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E-raamat: Introduction to Flat Panel Displays

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Flat Panel Displays (FPDs) are a frequent feature in our daily lives, used in mobile phones, laptop computers, desktop computer monitors and TVs. Several display technologies have been developed for FPDs, such as liquid crystal display (LCD), plasma display panel (PDP), light emitting diode (LED), organic light emitting device (OLED) and field emission display (FED). Introduction to Flat Panel Displays describes the fundamental sciences behind each display technology: LCD, PDP, LED, OLED and FED including carbon nanotubes. It contains a comparative analysis of the different display technologies in which detailed overviews of each technology are linked together so as to provide a comprehensive reference for students and display engineers, alike. Solved problems as well as homework problems are provided in each chapter to help consolidate students' reading, as well as solutions hosted on an accompanying website. Features include: the classifications and specifications of display technologies as guidelines for developing a display and judging their performances; principles for designing color displays with good color saturation and wide color gamut; basic operating principles of thin-film transistors (TFTs) and their applications to state-of-the-art TFT-LCD and TFT-OLED; an overview of FED fundamentals comprising the physics of field emission, as well as FED structure and display mechanism. Senior undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in engineering, physics and chemistry will benefit from the systematic approach used throughout the book, which will help to prepare students for entry into a display profession. Display engineers, research scientists and technicians working on the development of flat panel display technology will also find this book an invaluable resource. Comparisons of the strengths and weaknesses of each of the display technologies will help professionals to decide which to use for their applications. The Society for Information Display (SID) is an international society, which has the aim of encouraging the development of all aspects of the field of information display. Complementary to the aims of the society, the Wiley-SID series is intended to explain the latest developments in information display technology at a professional level. The broad scope of the series addresses all facets of information displays from technical aspects through systems and prototypes to standards and ergonomics
Series Editor's Foreword xi
About the authors xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xvii
Introduction
1(10)
Flat panel displays
1(2)
Emissive and nonemissive displays
3(1)
Display specifications
3(3)
Physical parameters
3(2)
Brightness and color
5(1)
Contrast ratio
5(1)
Spatial and temporal characteristics
5(1)
Efficiency and power consumption
6(1)
Flexible displays
6(1)
Applications of flat panel displays
6(3)
Liquid crystal displays
7(1)
Light-emitting diodes
7(1)
Plasma display panels
8(1)
Organic light-emitting devices
8(1)
Field emission displays
9(1)
References
9(2)
Color science and engineering
11(20)
Introduction
11(1)
The eye
12(3)
Colorimetry
15(12)
Trichromatic space
15(1)
CIE 1931 colorimetric observations
16(3)
CIE 1976 uniform color system
19(2)
Color saturation and color gamut
21(1)
Light sources
22(1)
Sunlight and blackbody radiators
22(1)
Backlights of transmissive displays
23(1)
Color rendering index
24(1)
Photometry
25(2)
Production and reproduction of colors
27(1)
Homework problems
28(1)
References
28(3)
Thin-film transistors
31(26)
Introduction
31(1)
Basic concepts of crystallized semiconductor materials
31(7)
Band structure of crystallized semiconductors
32(4)
Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors
36(2)
Disordered semiconductors
38(5)
Amorphous silicon
39(2)
Polycrystalline silicon
41(2)
Thin-film transistor characteristics
43(4)
Passive matrix and active matrix driving schemes
47(6)
Non-silicon-based thin-film transistors
53(2)
Homework problems
55(1)
References
56(1)
Liquid crystal displays
57(52)
Introduction
57(1)
Transmissive thin-film transistor liquid crystal displays
