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E-raamat: Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

, (University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA), (NanoThread, Inc., Golden, Colorado, USA), (Colorado School of Mines, Golden, USA)
  • Formaat: 1640 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 22-Dec-2008
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-13: 9781420047806
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  • Formaat: 1640 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 22-Dec-2008
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-13: 9781420047806

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The maturation of nanotechnology has revealed it to be a unique and distinct discipline rather than a specialization within a larger field. Its textbook cannot afford to be a chemistry, physics, or engineering text focused on nano. It must be an integrated, multidisciplinary, and specifically nano textbook. The archetype of the modern nano textbook, Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology builds a solid background in characterization and fabrication methods while integrating the physics, chemistry, and biology facets. The remainder of this color text focuses on applications, examining engineering aspects as well as nanomaterials and industry-specific applications in such areas as energy, electronics, and biotechnology.

Also available in two course-specific volumes:

Introduction to Nanoscience elucidates the nanoscale along with the societal impacts of nanoscience, then presents an overview of characterization and fabrication methods. The authors systematically discuss the chemistry, physics, and biology aspects of nanoscience, providing a complete picture of the challenges, opportunities, and inspirations posed by each facet before giving a brief glimpse at nanoscience in action: nanotechnology.

Fundamentals of Nanotechnology surveys the fields broad landscape, exploring the physical basics such as nanorheology, nanofluidics, and nanomechanics as well as industrial concerns such as manufacturing, reliability, and safety. The authors then explore the vast range of nanomaterials and systematically outline devices and applications in various industrial sectors.







Qualifying instructors who purchase either of these volumes (or the combined set) are given online access to a wealth of instructional materials. These include detailed lecture notes, review summaries, slides, exercises, and more. The authors provide enough material for both one- and two-semester courses.
Preface xxix
Authors xxxi
Chapter Opening Captions And Credits xxxv
PART I: NANOSCIENCE
SECTION 1: PERSPECTIVES
1(104)
Introduction: Nanoscience
3(56)
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology---The Distinction
5(8)
Requisite Definitions
6(2)
Government Line
8(1)
Working Definitions
9(4)
Historical Perspectives
13(10)
Concept of Atomism
13(1)
Colored Glasses
14(5)
Photography
19(1)
Catalysis
19(2)
Integrated Circuits and Chips
21(2)
Microelectromechanical Systems
23(1)
Advanced Materials
23(10)
Thin Films
25(5)
Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes
30(1)
Quantum Dots
31(1)
Other Advanced Materials
32(1)
Tools of Nano
33(7)
Electron Microscopy
35(1)
Atomic Probe Microscopes
36(1)
X-Ray Spectroscopy
36(2)
Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
38(1)
Lithography
38(1)
Computer Modeling and Simulation
39(1)
Molecular Electronics
40(1)
Nature's Take on Nano and the Advent of Molecular Biology
40(4)
Macroscopic Expressions of Natural Nanomaterials
40(1)
Cell Biology
41(1)
Molecular Biology and Genetics
42(2)
The Nano Perspective
44(8)
Integration of Everything
44(4)
Scale of Things and Timescales
48(1)
Grand Challenges Facing Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
48(2)
Next Industrial Revolution
50(2)
Concluding Remarks
52(1)
Acknowledgments
52(1)
References
53(3)
Problems
56(3)
Societal Implications Of Nano
59(46)
Introduction to Societal Issues
61(9)
Societal Implications---The Background
61(2)
Breadth of Societal Implications
63(2)
Meet the Experts
65(3)
The Nano Perspective
68(2)
Ethical Implications
70(6)
Ethics in the Context of Research and Applied Science
71(1)
Principle of Respect for Communities
72(1)
Principle of the Common Good
73(2)
Principle of Social Justice
