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E-raamat: Introduction to Laser Science and Engineering

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  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Aug-2019
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781351713757
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Introduction to Laser Science and EngineeringSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Aug-2019
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781351713757
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Introduction to Laser Science and Engineering provides a modern resource for a first course in lasers for both students and professionals. Starting from simple descriptions, this text builds upon them to give a detailed modern physical understanding of the concepts behind light, optical beams and lasers. The coverage starts with the nature of light and the principles of photon absorption and transmission, leading to the amplified and stimulated emission principals governing lasers. The specifics of lasers and their application, safe use and future prospects are then covered, with a wealth of illustrations to provide readers with a visual sense of optical and laser principles.
List of Figures
xi
List of Tables
xxv
Preface xxvii
Introduction xxix
Author xxxi
1 What Is Light?
1(76)
1.1 The Classical Description of Light
2(14)
1.1.1 500toOB.C.E
2(5)
1.1.2 0-200 A.D
7(1)
1.1.3 801-873 A.D
8(1)
1.1.4 965-1039 A.D
9(1)
1.1.5 1175-1294 A.D
10(2)
1.1.6 1300-1519 A.D
12(2)
1.1.7 1550-1655 A.D
14(2)
1.2 The Mathematical Era Begins
16(56)
1.2.1 1600-1710 A.D
16(5)
1.2.2 1710-1840 A.D
21(1)
1.2.2.1 Huygens-Fresnel Principle
22(6)
1.2.2.2 The Fourier Transform
28(5)
1.2.2.3 Parseval's Theorem
33(1)
1.2.3 1840-1899 A.D
33(1)
1.2.3.1 The Hankel Transform
33(5)
1.2.3.2 Maxwell's Equations
38(4)
1.2.3.3 The Wave Equation
42(4)
1.2.3.4 The Poynting Vector
46(3)
1.2.3.5 The Aether or Not?
49(1)
1.2.4 1899-1930 A.D
50(1)
1.2.4.1 Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck
50(1)
1.2.4.2 Albert Einstein
51(12)
1.2.5 1930-2018 A.D
63(4)
1.2.5.1 Entanglement
67(5)
1.3
Chapter Summary
72(1)
1.4 Questions and Problems
73(4)
2 What Is Amplification?
77(24)
2.1 Amplifier Basics
77(12)
2.1.1 Gain
77(3)
2.1.2 Saturation
80(1)
2.1.3 Frequency Response
80(2)
2.1.4 Bandwidth
82(1)
2.1.5 Noise
83(1)
2.1.5.1 Johnson-Nyquist Noise
83(1)
2.1.5.2 Schottky Noise
84(5)
2.1.5.3 Noise Is Incoherently Considered
89(1)
2.2 Multiple Amplifiers
89(9)
2.2.1 Amplifiers in Series
89(1)
2.2.2 Amplifiers in Parallel
90(2)
2.2.3 Feedback Loops
92(3)
2.2.4 An Ensemble of Amplifiers
95(3)
2.3
Chapter Summary
98(1)
2.4 Questions and Problems
98(3)
3 What Is the Stimulated Emission of Radiation?
101(20)
3.1 The Bohr Model of the Atom
102(5)
3.1.1 The Quantum Leap
102(3)
3.1.2 Singlet, Doublet, and Triplet States
105(2)
3.2 Absorption, Stimulated Emission, and Spontaneous Emission
107(8)
3.2.1 The Einstein Coefficients
107(3)
3.2.2 An Aside on Spontaneous Emission
110(3)
3.2.3 Excited State Decay Rate
113(2)
3.3 A More Realistic Model
115(3)
3.3.1 The Two- and Three-Level Models
115(1)
3.3.2 The Four-Level Model
116(2)
3.4
Chapter Summary
118(1)
3.5 Questions and Problems
119(2)
4 What Are Lasers?
121(28)
4.1 Laser Basics
121(10)
4.1.1 Components
121(3)
4.1.2 Gain, Population Inversion, and Saturation
124(1)
4.1.2.1 Gain
124(3)
4.1.2.2 Population Inversion
127(2)
4.1.2.3 Saturation
129(2)
4.2 The Rate Equation
131(7)
4.2.1 The Four-Level Laser
131(7)
4.3 The Cavity
138(8)
4.3.1 Some Common Cavity Configurations
139(2)
4.3.2 Cavity Stability
141(3)
4.3.3 Q-factor
144(2)
4.4
Chapter Summary
146(1)
4.5 Questions and Problems
147(2)