58(2)
Liquid crystal materials
60(10)
Phase transition temperatures
60(1)
Eutectic mixtures
61(1)
Dielectric constants
62(3)
Elastic constants
65(1)
Rotational viscosity
65(1)
Optical properties
66(1)
Refractive indices
67(1)
Wavelength effect
67(1)
Temperature effect
68(2)
Liquid crystal alignment
70(1)
Homogeneous cell
71(2)
Phase retardation effect
72(1)
Voltage-dependent transmittance
73(1)
Twisted nematic
73(5)
Optical transmittance
74(1)
Viewing angle
75(1)
Film-compensated TN cells
76(2)
In-plane switching
78(3)
Device structure
78(1)
Voltage-dependent transmittance
79(1)
Viewing angle
79(1)
Phase compensation films
80(1)
Fringe field switching
81(2)
Vertical alignment
83(5)
Voltage-dependent transmittance
83(1)
Response time
83(2)
Overdrive and undershoot voltage method
85(1)
Multidomain vertical alignment
86(2)
Optically compensated bend cell
88(3)
Voltage-dependent transmittance
88(1)
Compensation films for OCB
89(2)
No-bias bend cell
91(1)
Transflective liquid crystal displays
91(10)
Introduction
91(2)
Dual cell gap transflective LCDs
93(2)
Single cell gap transflective LCDs
95(6)
Future directions
101(1)
Homework problems
101(2)
References
103(6)
Plasma display panels
109(28)
Introduction
109(1)
Physics of gas discharge
109(3)
I-V characteristics
110(1)
Penning reaction and Paschen curve
111(1)
Priming mechanism
112(1)
Plasma display panels
112(5)
DC PDP
112(1)
AC PDP
113(2)
Panel processes
115(2)
Front plate techniques
117(3)
Substrate
118(1)
Sustain electrode
118(1)
Dielectric
119(1)
Protection layer
119(1)
Rear plate techniques
120(6)
Substrate
121(1)
Address electrode
121(1)
Dielectric
121(1)
Barrier rib
122(2)
Phosphor
124(2)
Assembly and aging techniques
126(2)
Sealing layer formation and panel alignment
126(1)
Sealing, gas purging and display gas filling
127(1)
Aging
128(1)
System techniques
128(4)
Cell operation mechanism
129(1)
Driving
130(1)
Energy saving
130(2)
PDP issues
132(1)
Homework problems
132(1)
References
132(5)
Light-emitting diodes
137(40)
Introduction
137(3)
Material systems
140(7)
AlGaAs and AlGaInP material systems for red and yellow LEDs
142(1)
GaN-based systems for green, blue and UV LEDs
143(2)
White LEDs
145(2)
Diode characteristics
147(14)
The p-layer and n-layer
148(1)
Depletion region
149(3)
J-V characteristics
152(1)
Heterojunction structures
153(1)
Quantum well, quantum wire and quantum dot structures
154(1)
Light-emitting characteristics
155(1)
Recombination model
156(1)
L-J characteristics
157(1)
Spectral characteristics
158(3)
Device fabrication
161(7)
Epitaxy
161(3)
Process flow and device structure design
164(1)
Extraction efficiency improvement
165(2)
Package
167(1)
Applications
168(5)
Traffic signals, electronic signage and huge displays
169(1)
LCD backlight
169(3)
General lighting
172(1)
Homework problems
173(1)
References
174(3)
Organic light-emitting devices
177(56)
Introduction
177(1)
Energy states in organic materials
178(1)
Photophysical processes
179(10)
Franck-Condon principle
180(2)
Fluorescence and phosphorescence
182(1)
Jablonski diagram
183(1)
Intermolecular processes
184(1)
Energy transfer process
184(1)
Excimer and exciplex formation
185(2)
Quenching process
187(1)
Quantum yield calculation
187(2)
Carrier injection, transport and recombination
189(6)
Richardson-Schottky thermionic emission
190(2)
SCLC, TCLC and PF mobility
192(1)
Charge recombination
193(1)
Electromagnetic wave radiation
193(2)
Structure, fabrication and characterization
195(23)
Device structure
196(1)
Two-layer OLED
197(1)
Dopant in the matrix as the EML
198(2)
HIL, EIL and p-i-n structure
200(3)
Top-emission and transparent OLEDs
203(1)
Polymer OLEDs
204(1)
Device fabrication
205(1)
Thin-film formation
206(3)
Encapsulation and passivation
209(1)
Device structures for AM driving
210(1)
Electrical and optical characteristics
211(2)
Degradation mechanisms
213(5)
Improvement of internal quantum efficiency
218(6)
Phosphorescent OLEDs
218(2)
Tandem structure
220(2)
White OLEDs
222(2)
Improvement of extraction efficiency
224(1)
Homework problems
225(1)
References
226(7)
Field emission displays
233(26)
Introduction
233(1)
Physics of field emission
233(4)
Work Junction and field enhancement
233(3)
Vacuum mechanism
236(1)
FED structure and display mechanism
237(1)
Emitter
