

(1)

4.13.2 The Concept and Approach of Man-Made Soil

105

(1)

4.14 Summary

106

(3)

Problems

106

(3)

Chapter 5 Soil--Water--Air Interaction in the Environment

109

(36)

5.1 Introduction

109

(2)

5.1.1 General Discussion

109

(1)

5.1.2 Soil Moisture Terminology

109

(1)

5.1.2.1 Suspensions

109

(1)

5.1.2.2 Gravitational Water

109

(1)

5.1.2.3 Capillary Range

109

(1)

5.1.2.4 Hygroscopic Range and Ignition Point

110

(1)

5.1.3 Soil--Water System and Its Measurable Parameters

110

(1)

5.2 Nature of Water

111

(3)

5.2.1 Molecular Dimensions and Bulk Properties

111

(1)

5.2.2 Packing Characteristics

112

(1)

5.2.3 Chemical Composition of Water

112

(2)

5.3 Properties of Water and Water Substances

114

(3)

5.3.1 Density, Unit Weight, and Specific Gravity of Water

114

(1)

5.3.1.1 Density and Unit Weight

114

(1)

5.3.1.2 Specific Gravity

114

(1)

5.3.2 Surface Tension

114

(1)

5.3.3 Viscosity of Water and Other Pore Fluids

115

(1)

5.3.3.1 Absolute or Dynamic Viscosity

115

(1)

5.3.3.2 Kinematic Viscosity

115

(2)

5.3.4 Dielectric Constant of Water

117

(1)

5.4 Solutions, Compounds, Mixtures, and Electrolytes

117

(3)

5.4.1 Solutions, Solvents, and Solute

117

(1)

5.4.1.1 Solutions

117

(1)

5.4.1.2 Solvent and Solute

117

(1)

5.4.2 Compounds and Mixtures

118

(1)

5.4.3 Electrolytes

118

(1)

5.4.4 Acidity and pH Value

119

(1)

5.5 Types and Sources of Water

120

(1)

5.5.1 Groundwater

120

(1)

5.5.2 River and Lake Waters

120

(1)

5.5.3 Hard, Soft, Acidic, and Alkali Waters

120

(1)

5.5.3.1 Hard and Soft Waters

120

(1)

5.5.3.2 Acidic and Alkali (Basic) Waters

120

(1)

5.6 Electrochemical Characteristics of the Soil--Water System

121

(2)

5.6.1 Surface Electrochemical Characteristics of Soil

121

(1)

5.6.2 Flow Routes Relating to Soil--Water Interaction

122

(1)

5.6.2.1 Flow Path---Wetting Process

122

(1)

5.6.2.2 Flow Path---Drying Process

123

(1)

5.6.3 Soil--Water Interaction in Various Energy Fields

123

(1)

5.7 Soil--Water Interaction in the Thermal Energy Field

123

(6)

5.7.1 Heat of Wetting

123

(4)

5.7.2 Water Intake Ability

127

(1)

5.7.3 Kinetic Dispersive Force

127

(2)

5.8 Soil--Water Interaction in the Electric Energy Field

129

(1)

5.8.1 Polarization

129

(1)

5.8.2 Proton Migration

129

(1)

5.9 Geomorphic Process (Aging Process)

129

(4)

5.9.1 Concept of Geomorphic Process

129

(1)

5.9.2 Geomorphic Process Mechanisms

130

(1)

5.9.2.1 Mechanical Causes and Short-Term Process

130

(1)

5.9.2.2 Chemical and Physicochemical Processes

130

(1)

5.9.2.3 Geomicrobiological Process

131

(2)

5.9.2.4 Soil-Forming Process

133

(1)

5.10 Corrosion Process

133

(3)

5.10.1 General Discussion

133

(1)

5.10.2 Corrosion Causes, Types, and Protection

134

(1)

5.10.2.1 General Discussion

134

(1)

5.10.2.2 Corrosion Causes

134

(1)

5.10.2.3 Bacteria Corrosion

134

(1)

5.10.2.4 Corrosion Protection and Example

134

(2)

5.11 Effect of Bacteria on Behavior of the Soil--Water System

136

(1)

5.11.1 Characteristics of Bacteria

136

(1)

5.11.2 Soil--Water-Bacteria Interaction

137

(1)

5.12 Sensitivity of Soil to the Environment

137

(4)

5.12.1 General Discussion

137

(1)

5.12.2 Sensitivity of Soil to Load

138

(2)

5.12.3 Sensitivity of Soil to Pore Fluid

140

(1)

5.13 Soil--Water--Air Interaction

141

(2)

5.13.1 Behavior of Air in Soil--Water System

141

(1)

5.13.2 Soil--Water--Vapor Interaction

142

(1)

5.14 Summary

143

(2)

Problems

143

(2)

Chapter 6 Shrinkage, Swelling, and Cracking Characteristics of Soil

145

(40)

6.1 Introduction

145

(1)

6.2 Shrinkage Characteristics

145

(3)

6.2.1 Characteristics of Shrinkage of Soil

145

(1)

6.2.2 Factors Affecting Shrinkage of Soil

145

(3)

6.3 Swelling Characteristics

148

(4)

6.3.1 Swelling Mechanism

148

(1)

6.3.2 Swelling Measurements

149

(1)

6.3.3 Factors Affecting Swelling Characteristics of Soil

149

(3)

6.4 Sorption Characteristics

152

(1)

6.4.1 Water Sorption

152

(1)

6.4.2 Absorption and Degree of Saturation

152

(1)

6.4.3 Absorption of Organic Molecules

152

(1)

6.5 Adsorption Phenomena

153

(7)

6.5.1 Types of Adsorption

153

(1)

6.5.1.1 Physical Adsorption

154

(1)

6.5.1.2 Chemical or Activated Adsorption

154

(1)

6.5.2 Adsorption Mechanism

155

(1)

6.5.3 Adsorption Measurements

156

(1)

6.5.3.1 Absorption Relating to the FME

156

(1)

6.5.3.2 Adsorption Relating to the CME

156

(1)

6.5.4 Adsorption Characteristics in the Environment

157

(1)

6.5.4.1 Adsorption Characteristics

157

(1)

6.5.4.2 Polymer Adsorption

158

(1)

6.5.4.3 Adsorption of Hazardous Substances

158

(1)

6.5.4.4 Adsorption and Stabilizing Materials

159

(1)

6.6 Cracking Phenomena and Mechanisms

160

(6)

6.6.1 Soil Cracking Phenomena

160

(1)

6.6.1.1 General Discussion

160

(1)

6.6.1.2 Soil Cracking Types

160

(1)

6.6.2 Cracking Mechanisms

161

(1)

6.6.2.1 Cracking--Fracture Phenomena and Relationships

161

(1)

6.6.2.2 Cracking--Moisture Relationship

162

(1)

6.6.3 Cracking Pattern and Measurements

162

(1)

6.6.3.1 Cracking Pattern Measurement Procedure (Lehigh Method)

162

(2)

6.6.3.2 Internal Soil Cracking Measurement

164

(1)

6.6.3.3 Cracking Behavior of Contaminated Soils

165

(1)

6.6.3.4 Soil Structures Relating to Cracking Patterns

165

(1)

6.7 Tensile Characteristics of Soil

166

(8)

6.7.1 Introduction

166

(1)

6.7.2 Mechanism of Tensile Strength of Soil

167

(1)

6.7.3 Measurement of Tensile Strength of Soil

168

(1)

6.7.4 Tensile Strength Relating to Other Soil Constants

168

(1)

6.7.4.1 Atterberg Limits and Density

168

(1)

6.7.4.2 Activity and Toughness Index

168

(2)