75(1)
You as Moral Agent
76(1)
Legal Implications
76(7)
Interaction of Law and Nanoscience
77(1)
Intellectual Property
77(3)
Civil Liability Issues
80(3)
Evaluation
83(1)
Environmental Implications
83(7)
Nanotoxicology
85(2)
Nanotechnology Risk Assessment
87(2)
Environmental Aspects of Nanotechnology
89(1)
Public Perception
90(3)
Factors Influencing Public Perception
90(1)
Nano and Public Opinion Polls
91(2)
A Call for Two-Way Communication
93(1)
Future of Nanotechnology
93(5)
Cycles and Patterns
93(1)
Trend Forecasting
94(1)
Attractionary Futuristics
94(1)
Maximum Freud
95(2)
Nanotechnology End Points
97(1)
Acknowledgment
98(1)
References
99(2)
Problems
101(4)
Introduction to Societal Issues
101(1)
Ethical Implications
101(1)
Legal Implications
101(1)
Environmental Implications
102(1)
Public Perception
103(1)
Future of Nanotechnology
104(1)
Ancillary Problems
104(1)
SECTION 2: NANOTOOLS
105(132)
Characterization Methods
107(70)
Characterization of Nanomaterials
108(15)
Background
109(4)
Types of Characterization Methods
113(3)
Optics and Resolution
116(6)
The Nano Perspective
122(1)
Electron Probe Methods
123(19)
Electron Interactions with Matter
125(6)
Scanning Electron Microscopy and Electron Probe Microanalysis
131(4)
Transmission Electron Microscopy
135(5)
Other Important Electron Probe Methods
140(2)
Scanning Probe Microscopy Methods
142(12)
Atomic Force Microscopy
144(4)
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
148(4)
Other Important Scanning Probe Methods
152(1)
Atom-Probe Methods
153(1)
Spectroscopic Methods
154(5)
UV-Visible Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy
155(2)
Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy
157(1)
X-Ray Methods
158(1)
Nonradiative and Nonelectron Characterization Methods
159(12)
Particle Spectroscopy
159(2)
Thermodynamic Methods
161(1)
Particle Size Determination
161(1)
Surface Area and Porosity
162(5)
Other Important Characterization Methods
167(4)
References
171(2)
Problems
173(4)
Fabrication Methods
177(60)
Fabrication of Nanomaterials
178(15)
Background
178(2)
Types of Top-Down Fabrication Methods
180(5)
Types of Bottom-Up Fabrication Methods
185(6)
Nebulous Bottom-Up Fabrication Categories
191(1)
The Nano Perspective
192(1)
Top-Down Fabrication
193(17)
Mechanical Methods (Mechanosynthesis)
194(2)
Thermal Methods
196(1)
High-Energy Methods
197(3)
Chemical Fabrication Methods
200(3)
Lithographic Methods
203(7)
Bottom-Up Fabrication
210(15)
Gaseous-Phase Methods
210(7)
Liquid-Phase Methods
217(6)
Solid-Phase Bottom-Up Fabrication?
223(1)
Template Synthesis
224(1)
Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling
225(6)
History
226(1)
General Types of Molecular Modeling Methods
227(4)
References
231(4)
Problems
235(2)
SECTION 3: PHYSICS: PROPERTIES AND PHENOMENA
237(198)
Materials, Structure, And The Nanosurface
239(50)
Importance of the Surface
240(3)
Background
240(1)
Natural Perspective
241(1)
Inorganic Perspective
241(2)
The Nano Perspective
243(1)
Engineering Materials
243(7)
Metals and Alloys
245(1)
Semiconductors
246(1)
Ceramic and Glassy Materials
247(1)
Carbon-Based Materials
247(1)
Polymers
247(2)
Biological Materials
249(1)
Composites
249(1)
Particle Shape and the Surface
250(7)
Exterior Surface and Particle Shape
251(4)
Interior Nanoscale Surface Area
255(2)
Surface and Volume
257(4)
Geometric Surface-to-Volume Ratio
258(1)
Specific Surface Area
258(2)
Spherical Cluster Approximation
260(1)
Atomic Structure
261(13)
Crystal Systems and the Unit Cell
261(3)
Cubic and Hexagonal Systems
264(3)
Packing Fraction and Density
267(1)
Structural Magic Numbers
268(3)
Miller Indices and X-Ray Diffraction
271(3)
Particle Orientation
274(10)
Surface Polarization in Metals
275(3)
Particle Depolarization Factor and Screening Parameters
278(2)
Quasi-Static Limit
280(1)
Orientation of Nanometals in Transparent Media
281(3)
References
284(1)
Problems
285(4)
Energy At The Nanoscale
289(46)
Surface Energy
290(7)
Background
292(1)
Nature
293(2)
Introduction to Surface Stabilization
295(1)
The Nano Perspective
296(1)
Basic Thermodynamics
297(5)
Derivation of Surface Tension, γ
297(1)
Surface Excess
298(1)
Kelvin Equation
299(1)
Particle Curvature and the Young-Laplace Equation
300(2)
Chemical Potential
302(1)
Liquid State
302(9)
Classical Surface Tension
305(2)
Capillarity
307(1)
Surface Tension Measurements