238(6)
Spindt emitter
239(1)
CNT emitter
240(3)
Surface conduction emitter
243(1)
Panel process
244(3)
Field emission array plate techniques
247(1)
Phosphor plate techniques
248(1)
Assembly and aging techniques
249(4)
Spacer
251(1)
Sealing layer formation and panel alignment
251(1)
Sealing
252(1)
Evacuation and sealing off
252(1)
Aging
253(1)
System techniques
253(1)
Homework problems
254(1)
References
254(5)
Index 259
Foreword vi
Preface viii
Acknowledgements xiii
Introduction 1(10)
PART I PRACTICAL SKILLS
11(110)
The foundations: a framework for practice when using online counselling skills
13(17)
Establishing an online presence and online relationship
30(25)
Online expression
55(21)
Online listening, attunement and attending to the client
76(23)
Establishing and maintaining an open dialogue
99(22)
PART II PROFESSIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
121(56)
Online assessment and contracting
123(20)
Professional considerations in online practice
143(16)
Professional guidelines for online practice
159(18)
Conclusion 177(10)
Index 187
Jiun-Haw Lee received BSEE, MSEE and PhD degrees in electrical engineering in 1994, 1995 and 2000, respectively, all from National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. From 2000 to 2003 he was with the RiTdisplay Corporation as the director. In 2003 he joined the faculty of National Taiwan University in the Graduate Institute of Photonics an Optoelectronics and the Department of Electrical Engineering, where he is currently an associate professor. His research interests include organic light-emitting devices, display technologies and solid-state lighting. Dr Lee is a member of the IEEE, OSA, MRS and SPIE. He received the Exploration Research Award of Pan Wen Yuan Foundation and Lam research Award in both 2005 and 2006. He has published over 40 journal papers, 100 conference papers and 20 issued patents. David N. Liu has been the director of the Strategic Planning Division in the Display Technology center (DTC) of the Industrial Technology research Institute (ITRI) since 2006. He worked on IC and field emission displays at ERSO (Electronics Research and Service Organization/ITRI and Bellcore (Bell Communication research) from 1983 to 1996. He started his research and development work on plasma display panels at Acer Peripheral Inc. and and AUO from 1996 to 2002. After his service at AUO, he was in charge of the flat panel display technology division in ERSO/ITRI until 2006. Dr Liu received his PhD degree in electrical engineering from New Jersey Institute of Technology in 1992. He has over 45 issued patents, 18 published papers and a contributed chapter of the Semiconductor Manufacturing Handbook (McGraw-Hill, 2005). He also successfully developed field emission displays, plasma display panels and flat panel displays followed by the receipt of many awards from ITRI, Photonics Industry and technology Development Association, Administration Bureau of Science base Industry Park and the Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA). He was also a recipient of the Outstanding Project Leader Award from MOEA in 2006. Shin-Tson Wu is a PREP professor at the College of Optics and Photonics, University of central Florida (UCF). Prior to joining UCF in 2001, Dr Wu worked at Hughes Research Laboratories (Malibu, California) for 18 years. He received his PhD in physics from the University of Southern California (Los Angeles) and BS in physics from National Taiwan University (Taipei). Prof. Wu has co-authored four books: Fundamentals of Liquid Crystal Devices (Wiley, 2006), Introduction to Microdisplays (Wiley, 2006), Reflective Liquid Crystal Displays (Wiley, 2001) and Optics and nonlinear Optics of Liquid Crystals (World Scientific, 1993), six book chapters, over 300 journal publications and 75 issued and pending patents.Prof. Wu is a fellow of the IEEE, OSA, SID and SPIE. He is a recipient of the SPIE G.G. Stokes award, SID Jan Rajchman Prize, SID Special Recognition Award, SID Distinguished Paper Award, Hughes team achievement award, Hughes Research laboratories outstanding paper award, UCF Distinguished Researcher Award and UCF Research Incentive Award. He was the founding editor-in-chief of the IEEE/OSA Journal of Display technology.