6.7.4.3 Compressive Strength

170

(1)

6.7.4.4 Cohesion and Friction Angle

171

(1)

6.7.4.5 Effect of Exchangeable Ions

171

(1)

6.7.4.6 Soil Classification Based on Tensile Strength

172

(2)

6.8 Fracture Characteristics of Soil

174

(8)

6.8.1 Introduction

174

(1)

6.8.2 Application of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM)

174

(1)

6.8.3 Laboratory Fracture Tests on Soils

174

(1)

6.8.3.1 Preparation of Test Specimen

174

(1)

6.8.3.2 Gc and Kc Measurements and Computations

175

(1)

6.8.3.3 Fracture Load Tests on Stabilized and Contaminated Soils

176

(5)

6.8.4 Applications from Cracking and Fracture Data

181

(1)

6.8.4.1 Use as a Guideline in Ground Improvement Program

181

(1)

6.8.4.2 Cracking Patterns Used for Identification and Characterization of Soil

182

(1)

6.8.4.3 Internal Cracks Used to Evaluate the Soil Disturbance

182

(1)

6.9 Summary

182

(3)

Problems

182

(3)

Chapter 7 Hydraulic Conductivity and Mass Transport Phenomena

185

(34)

7.1 Introduction

185

(1)

7.2 Capillarity

185

(4)

7.2.1 General Discussion

185

(1)

7.2.2 Height and Rate of Capillary Rise

185

(1)

7.2.2.1 Height of Capillary Rise

185

(1)

7.2.2.2 Rate of Capillary Rise

186

(1)

7.2.3 Factors Affecting Capillary Rise

186

(1)

7.2.3.1 Effect of Time and Soil Particle Size

186

(1)

7.2.3.2 Effect of Moisture Content and Types of Pore Fluids

187

(1)

7.2.3.3 Effect of Temperature

187

(1)

7.2.4 Capillary Measurements

187

(1)

7.2.4.1 General Discussion

187

(1)

7.2.4.2 Typical Test Results and Comments

188

(1)

7.3 Hydraulic Conductivity

189

(8)

7.3.1 Darcy's Law

189

(1)

7.3.2 Hydraulic Head and Energy

189

(1)

7.3.3 Hydraulic Conductivity Equations

189

(1)

7.3.3.1 Theoretical Relationships

189

(2)

7.3.3.2 Empirical Relationships

191

(1)

7.3.4 Hydraulic Conductivity Measurements

191

(2)

7.3.5 Factors Affecting Conductivity Results

193

(1)

7.3.5.1 General Discussions

193

(1)

7.3.5.2 Hydraulic Conductivity of Contaminated Soil

193

(2)

7.3.5.3 Triaxial-Permeameter for Contaminated Pore Fluid

195

(2)

7.4 Infiltration, Percolation, and Retention

197

(5)

7.4.1 Characteristics of Infiltration

197

(1)

7.4.1.1 General Discussion

197

(1)

7.4.1.2 Infiltration Rate or Capacity

198

(2)

7.4.2 Infiltration of Water through a Pavement Surface

200

(1)

7.4.2.1 Infiltration of Water through PCC Pavement

200

(1)

7.4.2.2 Infiltration of Water through Base Course

200

(1)

7.4.2.3 Infiltration of Water through Both Rigid and Flexible Pavement

201

(1)

7.4.3 Percolation and Retention

201

(1)

7.5 Mass Transport Phenomena in Moist Fine-Grained Soils

202

(3)

7.5.1 Creeping Flow

202

(1)

7.5.2 Nature of Pore Fluid in Soil

202

(2)

7.5.3 Coupled Flow

204

(1)

7.5.3.1 General Discussion

204

(1)

7.5.3.2 Soil Conductivity Measurements

204

(1)

7.6 Osmosis and Reverse Osmosis Phenomena

205

(2)

7.6.1 Osmotic Phenomena

205

(1)

7.6.1.1 General Discussion

205

(1)

7.6.1.2 Osmotic Membranes and Osmotic Pressures

206

(1)

7.6.2 Osmotic Pressure in Soils

206

(1)

7.6.2.1 Osmotic Flow in Soils

206

(1)

7.6.2.2 Osmotic Repulsive Pressure in Soils

206

(1)

7.6.3 Reverse Osmosis Phenomena

207

(1)

7.7 Soil--Water Suction and Diffusivity

207

(4)

7.7.1 Soil--Water Suction

207

(1)

7.7.2 Soil--Water Diffusivity

208

(1)

7.7.2.1 General Discussion

208

(1)

7.7.2.2 Field Measurements

208

(3)

7.8 Moisture Migration

211

(2)

7.8.1 Characteristics of Moisture Migration

211

(1)

7.8.2 Limits of Moisture Migration

212

(1)

7.8.3 Factors Affecting Moisture Migration in Soils

212

(1)

7.8.3.1 Possible Modes

212

(1)

7.8.3.2 Porosity and Specific Surface Area

213

(1)

7.8.3.3 Soil Structure

213

(1)

7.9 Diffusion Phenomena

213

(2)

7.9.1 General Discussion

213

(1)

7.9.2 Diffusion Phenomena in Soil--Water System

214

(1)

7.10 Water Movement in Vadose Zone

215

(1)

7.11 Summary

215

(4)

Problems

216

(3)

Chapter 8 Thermal Properties of Soils

219

(32)

8.1 Introduction

219

(1)

8.2 Characteristics of Heat and Heat Sources

219

(1)

8.2.1 Characteristics of Heat

219

(1)

8.2.2 Heat Sources

219

(1)

8.2.3 Heat Exchange near the Ground Surface

219

(1)

8.3 Heat Transfer Process and Measurable Thermal Parameters

220

(4)

8.3.1 Heat Transfer Process

220

(1)

8.3.1.1 Conduction

220

(1)

8.3.1.2 Convection

220

(1)

8.3.1.3 Radiation Process

220

(1)

8.3.2 Measurable Thermal Parameters

221

(1)

8.3.2.1 General Discussion

221

(1)

8.3.2.2 Temperature and Heat

221

(2)

8.3.2.3 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat

223

(1)

8.3.2.4 Diffusivity

223

(1)

8.4 Soil--Heat Interaction

224

(1)

8.4.1 Mechanism of Soil--Heat Interaction

224

(1)

8.4.2 Soil Thermal Storage Capacity

224

(1)

8.5 Thermal Conductivity and Resistivity of Soil

225

(4)

8.5.1 Thermal Conductivity

225

(1)

8.5.2 Thermal Resistivity

225

(1)

8.5.2.1 General Discussion

225

(2)

8.5.2.2 Practical Aspects of Thermal Resistivity

227

(1)

8.5.2.3 Effects of Moisture Content and Density

227

(2)

8.6 Effects of Heat or Temperature on Soil Behavior

229

(6)

8.6.1 General Discussion

229

(1)

8.6.2 Characteristics of Soil--Heat System

229

(1)

8.6.3 Effect of Soil Behavior at Low-Temperature Range

230

(1)

8.6.3.1 Soil Constants

230

(1)

8.6.3.2 Unit Weight-Moisture Relationship of Soil

230

(1)

8.6.3.3 Compressibility

230

(2)

8.6.3.4 Porewater Pressures

232

(1)

8.6.3.5 Modulus and Shear Strength

232

(1)

8.6.4 Effect of Soil Behavior at Medium-Temperature Range

233

(2)

8.6.5 Fusion

235

(1)

8.7 Frozen and Thawing Soils

235

(11)

8.7.1 Identification and Description of Ice in Soil

235

(1)

8.7.2 Frost Depth (Penetration) and Heave

235

(1)