308(3)
Surface Energy (and Stress) of Solids
311(6)
Interaction Pair Potentials
313(1)
Surface Energy of Low-Index Crystals
313(3)
Surface Energy of Nanoparticles
316(1)
Surface Energy Minimization Mechanisms
317(15)
Surface Tension Reduction in Liquids
317(1)
DLVO Theory
318(3)
Polymeric (Steric) Stabilization
321(1)
Nucleation
321(1)
Ostwald Ripening
322(3)
Sintering
325(1)
Structural Stabilization in Solids
326(6)
References
332(1)
Problems
333(2)
The Material Continuum
335(48)
Material Continuum
336(6)
Material Properties and Phenomena
337(2)
Background
339(2)
Nano (Quantum) Perspective
341(1)
Basic Quantum Mechanics and the Solid State
342(15)
Ubiquitous Particle in a Box
343(5)
Two-Dimensional Quantum Systems
348(2)
Schrodinger Equation
350(2)
Bohr Exciton Radius
352(2)
Bandgaps
354(3)
Zero-Dimensional Materials
357(10)
Clusters
357(3)
Metal Clusters and the HOCO-LUCO
360(1)
Optical Properties of Clusters
360(2)
Other Physical Properties and Phenomena
362(5)
One-Dimensional Materials
367(3)
Types of Nanowires
369(1)
Physical Properties and Phenomena
369(1)
Two-Dimensional Materials
370(2)
Types of Thin Films
371(1)
Physical Properties
371(1)
Hierarchical Structures
372(1)
Importance of Hierarchical Materials
372(1)
Quantum Size Effects and Scaling Laws
373(5)
Scaling Laws
374(1)
Classical Scaling Laws and the Nanoscale
375(1)
Scaling Laws for Clusters
376(2)
References
378(2)
Problems
380(3)
Nanothermodynamics
383(52)
Thermodynamics and Nanothermodynamics
384(3)
Background
384(2)
The Nano Perspective
386(1)
Classical Equilibrium Thermodynamics
387(11)
Extensive and Intensive Properties and State Functions
387(3)
The System, Its Surroundings, and Equilibrium
390(1)
Laws of Thermodynamics
391(4)
Fundamental Equations of Thermodynamics
395(2)
Equilibrium Constant and Reaction Kinetics
397(1)
Statistical Mechanics
398(4)
Microstates and Macrostates
398(1)
Canonical Ensembles
399(3)
Energy (Molecular) Partition Functions
402(1)
Other Kinds of Thermodynamics
402(8)
The Onsager Relations
403(1)
Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics
404(2)
The Concept of Pseudoequilibrium
406(1)
Cellular and Subcellular Systems
407(3)
Nanothermodynamics
410(14)
Background
413(2)
Application of Classical Thermodynamics to Nanomaterials
415(6)
Small System Thermodynamics (the Theory of T. L. Hill)
421(3)
Modern Nanothermodynamics
424(6)
Nonextensivity and Nonintensivity
424(3)
Nanothermodynamics of a Single Molecule
427(1)
Modeling Nanomaterials
427(2)
Modern Non-nanothermodynamics?
429(1)
References
430(3)
Problems
433(2)
SECTION 4: CHEMISTRY: SYNTHESIS AND MODIFICATION
435(258)
Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
437(50)
Carbon
438(7)
Types of Carbon Materials
439(3)
Bonding in Carbon Compounds
442(1)
The Nano Perspective
443(2)
Fullerenes
445(8)
Fullerene Properties
446(1)
Fullerene Synthesis
447(1)
Physical and Chemical Reactions of Fullerenes
448(5)
Carbon Nanotubes
453(21)
Structure of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
454(4)
Physical Properties of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
458(6)
Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes
464(3)
Growth Mechanisms
467(2)
Chemical Modification of Carbon Nanotubes
469(5)
Diamondoid Nanomaterials
474(6)
Diamondoids
476(1)
Thin Diamond Films (and Other Ultrahard Substances)
477(1)
Chemical Modification of CVD Diamond
478(2)
References
480(5)
Problems
485(2)
Chemical Interactions At The Nanoscale
487(56)
Bonding Considerations at the Nanoscale
488(9)
Background
490(2)
Intramolecular versus Intermolecular Bonding
492(2)
Types of Intermolecular Bonding
494(2)
The Nano Perspective
496(1)
Electrostatic Interactions
497(20)
Ion Pair Interactions
500(1)
Solvent Effects
501(4)
Ion-Dipole and Dipole-Dipole Interactions
505(4)
Dative Bonds
509(6)
π-Interactions
515(2)
Hydrogen Bonding
517(7)
Standard Hydrogen Bonds
517(6)
C-α-H...O Hydrogen Bonds
523(1)
Halogen Bonds
523(1)
Hydrogen Bonds and Living Things
524(1)
Van der Waals Attractions
524(9)
Contributions to the van der Waals Interaction
526(3)
Van der Waals Radius
529(1)
Physical Property Dependence
529(4)
Hydrophobic Effect
533(4)
Background
533(1)
Water and the Hydrophobic Effect
534(3)
Amino Acids and Proteins
537(1)
References
537(3)
Problems
540(3)
Supramolecular Chemistry
543(66)
Chemistry of Nanomaterials
545(12)