5 What Are Some Types of Lasers?
149(30)
5.1 Solid-State Lasers
149(7)
5.1.1 Ruby Laser
149(2)
5.1.2 The Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser
151(1)
5.1.2.1 Second-Harmonic Generation
152(2)
5.1.3 The Diode-Pumped Solid-State Laser
154(1)
5.1.4 The Fiber Laser
154(2)
5.2 Dye Lasers
156(6)
5.2.1 The Flashlamp-Pumped Liquid Dye Laser
156(2)
5.2.2 Laser-Pumped Liquid Dye Lasers
158(2)
5.2.3 Solid-State Dye Lasers
160(1)
5.2.4 Continuous Wave Output Dye Lasers
161(1)
5.3 Semiconductor Lasers
162(2)
5.3.1 Diode Lasers
162(1)
5.3.2 Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser
163(1)
5.4 Gas Lasers
164(5)
5.4.1 The Helium-Neon Laser
164(1)
5.4.2 The Carbon Dioxide Laser
165(1)
5.4.3 The Nitrogen Laser
166(2)
5.4.4 The Gas Dynamic Laser
168(1)
5.4.5 The Excimer Laser
169(1)
5.5 Chemical Lasers
169(3)
5.5.1 The Hydrogen Fluoride Laser
169(1)
5.5.2 The Deuterium Fluoride Laser
170(1)
5.5.3 The Chemical Oxygen Iodine Laser
171(1)
5.6 Metal Vapor Lasers
172(1)
5.6.1 The Copper Vapor Laser
172(1)
5.6.2 The Helium-Cadmium Laser
172(1)
5.6.3 Other Metal Vapor Lasers
173(1)
5.7 Ion Lasers
173(1)
5.7.1 The Argon Ion Laser
173(1)
5.7.2 The Krypton Ion Laser
173(1)
5.8 More Exotic Lasers
173(3)
5.8.1 The Free-Electron Laser
173(1)
5.8.2 The Nuclear Bomb-Pumped Laser
174(1)
5.8.3 The Positronium Gamma Ray Laser
175(1)
5.9
Chapter Summary
176(1)
5.10 Questions and Problems
177(2)
6 How Do We Describe Lasers?
179(30)
6.1 Continuous Wave or Pulsed
179(3)
6.1.1 Continuous Wave Laser Beams
179(1)
6.1.2 Pulsed Laser Beams
180(2)
6.2 Laser Modes
182(7)
6.2.1 Longitudinal Modes
182(3)
6.2.1.1 Longitudinal Modes in Pulsed Lasers
185(2)
6.2.2 Transverse Modes
187(1)
6.2.2.1 Transverse Electromagnetic Modes
188(1)
6.3 Spectral Content
189(6)
6.3.1 Linewidth
189(1)
6.3.1.1 Measuring the Linewidth of a Laser
190(3)
6.3.2 Tunability
193(2)
6.4 Collimation, Divergence, Beam Expansion, and Beam Reduction
195(1)
6.5 Output Energy, Power, Irradiance, and Beam Quality
196(5)
6.5.1 Instantaneous versus Average
196(2)
6.5.2 Power in the Bucket
198(1)
6.5.3 Beam Quality
199(2)
6.6 Efficiency
201(4)
6.6.1 Wall-Plug Efficiency
201(1)
6.6.2 Power Conversion and Coupling Efficiencies
202(1)
6.6.3 Quantum Efficiency, Quantum Defect, and Slope Efficiency
203(1)
6.6.4 Cavity Efficiency
204(1)
6.6.5 The Laser Efficiency Calculation and Measurement
204(1)
6.7
Chapter Summary
205(1)
6.8 Questions and Problems
206(3)