8.7.2.1 Analytical Approaches

235

(3)

8.7.2.2 In Situ Measurement

238

(3)

8.7.2.3 Frost Heave and Rate of Heave

241

(1)

8.7.2.4 Freezing Index

242

(1)

8.7.3 Environmental Geotechnical Problems of Frozen Soil

242

(1)

8.7.3.1 Geotechnical Properties and Foundation Problems

242

(2)

8.7.3.2 De-Icing Problems

244

(1)

8.7.4 Characteristics of Thawing Soil

245

(1)

8.7.4.1 General Discussion

245

(1)

8.7.4.2 Properties of Thawing Soil

246

(1)

8.8 Characteristics of Snow

246

(3)

8.8.1 General Discussion

246

(1)

8.8.2 Properties and Problems of Snow

247

(2)

8.9 Summary

249

(2)

Problems

249

(2)

Chapter 9 Electrical Properties of Soils

251

(42)

9.1 Introduction

251

(1)

9.2 Characteristics of Particles and Electricity

251

(1)

9.2.1 General Discussion

251

(1)

9.2.2 Electric Field and Electric Charge

251

(1)

9.3 Measurable Parameters in Soil--Water--Electricity System

252

(1)

9.3.1 General Discussion

252

(1)

9.3.2 Electromotive Force and Resistance

252

(1)

9.3.2.1 Electromotive Force

252

(1)

9.3.2.2 Resistance

252

(1)

9.3.3 Conductance, Capacitor, and Capacitance

252

(1)

9.3.3.1 Conductance

252

(1)

9.3.3.2 Capacitor

252

(1)

9.3.3.3 Capacitance

253

(1)

9.4 Fundamentals of Soil--Electrochemistry

253

(3)

9.4.1 General Discussion

253

(1)

9.4.2 Soil--Electrochemical Interaction and Its Measurement

253

(1)

9.4.2.1 Evapotranspiration

254

(1)

9.4.2.2 Leaching

254

(1)

9.4.3 Electrode and Cell

254

(1)

9.4.4 Electrolysis

255

(1)

9.4.4.1 Faraday's Laws

255

(1)

9.4.4.2 Faraday Unit

255

(1)

9.5 Electrolytes and Electrical Reactions

256

(2)

9.5.1 Characteristics of Electrolytes

256

(1)

9.5.1.1 Salts and Base

256

(1)

9.5.1.2 Natural Electrolytes---Acid Rain and Acid Drainage

256

(1)

9.5.2 Electrode and Redox Reactions

256

(1)

9.5.2.1 Electrode Reaction

256

(1)

9.5.2.2 Redox Reaction

256

(1)

9.5.2.3 Redox Potential

256

(1)

9.5.3 Characteristics of Eh and pe and Their Relationship

257

(1)

9.6 Electric Properties of Soil, Water, and Rock (When Additional Electricity Is Applied)

258

(8)

9.6.1 Mechanism of Soil--Electricity Interaction

258

(1)

9.6.2 Properties Measured by Electric Current and Voltage

259

(1)

9.6.2.1 Soil--Water Properties

259

(1)

9.6.2.2 Locating Leak Sources of Geomembrane Liners

259

(1)

9.6.2.3 Soil Fabric Replication Using Formation Factor

259

(2)

9.6.3 Electric Charge and Surface Charge Density

261

(1)

9.6.3.1 Characteristics of Electric Charge in Soil--Water System

261

(2)

9.6.3.2 Effect of Electric Surface Density on Soil--Water System

263

(1)

9.6.4 Electric Resistivity of Soil, Rock, and Water

263

(1)

9.6.4.1 General Discussion

263

(1)

9.6.4.2 Soil and Rock

263

(1)

9.6.4.3 Water Quality Measured by Electric Resistivity/Conductance

264

(2)

9.6.5 Electrical Properties of Contaminated Soil

266

(1)

9.7 Dielectric Constant of Soil--Water System

266

(6)

9.7.1 Characteristics of the Dielectric Constant

266

(1)

9.7.2 Dielectric Constant of Substance

267

(1)

9.7.2.1 General Discussion

267

(1)

9.7.2.2 Dielectric Constant Measurement

267

(1)

9.7.2.3 Electrical Dispersion Measurement

267

(1)

9.7.3 Dielectric Constant of Water and Other Pore Fluids

268

(1)

9.7.3.1 Dielectric Constant of Water

268

(1)

9.7.3.2 Dielectric Constant versus pH Value

268

(1)

9.7.4 Effect of Dielectric Constant on Soil Behavior

269

(1)

9.7.4.1 Soil Constants

269

(1)

9.7.4.2 Dielectric Constant Related to CEC and Zeta Potential

270

(1)

9.7.4.3 Effect of Dielectric Constant on Conductivity and Compressibility

271

(1)

9.7.4.4 Effect of Dielectric Constant on Swelling

271

(1)

9.8 Electric Conductivity and Electrokinetic Phenomena

272

(5)

9.8.1 General Discussion

272

(2)

9.8.2 Assumptions and Equation of Helmholtz--Smoluchowski Theory

274

(1)

9.8.3 Discussions of Helmholtz--Smoluchowski Theory

274

(1)

9.8.3.1 Limitations of Helmholtz--Smoluchowski Theory

274

(1)

9.8.3.2 Modifications and the Gouy--Chapman Theory

274

(1)

9.8.4 Electric-Double-Layer Thickness and Zeta Potentials

275

(1)

9.8.4.1 Electric-Double-Layer Thickness

275

(2)

9.8.4.2 Zeta ζ Potential

277

(1)

9.9 Ground Improvement by Electrokinetic Process

277

(3)

9.9.1 Characteristics and Mechanisms

277

(2)

9.9.2 Dewatering and Soil Stabilization

279

(1)

9.9.3 Factors Affecting the Electrokinetic Process

280

(1)

9.10 Soil Decontamination by Electrokinetic Process

280

(2)

9.10.1 General Discussion

280

(1)

9.10.2 Mechanism of Soil Decontamination

281

(1)

9.11 Electrophoresis and Electromigration

282

(1)

9.11.1 General Discussion

282

(1)

9.11.2 Experimental Measurements

282

(1)

9.12 Electrochemical Process

283

(3)

9.12.1 Fundamentals of Electrochemical Process

283

(1)

9.12.2 U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) Method

284

(1)

9.12.2.1 Approaches

284

(1)

9.12.2.2 Laboratory Condition: Computation of Osmotic Permeability and Specific Resistance

284

(2)

9.13 Multienergy Effect on Soil--Water System

286

(4)

9.13.1 General Discussion

286

(1)

9.13.2 Electroviscous Effect

287

(1)

9.13.3 Thermoelectric Effect

287

(1)

9.13.3.1 General Discussion

287

(1)

9.13.3.2 Laboratory Experiments

288

(1)

9.13.4 Electromagnetic Effect

288

(1)

9.13.4.1 General Discussion

288

(1)

9.13.4.2 Characteristics of Electromagnetic Force

288

(1)

9.13.4.3 Laboratory Experiments

289

(1)

9.14 Summary

290

(3)

Problems

291

(2)

Chapter 10 Radiation Effects on Water, Soil, and Rock

293

(32)

10.1 Introduction

293

(1)

10.1.1 General Discussion

293

(1)

10.1.2 Review of Basic Nuclear Physics and Chemistry

293

(1)

10.2 Characteristics of Radioactivity

294

(2)

10.2.1 Radioactive Decay

294

(1)

10.2.2 Half-Life, Mean Lifetime, and Activity

294

(2)

10.2.3 Units of Radioactivity

296

(1)

10.2.3.1 Curie (Ci)

296

(1)