Background
546(2)
Types of Chemical Synthesis
548(2)
Thermodynamic versus Kinetic Control and Selectivity
550(4)
Introduction to Supramolecular Design
554(1)
The Nano Perspective
555(2)
Supramolecular Chemistry
557(24)
The Host-Guest Relationship
557(2)
Molecular Recognition
559(8)
Synthetic Supramolecular Host Species
567(9)
Surfactants and Micelles
576(2)
Biological Supramolecular Host Species
578(3)
Design and Synthesis of Selected Supramolecular Species
581(14)
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Effects
585(7)
Basic Design Parameters: The Host, the Guest, and the Solvent
592(3)
Extended Supramolecular Structures
595(8)
Golden Molecular Squares
596(3)
Synthesis of Benzocoronene Complexes
599(3)
Helical Supramolecular Polymers
602(1)
References
603(2)
Problems
605(4)
Chemical Synthesis And Modification Of Nanomaterials
609(84)
Chemistry and Chemical Modification
610(5)
Types of Synthesis Processes
611(1)
Introduction to Molecular Self-Assembly
611(2)
Introduction to Chemical Functionalization
613(1)
The Nano Perspective
614(1)
Self-Assembly Revisited
615(16)
Langmuir-Blodgett Films
619(7)
Gold-Thiol Monolayers
626(3)
Organosilanes
629(2)
Synthesis and Chemical Modification of Nanomaterials
631(20)
Synthesis and Modification of Zero-Dimensional Materials
631(14)
Synthesis and Modification of One-Dimensional Materials
645(2)
Synthesis and Modification of Two-Dimensional Materials
647(4)
Template Synthesis
651(18)
Macroporous Template Materials
657(1)
Mesoporous Template Materials
658(10)
Microporous Template Materials
668(1)
Other Interesting Template Materials
668(1)
Polymer Chemistry and Nanocomposites
669(14)
Introduction to Polymer Chemistry
669(1)
Polymer Synthesis
670(3)
Block Copolymers
673(3)
Emulsion Polymerization
676(5)
Nanocomposites
681(2)
References
683(7)
Problems
690(3)
SECTION 5: NATURAL AND BIONANOSCIENCE
693(108)
Natural Nanomaterials
695(54)
Natural Nanomaterials
696(2)
Nanomaterials All around Us
697(1)
Aesthetic and Practical Value of Natural Nanomaterials
697(1)
Learning from Natural Nanomaterials
697(1)
The Nano Perspective
697(1)
Inorganic Natural Nanomaterials
698(8)
Minerals
698(2)
Clays
700(3)
Natural Carbon Nanoparticles
703(3)
Nanoparticles from Space
706(1)
Nanomaterials from the Animal Kingdom
706(15)
Building Blocks of Biomaterials
707(2)
Shells
709(2)
Exoskeletons
711(2)
Endoskeletons
713(5)
Skin and Its Extensions
718(2)
Summary
720(1)
Nanomaterials Derived from Cell Walls
721(7)
Paper
721(1)
Cotton
722(1)
Bacterial Fibers
723(2)
Diatoms
725(1)
Lotus Flower
726(2)
Nanomaterials in Insects
728(6)
Chitin
728(1)
Chitin Structures in Insect Wings
729(1)
Butterfly Wings
730(1)
Color and Structure
730(4)
Gecko Feet: Adhesive Nanostructures
734(3)
Gecko Feet
735(1)
Mechanism of Adhesion
735(1)
Attachment and Release of Grip
736(1)
Self-Cleaning
737(1)
More Natural Fibers
737(5)
Spider Silk
737(4)
Sponge Fibers
741(1)
Summary
742(1)
References
742(4)
Problems
746(3)
Biomolecular Nanoscience
749(52)
Introduction to Biomolecular Nanoscience
751(4)
Definitions: Biomolecular Nanoscience
751(1)
Historical Origins
752(1)
Biomolecular Nanoscience: Roots in Traditional Science
752(2)
The Nano Perspective
754(1)
Material Basis of Life
755(17)
Molecular Building Blocks---From the Bottom Up
755(6)
Cells and Organized Structures
761(7)
Viruses
768(1)
Prions
768(1)
Toxins and Disruptive Nanoparticles
769(1)
Completing the Circle from Top Down to Bottom Up
769(3)
Cellular Membranes and Signaling Systems
772(13)
Cell Membrane Function
773(2)
Ion Pumps, Ion Channels, and Maintenance of the Cellular Environment
775(1)
Transmission of Neural Impulses: Action Potential and K Channel
775(7)
Synapses and Neurotransmitters
782(1)
Hormones and Regulation of Cell Growth and Metabolism
783(2)
DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis
785(9)
DNA and RNA Function and Structure
785(2)
DNA Replication
787(2)
DNA as a Genetic Information Storage Material
789(3)
RNA and DNA Nanoengines: Viruses and Phages
792(1)
The Role of the Protein Environment
793(1)
Concluding Remarks
794(1)
Emerging Concepts and Developments
794(1)
References
794(5)
Problems
799(2)
PART II: NANOTECHNOLOGY
SECTION 6: PERSPECTIVES
801(120)
Introduction: Nanotechnology
803(50)
Perspectives of Nanotechnology
804(6)
Review of Definitions
805(1)
Technology Revolution or Evolution?