7 How Do We Use Lasers Safely?
209(24)
7.1 The Laser Safety Basics
209(8)
7.1.1 ANSIZ136.1
209(1)
7.1.2 Laser Classes
210(1)
7.1.2.1 Class 1 Laser System
210(1)
7.1.2.2 Class 1M Laser System
211(1)
7.1.2.3 Class 2 Laser System
211(1)
7.1.2.4 Class 2M Laser System
211(1)
7.1.2.5 Class 3R Laser System
212(1)
7.1.2.6 Class 3B Laser System
212(1)
7.1.2.7 Class 4 Laser System
213(1)
7.1.3 Accessible Emission Limit and Maximum Permissible Exposure
214(1)
7.1.4 Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance and Nominal Skin Hazard Distance
214(1)
7.1.5 Nominal Hazard Zone
215(1)
7.1.6 Threshold Limit and Optical Density
216(1)
7.1.7 The Laser Safety Officer and the Standard Operating Procedure
216(1)
7.2 Types of Injuries Possible from Laser Beams
217(3)
7.2.1 Visual
217(2)
7.2.2 Skin
219(1)
7.3 Other Safety Considerations with Laser Systems
220(2)
7.3.1 Electrical Hazards
220(1)
7.3.2 Fire Hazards
221(1)
7.3.3 Asphyxiation Hazards
222(1)
7.3.4 Toxic Hazards
222(1)
7.3.5 Explosive Hazards
222(1)
7.4 Practical Safety Considerations
222(8)
7.4.1 Specular Reflections from Common Attire and Objects
222(4)
7.4.2 Even Diffuse Reflections Can Be Dangerous!
226(1)
7.4.3 Beam Stops
227(2)
7.4.4 Apparatus Height and Stray Light
229(1)
7.4.5 Invisible Beams
229(1)
7.4.6 Discharging and Disconnecting the Power
229(1)
7.4.7 High Voltage, Don't Point Your Fingers!
229(1)
7.4.8 Fires Can Be Invisible!
230(1)
7.5
Chapter Summary
230(1)
7.6 Questions and Problems
230(3)
8 What Are Some Laser Applications?
233(24)
8.1 Lasers Used in Experiments
233(6)
8.1.1 Alignment
233(2)
8.1.2 Probes
235(1)
8.1.3 Precision Measurements
236(3)
8.2 Lasers in the Field
239(6)
8.2.1 Laser Imaging, Detection, and Ranging
239(1)
8.2.2 Leveling and Surveying
240(2)
8.2.3 Laser Communications
242(1)
8.2.4 Laser Listening
242(3)
8.3 The HELs
245(7)
8.3.1 Laser Cutting, Drilling, and Welding
245(2)
8.3.2 Advanced Physics Research
247(1)
8.3.3 Directed-Energy Weapons
248(4)
8.4 Some Other Applications
252(2)
8.4.1 Medical Uses
252(1)
8.4.2 Entertainment
252(1)
8.4.3 Printing
252(1)
8.4.4 Too Many Applications to Count
253(1)
8.5
Chapter Summary
254(1)
8.6 Questions and Problems
254(3)
Suggested Reading for Laser Scientists and Engineers 257(2)
Index 259
Travis S. Taylor ("Doc" Taylor to his friends) has earned his soubriquet the hard way: He has a doctorate in Optical Science and Engineering, a doctorate in Aerospace Systems Engineering, a masters degree in Physics, and a masters degree in Aerospace Engineering, all from the University of Alabama in Huntsville. Added to this is a masters degree in Astronomy from the University of Western Sydney (Australia) and a bachelors degree in Electrical Engineering from Auburn University (Alabama). Dr. Taylor has worked on various programs for the Department of Defense and NASA for the past two decades. He is currently working on several advanced propulsion concepts, very large space telescopes, space-based beamed energy systems, next generation space launch concepts, directed energy weapons, nanosatellites, and low cost launch vehicle concepts for the U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command. Dr. Taylor was one of the principal investigators of the U.S. Armys: 100 Joule Tunable Laser program, narrow linewidth dye laser research program, multi-wavelength oscillator-amplifier experiment, ruggedized flashlamp pumped dye laser experiment, and of the Solid-State Laser Testbed Experiment. He is currently researching high brightness quantum entanglement sources for space communications.

In his copious spare time, Doc Travis is also a black belt martial artist, a private pilot, a SCUBA diver, and has raced mountain bikes. He has also competed in triathlons, is a marathon runner, a CrossFitter, and has been the lead singer and rhythm guitarist of several hard rock bands. He has written about two dozen science fiction novels, three textbooks (including this one), and over a dozen refereed technical papers. Dr. Taylor has appeared and starred in several television programs including the History Channels The Universe, Life After People, Ancient Aliens, The Curse of Oak Island, and Rise of the Superbombs, National Geographic Channels hit shows Rocket City Rednecks and When Aliens Attack, Science Channels NASAs Unexplained Files, and The Weather Channels 3 Scientists Walk Into a Bar. He currently lives with his wife and two children in north Alabama just outside of Huntsville in view of the Saturn V rocket that is erected at the U.S. Space and Rocket Center.
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