10.2.3.2 Becquerel (Bq)

296

(1)

10.2.3.3 Atomic Mass Unit (amu, AMU, u)

296

(1)

10.3 Radioactive Decay Process

296

(2)

10.3.1 General Discussion

296

(1)

10.3.2 Conservation Laws and Radioactive Decay Process

297

(1)

10.3.2.1 Conservation Laws in Radioactive Decay

297

(1)

10.3.2.2 Radioactive Decay Process

297

(1)

10.3.3 Energies of Radiation

297

(1)

10.4 Uranium and Radium Interaction with Environment

298

(1)

10.4.1 Uranium and Radium

298

(1)

10.4.1.1 Uranium (U)

298

(1)

10.4.1.2 Radium (Ra)

298

(1)

10.4.2 Interrelationship among Uranium, Radium, and Radon Gas

298

(1)

10.5 The Noble Gas Family

299

(2)

10.5.1 Characteristics of Noble Gases

299

(1)

10.5.2 Radon and Radon Family

300

(1)

10.6 Environmental Geotechnical Aspects of Radiation

301

(5)

10.6.1 General Discussion

301

(1)

10.6.2 Water--Radiation Interaction

301

(3)

10.6.3 Rock/Soil--Radiation Interactions

304

(1)

10.6.3.1 Rock

304

(1)

10.6.3.2 Soil

305

(1)

10.7 Radioactive and Toxic Radon Gas

306

(7)

10.7.1 Nature of Radon Gas

306

(1)

10.7.1.1 General Discussion

306

(2)

10.7.1.2 Radon Gas and Human Health and Environments

308

(1)

10.7.2 Engineering Properties of Radon Gas

308

(1)

10.7.2.1 General Discussion

308

(1)

10.7.3 Radon Emanation in Rock or Minerals

309

(1)

10.7.3.1 General Discussion

309

(1)

10.7.3.2 Giletti and Kulp Approach (1955)

310

(1)

10.7.3.3 α-Recoil Approach (Fleischer and Mogro-Camero, 1978)

310

(1)

10.7.3.4 α-Recoil-Environmental Approach (Fang, 1990)

311

(1)

10.7.4 Interaction Mechanisms between Radon and Environment

311

(1)

10.7.4.1 Interaction Based on Radon's Molecular Structure

311

(1)

10.7.4.2 Radon Particle Direct Interaction with Water Molecules

312

(1)

10.7.4.3 Interaction through Dust-Suspension

313

(1)

10.8 Radon Mitigation Methods

313

(5)

10.8.1 Radon Mitigation by Passive Approach

313

(1)

10.8.1.1 U.S. EPA/DER Method

313

(1)

10.8.1.2 Discussions---Advantages and Disadvantages

313

(2)

10.8.2 Radon Mitigation by Active Approach

315

(1)

10.8.3 Monitoring Techniques

316

(1)

10.8.3.1 General Discussion

316

(1)

10.8.3.2 Commercially Available Methods (EPA Approved Methods)

316

(1)

10.8.3.3 Radon Measurements in Subsurface Soil Layer

316

(1)

10.8.3.4 Photochemical Method

316

(2)

10.9 Nuclear Waste Disposal

318

(4)

10.9.1 Review of Background

318

(1)

10.9.2 Sources and Types of Nuclear Wastes

318

(1)

10.9.2.1 Basic Sources of Nuclear Wastes

318

(1)

10.9.2.2 High-Level Radioactive Waste (HLRW)

319

(1)

10.9.2.3 Low-Level Radioactive Waste (LLRW)

319

(1)

10.9.3 Management of Nuclear Wastes

319

(1)

10.9.4 Disposal Locations and Disposal Techniques

320

(1)

10.9.4.1 General Discussion

320

(1)

10.9.4.2 Disposal Locations

320

(1)

10.9.4.3 Radioactive Waste Storage

321

(1)

10.9.4.4 Waste Form and Leaking Routes

321

(1)

10.9.4.5 Comments on Existing Waste Sites

321

(1)

10.10 Utilization of Nuclear Energy for Construction Applications

322

(1)

10.10.1 General Discussion

322

(1)

10.10.2 Research Findings and Safety Considerations

322

(1)

10.10.2.1 Research Findings

322

(1)

10.10.2.2 Benefit/Cost Ratio and Safety Considerations

322

(1)

10.11 Other Applications

322

(1)

10.12 Summary

323

(2)

Problems

324

(1)

Chapter 11 Compressibility and Stress--Strain--Time Behavior of Soils

325

(52)

11.1 Introduction

325

(1)

11.2 Soil Compaction (Densification)

325

(9)

11.2.1 General Discussion

325

(1)

11.2.2 Compaction Theories

325

(2)

11.2.2.1 Proctor Theory (1933)

327

(1)

11.2.2.2 Hogentogler Theory (1937a)

327

(1)

11.2.2.3 Lambe Theory (1958)

327

(1)

11.2.2.4 Compaction Theory Based on Particle-Energy-Field Theory

327

(1)

11.2.3 Effect of Organics on Compaction

327

(3)

11.2.4 Effect of Light Weight Nonorganic Material on Compaction

330

(2)

11.2.5 Factors Influencing Compaction Test Results

332

(2)

11.3 Dynamic Consolidation (Dynamic Densification)

334

(4)

11.3.1 General Discussion

334

(1)

11.3.2 Load--Deformation Relationship and Effective Depth

335

(1)

11.3.2.1 Menard and Broise Method (1975)

335

(1)

11.3.2.2 Leonards et al. Modified Method (1980)

335

(1)

11.3.2.3 Lukas Method (1980)

336

(1)

11.3.2.4 Charles et al. Method (1981)

336

(1)

11.3.2.5 Fang--Ellis Method (1983, 1995a)

337

(1)

11.4 Consolidation

338

(2)

11.4.1 General Discussion

338

(1)

11.4.2 Terzaghi Consolidation Theory

338

(2)

11.5 Normally and Overconsolidated Clays

340

(3)

11.5.1 General Discussion

340

(1)

11.5.2 Preconsolidation Pressure and Overconsolidation Ratio

340

(1)

11.5.2.1 Preconsolidation Pressure

340

(1)

11.5.2.2 Overconsolidation Ratio (OCR)

340

(1)

11.5.2.3 Shear Characteristics of Overconsolidated Clay

341

(1)

11.5.3 Factors Affecting Consolidation Test Results

341

(1)

11.5.3.1 Temperature or Heat

341

(1)

11.5.3.2 Pore Fluid

341

(1)

11.5.3.3 Exchangeable Ions

342

(1)

11.6 Prefailure Deformation and Failure Condition of Soil

343

(2)

11.6.1 Prefailure Characteristics of Soil

343

(1)

11.6.2 Relationship between Prefailure and Failure Conditions

344

(1)

11.6.2.1 Prefailure Stage (Point a to b in Figure 11.19)

345

(1)

11.6.2.2 Prefailure Stage-Environmental-Load (Point b to c)

345

(1)

11.7 Stress--Strain--Strength Characteristics of Soil

345

(14)

11.7.1 Failure Criteria

345

(1)

11.7.2 Types of Shear Testing

345

(1)

11.7.2.1 Standard Shear Testing

345

(1)

11.7.2.2 Determination of Undrained Shear Parameters from qu and σt

346

(1)

11.7.3 Factors Affecting Shear Strength

346

(1)

11.7.3.1 Temperature and Electrolyte Concentration

346

(1)

11.7.3.2 Contaminated Pore Fluids

347

(1)

11.7.3.3 Ion-Exchange Reaction

347

(4)