806(3)
Outlook
809(1)
The Nano Perspective
810(1)
The Business of Nanotechnology
810(13)
Background
811(1)
Companies
812(1)
Sources of Nanotechnology Inventions
813(1)
Founding a Company---What to Do First?
814(2)
Business Structures
816(2)
Registering a Company---Where?
818(2)
Finances
820(1)
Managing the Company
820(1)
Developing and Manufacturing a Product
821(1)
Marketing
822(1)
Exits
822(1)
Education and Workforce Development
823(6)
Technological Revolutions---The Workforce Point of View
824(1)
The State of Education and Workforce Development
825(2)
Current Workforce and Education Programs
827(1)
The Workforce of the Future
827(1)
Planning Ahead and Potential Career Paths
828(1)
Buildings for Nanotech
829(13)
Nanotechnology in Buildings---Environmental Aspects
830(3)
The Needs of Scientists and Engineers (And Equipment and Instrumentation)
833(6)
Advanced Facilities That Support Nano and Biotech
839(3)
National and International Infrastructure
842(5)
Research and Development Organizations
843(1)
Economic Development Organizations
844(1)
Organizations Centered on Societal Implications
844(1)
Nanotechnology News Services
845(1)
International Organizations and Institutes
846(1)
Nanotechnology Products
847(1)
Acknowledgments
848(1)
References
848(2)
Problems
850(3)
Nanometrology: Standards And Nanomanufacturing
853(68)
The Transition, the Need
856(8)
Background to Nanometrology
857(4)
Background to Nanomanufacturing
861(1)
The Nano Perspective
862(2)
Nanometrology and Uncertainty
864(14)
Nanometrology
866(1)
Uncertainty
866(2)
Heisenberg Uncertainty
868(3)
Quantum Entanglement
871(5)
Applications
876(2)
Quantum Metrology
878(12)
Atomic Clocks, the Meter, and Time
879(5)
The Quantum Triangle
884(4)
The Single-Electron Transistor
888(2)
Nanometrology Tools
890(8)
Electron Beam and Atomic Force Tools
890(3)
Spectroscopic Tools
893(3)
Nanomechanical Tools
896(2)
Nanometrology and Nanomanufacturing Standards
898(4)
Standards for Nanotechnology
899(1)
NIST Efforts
900(1)
IEEE Roadmap for Nanoelectronics
901(1)
Nanomanufacturing and Molecular Assembly
902(10)
Lithographies
902(1)
Nanomanipulators and Grippers
903(2)
Bottom-Up Manufacturing
905(2)
Molecular Scale Assembly Lines
907(5)
Concluding Remarks
912(1)
References
912(7)
Problems
919(2)
SECTION 7: ELECTROMAGNETIC NANOENGINEERING
921(116)
Nanoelectronics
923(42)
Electronics and Nanoelectronics
924(6)
Basic Electronic Terminology and Symbols
924(1)
Fundamental Types of Electronic Materials (and Nanomaterials)
924(2)
Fundamental Kinds of Electronic Devices
926(3)
The Nano Perspective
929(1)
Microelectronics
930(20)
Introduction to Band Structure
930(5)
Basic Conductor and Semiconductor Physics
935(14)
Transistors
949(1)
Nanoscale Electronics
950(13)
Background
950(1)
The Current State of Microelectronics and Extensions to the Nanoscale
950(1)
Nanotechnology-Based Strategies: Single-Electron Tunneling
951(6)
Nanotechnology-Based Strategies: Molecular Wires
957(6)
References
963(1)
Problems
964(1)
Nano-Optics
965(38)
Introduction to Optics
966(7)
Interactions of Light with Matter
969(3)
The Nano Perspective
972(1)
The Surface Plasmon
973(11)
The Surface Plasmon Resonance
973(6)
Scattering
979(2)
Color Generation from Nanoparticles and Nanostructures
981(1)
Applications of Nanoplasmonics
982(2)
Quantum Dots
984(7)
The Bohr Exciton Radius
984(1)
Tuning the Gap
985(1)
Luminescence
986(1)
Applications
987(4)
Near-Field Microscopies
991(3)
The Diffraction Limit
991(1)
Near-Field Microscopy
992(1)
Applications
993(1)
Nanophotonics
994(6)
Photonics
994(1)
Photonic Structures in Living Systems
995(1)
Photonic Crystals
996(3)
Fabrication of Nanophotonic Crystals
999(1)
References
1000(2)
Problems
1002(1)
Nanomagnetism
1003(34)
Introduction
1004(4)
History
1004(1)
Magnetic Phenomena and Their Classical Interpretation