11.7.4 Sensitivity, Creep, and Relaxation of Soil

351

(1)

11.7.4.1 Sensitivity

351

(1)

11.7.4.2 Effect of Time on Soil Behavior

352

(1)

11.7.4.3 Creep Behavior

353

(5)

11.7.4.4 Stress Relaxation

358

(1)

11.8 Residual Shear Strength

359

(4)

11.8.1 Characteristics of Residual Shear Strength

359

(1)

11.8.1.1 General Discussion

359

(1)

11.8.1.2 Methods for Determination of Residual Strength

359

(1)

11.8.2 Residual Strength Data Interpretations

359

(1)

11.8.3 Correlation of Residual Strength to Other Soil Parameters

360

(1)

11.8.3.1 Correlation with Clay Content and Atterberg Limits

361

(1)

11.8.3.2 Correlation with Liquidity Index (LI)

362

(1)

11.8.3.3 Correlation with Applied Normal Stress

362

(1)

11.8.3.4 Correlation with Residual Strength Coefficient (μr)

363

(1)

11.9 Soil Dynamics

363

(7)

11.9.1 Dynamic Shear Modulus and Damping Ratio of Soils

363

(1)

11.9.1.1 Introduction

363

(1)

11.9.1.2 Experimental Results

364

(5)

11.9.2 Dynamic Shear Modulus of Contaminated Soil

369

(1)

11.10 Blasting Dynamics

370

(3)

11.10.1 General Discussion

370

(1)

11.10.2 Blasting Energy and Safe Limits

370

(1)

11.10.2.1 Safe Distance and Particle Acceleration

370

(1)

11.10.2.2 Energy Ratio

371

(1)

11.10.2.3 Particle Velocity and Scaled Distance

371

(1)

11.10.2.4 Fang--Koerner Cracking-Intensity Concept

371

(1)

11.10.2.5 Blasting Safe Limits Criteria

372

(1)

11.11 Summary

373

(4)

Problems

374

(3)

Chapter 12 Environmental Geotechnical Engineering Applications

377

(24)

12.1 Introduction

377

(1)

12.1.1 General Discussion

377

(1)

12.1.2 Environmental Geotechnical Applications

377

(1)

12.1.3 Basic Considerations of Ground Improvement Systems

377

(1)

12.2 Load--Environmental Factor Design Criteria

378

(2)

12.2.1 Load Factor Design Criteria and Approaches

378

(1)

12.2.1.1 Load Factor Design Criteria

378

(1)

12.2.1.2 Load Factor Design Approaches

379

(1)

12.2.2 Environmental--Load Factor Design Criteria

379

(1)

12.2.2.1 General Discussion

379

(1)

12.2.2.2 Environmental Factors

379

(1)

12.2.2.3 Load--Environmental Factor Design Approaches

379

(1)

12.3 Soil--Structure versus Structure--Soil Interactions

380

(3)

12.3.1 General Discussion

380

(1)

12.3.2 Structure-Soil Interaction

380

(1)

12.3.3 Soil--Foundation--Structure Interaction

381

(2)

12.4 Load, Factor of Safety, and Allowable Conditions

383

(1)

12.4.1 Loads and Environmental Loads

383

(1)

12.4.1.1 Loads

383

(1)

12.4.1.2 Environmental Loads

383

(1)

12.4.2 Factor of Safety and Allowable Loads

384

(1)

12.5 Bearing Capacity of Ground Soil

384

(1)

12.5.1 Load--Footing Interaction

384

(1)

12.5.2 Bearing Capacity from Building Codes

384

(1)

12.6 Lateral Earth Pressures

385

(3)

12.6.1 Active and Passive Earth Pressures

385

(1)

12.6.2 Coefficient of Earth Pressure at Rest, K0

386

(1)

12.6.3 K0 for Clay-Like Soil and Sand

387

(1)

12.6.3.1 Clay-Like Soil

387

(1)

12.6.3.2 K0 for Sand

388

(1)

12.7 Friction Forces and Angles between Two Materials

388

(2)

12.7.1 Friction Angle between Soil and Soil

388

(1)

12.7.2 Friction Angle between Soil and Wall

389

(1)

12.8 Pile Foundations

390

(5)

12.8.1 Characteristics of Piles

390

(1)

12.8.1.1 General Discussion

390

(1)

12.8.1.2 Selection of Pile Types

390

(1)

12.8.1.3 Soil--Pile Interaction in the Environment

391

(1)

12.8.1.4 Friction Resistance between Pile and Soil

391

(1)

12.8.2 Environmental Factors Affecting Pile Capacity

392

(1)

12.8.2.1 Fluctuation of Groundwater Table

392

(1)

12.8.2.2 Ground Temperature and Freezing--Thawing Cycles

392

(1)

12.8.2.3 Pollution Intrusion and Corrosion Effects

392

(1)

12.8.2.4 Pile Damage during Driving Process

392

(1)

12.8.3 Field Inspection of Pile Foundations

392

(2)

12.8.4 Special Types of Pile and Their Uses

394

(1)

12.8.4.1 General Discussion

394

(1)

12.8.4.2 Highly Acid-Resistant Piles

394

(1)

12.8.4.3 Piles Used in Special Conditions

395

(1)

12.8.4.4 Piles Made from Waste or By-Products

395

(1)

12.9 Underwater Foundation Problems

395

(1)

12.9.1 Underwater Inspection of Substructures

395

(1)

12.9.2 Maintenance and Repair of Underwater Facilities

396

(1)

12.9.2.1 Prevention

396

(1)

12.9.2.2 Corrosion Protection and Repair Techniques

396

(1)

12.10 Grouting and Injection Processes

396

(3)

12.10.1 General Discussion

396

(1)

12.10.2 Grouting Process and Soil--Grout Interaction

397

(1)

12.10.2.1 Grout and Injection Processes

397

(1)

12.10.2.2 Soil--Grout Interaction

398

(1)

12.10.3 Grout Used for Controlling Hazardous/Toxic Wastes

398

(1)

12.10.3.1 General Discussion

398

(1)

12.10.3.2 Grout System for Control of Hazardous/Toxic Wastes

398

(1)

12.11 Summary

399

(2)

Problems

399

(2)

Chapter 13 Problematic Soils and Rocks

401

(38)

13.1 Introduction

401

(1)

13.2 Shale and Weathered Rocks

401

(2)

13.2.1 General Discussion

401

(1)

13.2.2 Rock-Like and Soil-Like Shales

401

(1)

13.2.3 Engineering Properties of Shales

402

(1)

13.3 Residual Soils

403

(2)

13.3.1 Characteristics of Residual Soils

403

(2)

13.3.2 Engineering Behavior of Residual Soils

405

(1)

13.3.3 Environmental Effects on Residual Soils

405

(1)

13.4 Expansive Clays

405

(8)

13.4.1 General Discussion

405

(1)

13.4.2 Factors' Effect on Swelling

406

(1)

13.4.3 Identification and Classification of Expansive Clays

407

(1)

13.4.3.1 Single Index Methods

407

(2)

13.4.3.2 Identification Based on Soil Constants

409

(1)

13.4.3.3 Dielectric Dispersion Method

409

(1)

13.4.4 Properties and Problems of Expansive Clay Deposits

409

(4)

13.4.5 Black Cotton Soils

413

(1)

13.5 Organic Soils

413

(7)

13.5.1 Characteristics of Organic Soils

413

(1)

13.5.2 Classification of Organic Soils

413

(1)

13.5.2.1 NRC Classification (1969)

414

(1)

13.5.2.2 ASTM Classification (1972)

414

(1)

13.5.2.3 Louisiana State Classification System (1970)

415

(1)

13.5.3 Engineering Properties of Organic Soils

415

(1)

13.5.3.1 Water Content and Soil Constants

415

(1)

13.5.3.2 Permeability, Compressibility, and Others

415

(5)

13.6 Karst Region (Sinkhole)

420

(2)

13.6.1 General Discussion

420

(1)

13.6.2 Solution Processes and Mechanisms

420

(1)

13.6.3 Sinkhole and Its Interaction with Environment

421

(1)

13.6.4 Remedial Actions for Sinkholes

422

(1)

13.7 Loess (Aeolian Deposits)

422

(2)

13.7.1 Origin and Distribution

422

(1)

13.7.2 Collapsibility Mechanisms and Phenomena

423

(1)

13.7.3 Properties and Foundation Problems

423

(1)

13.8 Dispersive Clays

424

(4)

13.8.1 General Discussion

424

(3)

13.8.2 Identification Procedures

427

(1)

13.8.3 Properties and Foundation Problems

428

(1)

13.9 Laterite Soils

428

(4)

13.9.1 Characteristics of Laterite Soil

428

(2)

13.9.2 Properties and Foundation Problems

430

(2)

13.10 Lacustrine Sediments and Varved Clays

432

(1)

13.10.1 General Discussion

432

(1)

13.10.2 Marls and Tufas

432

(1)

13.10.3 Varved Clays

432

(1)

13.10.3.1 Characteristics of Varved Clays

432

(1)

13.10.3.2 Environmental Factors Affecting Formation of Varved Clays

432

(1)

13.10.3.3 Engineering Properties and Foundation Problems of Varved Clays

433

(1)

13.11 Saline and Alkali Soils

433

(2)

13.11.1 General Discussion

433

(1)

13.11.2 Properties and Foundation Problems

433

(2)

13.12 Bentonite Clays

435

(1)

13.12.1 Characteristics of Bentonite Clays

435

(1)

13.12.2 Properties and Foundation Problems

435

(1)

13.13 Tephra, Coral, and Sea Shells

436

(1)

13.13.1 Tephra (Volcanic Ash and Cinder)

436

(1)

13.13.2 Coral and Sea Shells

436

(1)

13.14 Summary

437

(2)

Problems

437

(2)

Chapter 14 Wetlands, Coastal Margins, and Soil Erosion Problems

439

(28)

14.1 Wetlands

439

(4)

14.1.1 General Discussion

439

(1)

14.1.2 Definitions, Types, and Classifications

439

(1)

14.1.2.1 Definitions

439

(1)

14.1.2.2 Types and Classifications of Wetland Systems

440

(1)

14.1.3 Natural Characteristics of Wetlands

441

(1)

14.1.4 Rice Paddy (Man-Made Wetland)

441

(1)

14.1.5 Environmental Geotechnical Problems of Wetlands

441

(1)

14.1.5.1 Ecological Effects

442

(1)

14.1.5.2 Engineering Difficulties

443

(1)

14.2 Land and Coastal Margins

443

(3)

14.2.1 General Discussion

443

(1)

14.2.2 Land/Coastal Margin Ecosystem

443

(1)

14.2.2.1 General Discussion

443

(1)

14.2.2.2 Land Margin Ecosystyem Research (LMER) Sites

443

(1)

14.2.2.3 Estuarine Characteristics of LMER Sites

444

(1)

14.2.3 Basic Parameters Needed for Evaluation

445

(1)

14.2.3.1 General Discussion

445

(1)

14.2.3.2 Characteristics of Ocean Waves

445

(1)

14.2.3.3 Climatological and Geo-Environmental Conditions along the Coastline

445

(1)

14.2.4 Environmental Geotechnical Problems

446

(1)

14.3 Beaches and Beach Erosion

446

(2)

14.3.1 Characteristics of Beaches and Beach Sand

446

(1)

14.3.1.1 Characteristics of Beaches

446

(1)

14.3.1.2 Characteristics of Beach Sand

447

(1)

14.3.2 Beach Erosion and Pollution Problems

448

(1)

14.4 Saltwater Intrusion, Estuaries, and Greenhouse Effect

448

(2)

14.4.1 General Discussion

448

(1)

14.4.2 Estuaries and Estuarine Systems

448

(1)

14.4.3 Greenhouse Effect on Coastal Environment

449

(1)

14.5 Marine Sediments and Sea Floor Problems

450

(4)

14.5.1 Marine Environments

450

(1)

14.5.2 Properties of Seawater

450

(1)

14.5.3 Engineering Behavior of Marine Sediments

451

(1)

14.5.4 Pollution and Contaminated Marine Sediments

451

(2)

14.5.5 Marine Structures and Slopes

453

(1)

14.5.5.1 Marine Structures

453

(1)

14.5.5.2 Slopes of Submarine Sediments

454

(1)

14.6 Dredging and Dredging Material

454

(2)

14.6.1 General Discussion

454

(2)

14.6.2 Case Studies and Management Techniques

456

(1)

14.7 Soil Erosion

456

(3)

14.7.1 General Discussion

456

(1)

14.7.2 Erosion Causes and Mechanisms

457

(2)

14.8 Water Erosion

459

(3)

14.8.1 Soil Erosion by Water

459

(1)

14.8.1.1 Equation Estimation by Water Erosion

459

(1)

14.8.1.2 Rainfall Factor (R)

460

(1)

14.8.1.3 Soil Erodibility Factor (K)

460

(1)

14.8.1.4 Topographic Factor (LS)

460

(1)

14.8.1.5 Erosion Control Factor (VM)

460

(1)

14.8.2 Factors Affecting Water Erosion

461

(1)

14.9 Wind Erosion

462

(2)

14.9.1 Soil Erosion by Wind

462

(1)

14.9.1.1 Estimation by Wind Erosion

462

(1)

14.9.1.2 Soil Wind Erodibility Factor (I')

463

(1)

14.9.1.3 Local Wind Erosion Climatic Factor (C')

463

(1)

14.9.1.4 Other Factors

464

(1)

14.10 Erosion Control in Construction Areas

464

(1)

14.11 Summary

464

(3)

Problems

465

(2)

Chapter 15 Ground Surface Subsidences

467

(28)

15.1 Introduction

467

(1)

15.2 Characteristics and Classifications of Land Subsidence

467

(2)

15.2.1 Characteristics of Land Subsidence

467

(1)

15.2.2 Classification of Ground Subsidence

467

(1)

15.2.2.1 Geotechnical Engineering Classification

467

(2)

15.2.2.2 Genetic Classification

469

(1)

15.3 Mechanisms and Phenomena of Ground Subsidence

469

(1)

15.3.1 Creep and Progressive Failures

469

(1)

15.3.2 Phenomena Associated with Subsidence

470

(1)

15.4 Ground Subsidence due to Natural Causes

470

(3)

15.4.1 Tectonic Movement and Earthquake

470

(1)

15.4.2 Flora and Fauna of the Soil

471

(1)

15.4.3 Flood or Rainstorm

472

(1)

15.5 Dewatering

473

(5)

15.5.1 Phenomena and Mechanism of Dewatering

473

(1)

15.5.2 Stress Distribution during Dewatering Process

474

(1)

15.5.2.1 Unconfined Aquifer

474

(1)

15.5.2.2 Confined Aquifer

475

(1)

15.5.2.3 Effect of Pumping on Clay Strata

475

(1)

15.5.2.4 Storage Coefficient

476

(1)

15.5.3 Ground Subsidence Prediction

476

(1)

15.5.3.1 General Discussion

476

(1)

15.5.3.2 Mechanisms of Subsidence due to Dewatering

477

(1)

15.5.4 Terzaghi and Zeevaert Methods

477

(1)