1005(2)
The Nano Perspective
1007(1)
Characteristics of Nanomagnetic Systems
1008(10)
Introduction to Nanomagnetism
1008(3)
Characteristics of Nanomagnetic Materials
1011(1)
Magnetization and Nanostructures
1012(6)
Magnetism in Reduced Dimensional Systems
1018(2)
Two-Dimensional Systems
1018(1)
One-Dimensional Systems
1019(1)
Zero-Dimensional Systems
1019(1)
Physical Properties of Magnetic Nanostructures
1020(3)
Substrate Effects on Structures and Related Properties
1020(1)
Oscillatory Exchange Coupling
1020(1)
Spin-Polarized Tunneling
1020(1)
Magnetoresistivity
1021(1)
Magnetic Moments of 3d Transition Metal Clusters
1021(1)
The Temperature Dependence of Magnetic Moments
1022(1)
Recent Progress in Nanoscale Sample Preparation
1023(1)
Epitaxial Methods
1023(1)
Nanomagnetism Applications
1023(11)
Overview
1023(3)
Current Status of Spin-Based Electronics Devices
1026(3)
Sensors
1029(1)
Nanomagnetism for Biomedical Applications
1030(4)
References
1034(1)
Problems
1034(3)
SECTION 8: MECHANICAL NANOENGINEERING
1037(146)
Nanomechanics
1039(54)
Introduction
1040(9)
Two-Atom Chain Mechanics
1041(1)
Interaction Potentials
1041(6)
External Forces
1047(1)
Dynamic Motion
1048(1)
Three-Atom Chain
1049(1)
Lattice Mechanics
1050(3)
Stress and Strain
1053(2)
Linear Elasticity Relations
1055(3)
Orthotropic and Isotropic Materials
1056(1)
Crystalline Materials
1056(2)
Molecular Dynamics
1058(8)
Verlet Algorithms
1058(1)
Nordsieck/Gear Predictor-Corrector Methods
1059(2)
Molecular Dynamics Applications
1061(3)
Nanomachines
1064(1)
Wear at the Nanometer Level
1065(1)
Structure and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes
1066(3)
Structure of Carbon Nanotubes
1066(2)
Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes
1068(1)
Nanomechanical Measurement Techniques and Applications
1069(5)
AFM Measurements: Mechanical Properties of CNTs
1070(2)
Nanoindentation
1072(2)
Nano-Microelectromechanical Systems (NEMS/MEMS)
1074(11)
MEMS Fabrication Techniques
1074(5)
NEMS Fabrication Techniques
1079(1)
NEMS/MEMS Motion Dynamics
1080(2)
MEMS Devices and Applications
1082(2)
NEMS Devices and Applications
1084(1)
Summary
1085(1)
Acknowledgments
1085(1)
References
1086(3)
Problems
1089(4)
Nanostructure And Nanocomposite Thin Films
1093(68)
Introduction
1094(1)
Classification of Nanostructured, Nanocomposite Tribological Coatings
1094(7)
Nanoscale Multilayer Coatings
1094(2)
Nanocomposite Coatings
1096(4)
Functionally Graded Coatings
1100(1)
Background of Nanostructured Super-Hard Coatings
1101(5)
Nanoscale Multilayer Coatings
1103(1)
Single-Layer Nanocomposite Coatings
1104(2)
New Directions for Nanostructured Super-Tough Coatings
1106(3)
Functionally Graded Multilayer Coatings
1106(2)
Functionally Graded Nanocomposite Coatings
1108(1)
Processing Techniques and Principles
1109(22)
Plasma Definition
1110(1)
Chemical Vapor Deposition
1111(3)
Physical Vapor Deposition
1114(17)
General Considerations and Practical Aspects of Sputtering Deposition
1131(16)
Reactive Sputtering Deposition Process Stability
1132(2)
Film Structure Control (Structure Zone Models)
1134(3)
Sputtering Glow Discharges
1137(2)
Energetic Enhanced Deposition
1139(8)
References
1147(11)
Problems
1158(3)
Applications Of Thin Films
1161(22)
Technological Applications of Thin Films
1162(1)
Unbalanced Magnetron Sputtering of Ti-Al-Si-N Coatings
1162(3)
Unbalanced Magnetron Sputtering of Ti-Si-B-C-N Coatings
1165(5)
Pulsed Closed Field Unbalanced Magnetron Sputtering of Cr-Al-N Coatings
1170(9)
Concluding Remarks
1179(1)
References
1180(1)
Problems
1181(2)
SECTION 9: CHEMICAL NANOENGINEERING
1183(96)
Nanocatalysis
1185(22)
Introduction to Catalytic and Nanocatalytic Materials
1187(3)
The Importance of Catalysis in a Modern Society
1187(1)
What Is a Catalyst?
1187(1)
The Nano Perspective
1188(2)
Fundamentals of Catalysis
1190(8)
Adsorption of a Molecule on a Catalyst Surface
1190(2)
Adsorption Theory
1192(3)
Surface Reactions
1195(3)
Synthesis
1198(3)
Synthesis Requirements
1198(1)
Example of a Conventional Synthetic Technique
1199(1)
Nontraditional Methods for Preparing Nanocatalysts
1200(1)
Catalyst Characterization
1201(4)
Overview
1201(1)
Bulk Characterization Techniques
1202(2)
Surface Characterization Techniques
1204(1)
Acknowledgments
1205(1)
References
1206(1)
Nanocomposites And Fibers
1207(72)
Nanocomposites and Fibers
1208(10)
Background
1210(2)
Overview of Engineering Materials
1212(2)
Types of Composite Materials and Generic Structures
1214(2)
The Nano Perspective
1216(2)
Physical and Chemical Properties of Materials
1218(16)
Mechanical Properties
1218(10)
Thermal Properties
1228(2)
Electronic Properties
1230(2)
Chemical Properties
1232(2)
Natural Nanocomposites
1234(3)
Skin of the Sea Cucumber
1234(1)
Hard Natural Nanocomposites
1234(3)
Carbon Fibers and Nanotubes
1237(14)
Types of Fibers, Whiskers, and Nanotubes
1239(2)
Synthesis of Fibers and Nanotubes
1241(5)
Chemical Modification of Carbon Nanotubes
1246(2)
Carbon Nanotube Applications
1248(3)
Organic Polymer Nanocomposites
1251(11)
Introduction to Polymers
1252(2)
Interfacial Area
1254(2)
Nanofilled Composite Design, Synthesis, and Properties
1256(1)
Enhanced Polymer Nanocomposites
1257(5)
Metal and Ceramic Nanocomposites
1262(5)
Metal Nanocomposites
1262(1)
Inorganic Nanofibers
1263(1)
Cermets
1264(1)
Concrete
1265(2)
Clay Nanocomposite Materials
1267(5)
Polypropylene-Clay Nanocomposites
1267(2)
Montmorillonite Clay Nanocomposites
1269(1)
Halloysite Nanotube Clay Composites
1270(2)
References
1272(6)
Problems
1278(1)
SECTION 10: BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL NANOENGINEERING
1279(290)
Nanobiotechnology
1281(40)
Introduction to Nanobiotechnology
1282(2)
Definitions
1283(1)
Biotechnology
1283(1)
Bio-Nanotechnology
1283(1)
Biomolecular Nanotechnology
1283(1)
Biomedical Nanotechnology
1284(1)
Nanobiotechnology
1284(1)
The Biological Immune System
1284(6)
Natural Molecular Recognition
1284(2)
The Innate Immune System
1286(1)
The Adaptive Immune System
1286(2)
White Blood Cells and Antibodies
1288(2)
Using Antibodies in Biosensors: Immunoassays
1290(2)
Antibodies in Molecular Recognition Sensors
1290(1)
Production of Antibodies
1290(1)
Monoclonal Antibodies
1290(1)
Reverse Transcriptase
1291(1)
Recombinant DNA
1291(1)
Antibodies as Selection Tools for Biosensors
1291(1)
Cantilevers as Nano-Biosensors
1292(3)
Sensing Physical Properties
1292(1)
Cantilevers and Selective Binding
1293(1)
Active Cantilever Sensors
1293(1)
Passive Cantilever Sensors
1293(1)
Surface Effects on Nanocantilevers
1294(1)
Steric Effects
1294(1)
Surface Free Energy at the Nanoscale
1295(1)
Micro- and Nanosensors and Applications
1295(5)
Biomedical Cantilever Applications
1295(1)
Cantilever Sensor for Cancer Screening
1296(1)
Biotechnology Applications of Cantilevers
1296(1)
Surface Acoustic Wave Nanosensors
1297(1)
Electrochemical Nanosensors
1298(2)
Optical Nanosensors
1300(6)
Photonic Nanosensors
1300(1)
Surface Plasmon Nanosensors
1301(2)
Nanoscale Optical Resonance Grids---Using the Butterfly Wing Effect
1303(1)
Guided-Mode Resonance Sensors
1303(1)
Applications of Guided Mode Sensors
1304(2)
Nanotechnology for Manipulation of Biomolecules
1306(7)
Optical Tweezers
1306(1)
Dielectrophoresis
1307(1)
Some Dielectrophoresis Applications
1308(2)
Micro- and Nanofluidics
1310(1)
Biochips, Labs on Chips, and Integrated Systems
1311(2)
Summary
1313(1)
Acknowledgments