15.5.4.1 Terzaghi Method (Terzaghi and Peck, 1967)

477

(1)

15.5.4.2 Zeevaert Method (1972)

478

(1)

15.6 Mining Subsidence

478

(10)

15.6.1 General Discussion

478

(2)

15.6.2 Ground Surface Movement

480

(1)

15.6.2.1 Discontinuous Deformation

480

(1)

15.6.2.2 Continuous Deformation

481

(1)

15.6.3 Prediction of Possible Surface Damage

481

(1)

15.6.3.1 General Discussion

481

(1)

15.6.3.2 Empirical Method

482

(1)

15.6.3.3 Profile Function Method

482

(1)

15.6.3.4 Influence Function Method

482

(1)

15.6.3.5 Phenomenological Method

483

(1)

15.6.4 Underground Precaution for Active Mining

483

(1)

15.6.4.1 Safety Pillars

484

(1)

15.6.4.2 Controlled Undermining

484

(1)

15.6.4.3 Stowing

484

(1)

15.6.4.4 Partial Extraction

484

(1)

15.6.4.5 Rapid Undermining

484

(1)

15.6.4.6 Special Mine Geometries

485

(1)

15.6.4.7 Structural Precautions

485

(1)

15.6.5 Abandoned Mines

486

(1)

15.6.5.1 Characteristics of Abandoned Mines

486

(1)

15.6.5.2 Support Methods and Structural Precautions

487

(1)

15.7 Construction Operations

488

(2)

15.7.1 Deep Excavation

488

(1)

15.7.2 Pile Driving Operation

489

(1)

15.7.3 Dynamic Compaction and Blasting

489

(1)

15.7.4 Subsidence Caused by Local Environmental Conditions

489

(1)

15.7.4.1 Underground Openings

489

(1)

15.7.4.2 Rapid Drawdown

489

(1)

15.7.4.3 Hazardous/Toxic Wastes Disposal

490

(1)

15.8 Geoarchaeology and Archaeogeotechnology

490

(3)

15.8.1 General Discussion

490

(1)

15.8.2 Types and Classification of Archaeology

491

(1)

15.8.3 Natural and Man-Made Causes for Damage to Artifacts

491

(1)

15.8.4 Site Survey, Planning, Retrofit, and Land Reclamation

492

(1)

15.9 Summary

493

(2)

Problems

493

(2)

Chapter 16 Slope Stability of Earth Slopes and Landslides

495

(30)

16.1 Introduction

495

(1)

16.2 Causes and Phenomena Associated with Landslides

495

(2)

16.2.1 Causes of Ground Movement

495

(1)

16.2.2 Prefailure Phenomena Associated with Landslide

495

(2)

16.3 Progressive Failures and Surface Creep

497

(1)

16.3.1 General Discussion

497

(1)

16.3.2 Progressive Failure and Surface Creep

497

(1)

16.4 Slope Stability Analysis Procedures

497

(3)

16.4.1 General Discussion

497

(1)

16.4.2 Limit Equilibrium and Limit Analysis Methods

497

(1)

16.4.2.1 Limit Equilibrium Method

497

(1)

16.4.2.2 Limit Analysis Method

498

(1)

16.4.3 Selection of Strength Parameters and Factor of Safety

498

(1)

16.4.3.1 Selection of Strength Parameters

498

(1)

16.4.3.2 Factor of Safety, Fs

499

(1)

16.4.4 Uncertainties and Probability of Failure

499

(1)

16.5 Effect of Rainfall on Slope Stability

500

(7)

16.5.1 Rainfall and Rainfall Intensity

500

(2)

16.5.2 Soil--Water Interaction Relating to Slope Stability

502

(1)

16.5.2.1 Mechanism Based on Physicochemical Concept

502

(1)

16.5.2.2 Mechanism Based on Ion-Exchange Effect

502

(1)

16.5.2.3 Mechanism Based on Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) Concept

502

(1)

16.5.2.4 Mechanism Based on Particle-Energy-Field Theory

503

(1)

16.5.3 Depth of Saturated Zone (Wetting Band)

503

(1)

16.5.3.1 Depth of Saturated Zone (No Surface Cracks)

503

(3)

16.5.3.2 Corrections of Wetting Band due to Ground Surface Cracks

506

(1)

16.6 Landslides in Residual Soil and Weathering Rocks

507

(1)

16.6.1 Characteristics of Residual Soil

507

(1)

16.6.2 Case Study

507

(1)

16.6.2.1 Bucaramanga, Colombia

507

(1)

16.6.2.2 Hong Kong Landslides, 1972

507

(1)

16.7 Landslides in Dispersive and Expansive Clay Regions

508

(2)

16.7.1 Dispersive Clay Regions

508

(1)

16.7.2 Expansive Clay Slopes

508

(2)

16.8 Landslides in Overconsolidated Clay Areas

510

(3)

16.8.1 Failure Mechanism in Overconsolidated Clays

510

(1)

16.8.2 Review of Various Failure Mechanisms

510

(1)

16.8.3 Environmental Geotechnical Approach

511

(2)

16.9 Earthquake Trigger-Causing Landslides

513

(1)

16.9.1 Shallow Slope Failure

513

(1)

16.9.2 Deep Slope Failure

513

(1)

16.10 Slope Stability/Landslide Problems in Adverse Environments

513

(2)

16.10.1 Effects of Logging Operations and Tree Roots

513

(1)

16.10.2 Effects of Overcutting or Excavation

514

(1)

16.10.3 Acid Rain and Acid Drainage Effects on Slope Stability

515

(1)

16.10.4 Marine (Underwater) Slope Stability

515

(1)

16.11 Landslide Prevention, Control, and Remedial Actions

515

(4)

16.11.1 General Discussion

515

(1)

16.11.2 Difficult Soil Conditions

515

(3)

16.11.2.1 Residual Soils

518

(1)

16.11.2.2 Loess and Silt

518

(1)

16.11.2.3 Fissured Clays and Shales

518

(1)

16.11.3 Tropical--Earthquake--Urban Environment

519

(1)

16.12 Genetic Diagnosis of Landslide and Infrastructural Actions

519

(3)

16.12.1 General Discussion

519

(1)

16.12.2 Genetic Diagnosis Approach

520

(1)

16.12.3 Infrastructural Actions

520

(1)

16.12.3.1 Root Pile®

520

(1)

16.12.3.2 Bamboo-Lime Composite Pile

520

(2)

16.13 Landslide Zonation and Microzonation

522

(1)

16.13.1 Zonation and Microzonation

522

(1)

16.13.2 Landslide Zonation and Microzonation Map

523

(1)

16.14 Summary

523

(2)

Problems

524

(1)

Chapter 17 Solid/Liquid Waste Control and Utilization of Wastes

525

(40)

17.1 Introduction

525

(1)

17.1.1 General Discussion

525

(1)

17.1.2 Stability of Urban Refuse (Garbage) in the Landfill

525

(1)

17.1.2.1 Stability of Fresh Garbage

525

(1)

17.1.2.2 Stability of Abandoned Landfill Site

525

(1)

17.1.3 Relationship between Solid and Liquid Wastes

525

(1)

17.2 Characteristics of Urban Refuse (Garbage)

526

(3)

17.2.1 Degradable Garbage

526

(1)

17.2.2 Engineering Classification of Garbage

526

(2)

17.2.3 Recycling and Energy Recovery from Wastes

528

(1)

17.2.4 Engineering Problems of Landfill Sites

528

(1)

17.3 Compaction of Landfill

529

(4)

17.3.1 General Discussion

529

(1)

17.3.2 Review of Sanitary Landfill Test Sections

530

(1)

17.3.3 Surface Compaction Process

531

(1)

17.3.4 Deep Compaction on Landfill Sites

532

(1)

17.3.5 Compaction Control

533

(1)

17.4 Slope Stability of Landfill

533

(3)

17.4.1 Slope Characteristic in Landfill Site

533

(1)

17.4.2 Slope Failure Modes

534

(1)

17.4.3 Slope Stability Analysis

535

(1)

17.4.3.1 Current Practice

535

(1)

17.4.3.2 Genetic Diagnosis Approach

535

(1)

17.5 Laboratory Tests on Compacted Garbage

536

(4)

17.5.1 Stress--Strain--Strength Characteristics

536

(2)

17.5.2 Strength Parameters and Bearing Capacity

538

(2)

17.5.3 Hydraulic Conductivity

540

(1)

17.6 Stability of Garbage during Decomposed Stage

540

(4)

17.6.1 Basic Considerations

540

(1)

17.6.2 Decomposition Processes

540

(2)

17.6.3 Settlement Prediction

542

(1)

17.6.4 Types of Polluted Water and Pressures Produced

543

(1)

17.6.4.1 Types of Polluted Water Produced in the Landfill Areas

543

(1)

17.6.4.2 Acidity Exists in Clay--Liner Interface

544

(1)

17.6.4.3 Environmental Pressures Produced from Landfill

544

(1)

17.6.4.4 Conductivity Phenomena between Landfill and Liner

544

(1)

17.7 Basic Considerations for Design of Waste Control System

544

(1)

17.7.1 General Discussion

544

(1)

17.7.2 Assess the Existing Site and Quantify Site Conditions

545

(1)

17.7.3 Develop the Containment/Treatment Program

545

(1)

17.8 Waste Control System Components

545

(9)

17.8.1 Active and Passive Components

545

(1)

17.8.1.1 Active Components

545

(1)

17.8.1.2 Passive Components

545

(1)

17.8.2 Structure of Control System Components

546

(1)

17.8.2.1 Barrier Walls

546

(1)

17.8.2.2 Soil--Bentonite Slurry Wall

547

(1)

17.8.2.3 Cement--Bentonite Slurry Trench Cutoff Walls

547

(1)

17.8.2.4 Composite System Vertical Cutoff Barrier

548

(1)

17.8.2.5 Vibrating-Beam Walls

549

(1)

17.8.3 Top Seals (Caps)

549

(1)

17.8.3.1 Natural Clay Caps

549

(2)

17.8.3.2 Bentonite Clay Caps

551

(1)

17.8.3.3 Synthetic Membrane Caps and Others

551

(1)

17.8.3.4 Other Surface Water Controls

551

(1)

17.8.4 Bottom Seal (Liners)

551

(1)

17.8.4.1 Native Clay Liners

552

(1)

17.8.4.2 Bentonite Clay Liners

552

(1)

17.8.4.3 Geosynthetic Membrane Liners

552

(1)

17.8.5 Double-Composite Liner System

552

(1)

17.8.5.1 Leachate Collection Systems

552

(1)

17.8.5.2 Primary Composite Liner

553

(1)

17.8.5.3 Leak-Detection System

554

(1)

17.8.5.4 Secondary Composite Liner

554

(1)

17.8.5.5 Layer 10: Subgrade (Soil or Rock)

554

(1)

17.9 Factors Affecting the Stability of Waste Control Systems

554

(3)

17.9.1 Chemical and Tree Root Attack on Liners

554

(1)

17.9.2 Leaking from Impervious Ground Soil Layers

555

(1)

17.9.3 Dynamic Load Effects

556

(1)

17.9.4 Effects of Nearby Sinkholes and Others

557

(1)

17.10 Utilization of Wastes for Engineering Purposes

557

(3)

17.10.1 General Discussion

557

(1)

17.10.2 Technology on Recovery and Reuse of Waste Materials

557

(1)

17.10.3 Scrap Waste Rubber Tire

558

(1)

17.10.3.1 General Discussion

558

(1)

17.10.3.2 Current Practice

558

(1)

17.10.3.3 Uses of Scrap Rubber Tire

559

(1)

17.10.4 Other Waste Uses

560

(1)

17.11 Nanotechnology and New Generation Material System

560

(2)

17.11.1 General Discussion

560

(1)

17.11.2 Function of NIP and New Material System

561

(1)

17.12 Summary

562

(3)

Problems

563

(2)

Chapter 18 Arid Lands, Desert, and Antidesertification Measures

565

(26)

18.1 Introduction

565

(1)

18.2 Characteristics of Desert and Desertification

565

(3)

18.2.1 Definition

565

(1)

18.2.2 Desert and Civilization

565

(1)

18.2.3 Social and Economic Impacts

566

(1)

18.2.4 Desert Distribution

567

(1)

18.3 Desert Environments

568

(2)

18.3.1 Climates

568

(2)

18.3.2 Whirling Dust and Long-Distance Dust

570

(1)

18.3.3 Trees, Vegetation, and Animals

570

(1)

18.4 Characteristics of Desert Soils

570

(2)

18.4.1 Profile of Desert Soils

570

(1)

18.4.2 Desert Varnish and Desert Pavement

570

(1)

18.4.2.1 Desert Varnish

571

(1)

18.4.2.2 Desert Pavement

571

(1)

18.4.3 Subsurface Soil Layer

571

(1)

18.4.4 Valley Soils in Desert Region

572

(1)

18.4.5 Floods

572

(1)

18.5 Desert Sand--Heat Interaction

572

(2)

18.5.1 General Discussion

572

(1)

18.5.2 Thermal Resistivity of Desert Sand

573

(1)

18.6 Desert Sand--Wind Interaction

574

(1)

18.6.1 Causes and Types of Wind

574

(1)

18.6.2 Mechanisms of Sand--Wind Interaction

574

(1)

18.7 Characteristics of Sand Dunes

574

(6)

18.7.1 General Discussion

574

(2)

18.7.2 Types and Causes of Sand Dunes

576

(1)

18.7.3 Characteristics of Sand Dune Movement

576

(4)

18.8 Desert Sand--Water Interaction

580

(2)

18.8.1 Characteristics of Water in Desert Region

580

(1)

18.8.2 Surface Water---Lakes and Streams

580

(1)

18.8.3 Underground Water Resources

581

(1)

18.8.4 Water Resources and Conservation Techniques

581

(1)

18.8.4.1 General Discussion

581

(1)

18.8.4.2 Horizontal Wells and Horizontal Drains

581

(1)

18.8.4.3 Underground Rivers or Streams

582

(1)

18.9 Locating Water Supply Source Based on Preferred Planes Concept

582

(2)

18.9.1 General Discussion

582

(1)

18.9.2 The Concept of Preferred Planes

583

(1)

18.9.3 Procedures for Locating the Preferred Planes

583

(1)

18.9.3.1 Determination of Failure Types and Models

583

(1)

18.9.3.2 Superior Index (SI)

584

(1)

18.10 Antidesertification Measures

584

(4)

18.10.1 General Discussion

584

(1)

18.10.2 Prevention of Sand Movement

584

(2)

18.10.3 Bioengineering Stabilization of Sand Dunes

586

(1)

18.10.4 Protection of Lifelines against Drifting Sand

586

(2)

18.11 Summary

588

(3)

Problems

588

(3)

Comments and Conclusions

591

(2)

Appendix 1

593

(8)

Appendix 2

601

(6)

References

607

(24)

Index

631

Dr. H. Y. Fang is currently Professor Emeritus of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Lehigh University.

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Environmental geotechnology

E-raamat: Introduction to Environmental Geotechnology

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