1313(1)
References
1313(6)
Problems
1319(2)
Biomimetics
1321(84)
The Bio Sciences and Technologies
1322(6)
Biomimetics, Bioengineering, and Other Bioengineering Fields
1322(4)
Biomimetics as an Emerging Science and Engineering Discipline
1326(1)
Biomimetic Systems
1326(1)
The Nano Perspective
1327(1)
Biomimetic Design of Molecules
1328(12)
Design and Discovery of Drugs
1329(1)
Targeting with Magic Bullets
1330(2)
Aspirin: Signaling Pathways Revealed by the Willow
1332(4)
Taxol: Novel Drug Actions on the Nanolevel
1336(2)
Pyrethrum: Learning from the Daisy
1338(2)
Biomimetic Nanomaterials
1340(28)
Biomimetic Mineral Nanoparticles
1341(1)
Shell as a Biomodel
1342(4)
Nanoengineering Bone
1346(2)
Sponge Fiber Photonics
1348(3)
The Lesson of the Lotus---Nanocontrol of Surfaces
1351(3)
Gecko Glue and Other Biomimetic Nanoadhesives
1354(11)
Biomimetic Membranes and Nanocapsules
1365(2)
Some Other Biomimetic Materials
1367(1)
Biomimetic Nanoengineering
1368(18)
Artificial Muscles
1368(3)
Viral Energy Storage
1371(1)
Photosynthesis
1372(10)
Sensors Based on Biomimetic Moieties
1382(1)
Biomimetic Molecular Nanoengines
1383(3)
Conclusion
1386(1)
References
1387(16)
Problems
1403(2)
Medical Nanotechnology
1405(78)
Introduction to Medical Nanotechnology
1407(10)
Definitions: Medicine and Medical Nanoscience
1407(1)
Historical Origins: Medical Breakthroughs
1408(3)
Medical Nanoscience: Roots in Medical Science
1411(1)
Future Possibilities for Medical Nanotechnology: Nanomedicine
1412(4)
Putting Medical Nanoscience into Practice: Medical Nanotechnology
1416(1)
Nanoparticles and Nanoencapsulation for Medical Applications
1417(10)
Nanoparticles for Medical Imaging
1418(1)
Nanoparticles for Targeting Cancer Cells
1419(1)
Nanoencapsulation for Drug Delivery to Tumors
1420(1)
Nanoencapsulation for Penetration of the Blood-Brain Barrier
1421(2)
Nanoparticles and Nanoencapsulation for Insulin Delivery
1423(3)
Nanoencapsulation for Protection of Implants from the Immune System
1426(1)
Guiding and Stimulating Tissue Function and Growth
1427(35)
Nanoguides for Neural Growth and Repair
1427(7)
Neuronal Stimulation and Monitoring
1434(1)
Neurostimulation for Pain and Nervous Disorders
1435(1)
Neuroprosthetics
1436(17)
Neuroprosthetics for the Ear
1453(5)
Vision Prosthetics
1458(4)
Summary
1462(1)
Acknowledgments
1463(1)
References
1463(19)
Problems
1482(1)
Environmental Nanotechnology
1483(86)
The Environment (and Technology)
1484(24)
Background
1485(1)
Traditional Methods of Detecting Environmental Contaminants
1486(1)
Types of Environmental Sensors
1487(8)
Introduction to Environmental Mitigation
1495(5)
National Security and Defense
1500(6)
The Nano Perspective
1506(2)
Water and Soil Quality, Monitoring, and Mitigation
1508(14)
Traditional Water Treatment
1509(2)
Nanomaterial Contamination in Aqueous Environments
1511(2)
Activated Carbon---A Simple Traditional Nanotechnology
1513(3)
Membranes and Separation Technology
1516(5)
Oil Spills
1521(1)
Chemical and Biological Sensors and Detectors
1522(1)
Air Quality, Monitoring, and Mitigation
1522(6)
Gas Separation: Advanced Membrane Technology
1523(3)
CO2 Mitigation
1526(1)
Hydrogen Production and Purification
1527(1)
Chemical Sensing and Detection
1528(1)
Energy
1528(23)
Solar Energy and Nano
1530(9)
Batteries
1539(3)
Hydrogen Production and Storage
1542(6)
Fuel Cells
1548(3)
Solar Heating and Power Generation
1551(1)
Epilogue
1551(4)
SAMMS
1552(1)
One More Pass at Hydrogen Storage
1553(2)
Concluding Thoughts
1555(1)
Acknowledgments
1555(1)
References
1555(12)
Problems
1567(2)
Index 1569
Hornyak, Gabor L.; Tibbals, H.F.; Dutta, Joydeep; Moore, John J.