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E-raamat: Introduction to Thermodynamic Cycle Simulations for Internal Combustion Engines

  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Oct-2015
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119037583
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Introduction to Thermodynamic Cycle Simulations for Internal Combustion EnginesSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Oct-2015
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119037583
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This book provides an introduction to basic thermodynamic engine cycle simulations, and provides a substantial set of results. Key features includes comprehensive and detailed documentation of the mathematical foundations and solutions required for thermodynamic engine cycle simulations. The book includes a thorough presentation of results based on the second law of thermodynamics as well as results for advanced, high efficiency engines. Case studies that illustrate the use of engine cycle simulations are also provided.

 

 

 

 

 

Preface xiii
1 Introduction
1(8)
1.1 Reasons for Studying Engines
1(1)
1.2 Engine Types and Operation
2(1)
1.3 Reasons for Cycle Simulations
3(2)
1.3.1 Educational Value
3(1)
1.3.2 Guide Experimentation
3(1)
1.3.3 Only Technique to Study Certain Variables
4(1)
1.3.4 Complete Extensive Parametric Studies
4(1)
1.3.5 Opportunities for Optimization
4(1)
1.3.6 Simulations for Real-time Control
4(1)
1.3.7 Summary
5(1)
1.4 Brief Comments on the History of Simulations
5(1)
1.5 Overview of Book Content
6(3)
2 Overview of Engines and Their Operation
9(10)
2.1 Goals of Engine Designs
9(1)
2.2 Engine Classifications by Applications
10(1)
2.3 Engine Characteristics
11(1)
2.4 Basic Engine Components
12(1)
2.5 Engine Operating Cycles
12(1)
2.6 Performance Parameters
12(6)
2.6.1 Work, Power, and Torque
12(3)
2.6.2 Mean Effective Pressure
15(1)
2.6.3 Thermal Efficiencies
16(1)
2.6.4 Specific Fuel Consumption
17(1)
2.6.5 Other Parameters
17(1)
2.7 Summary
18(1)
3 Overview of Engine Cycle Simulations
19(18)
3.1 Introduction
19(1)
3.2 Ideal (Air Standard) Cycle Analyses
19(2)
3.3 Thermodynamic Engine Cycle Simulations
21(1)
3.4 Quasi-dimensional Thermodynamic Engine Cycle Simulations
22(1)
3.5 Multi-dimensional Simulations
23(1)
3.6 Commercial Products
24(2)
3.6.1 Thermodynamic Simulations
24(1)
3.6.2 Multi-dimensional Simulations
25(1)
3.7 Summary
26(11)
Appendix 3.A A Brief Summary of the Thermodynamics of the "Otto" Cycle Analysis
29(8)
4 Properties of the Working Fluids
37(26)
4.1 Introduction
37(1)
4.2 Unburned Mixture Composition
37(5)
4.2.1 Oxygen-containing Fuels
40(1)
4.2.2 Oxidizers
41(1)
4.2.3 Fuels
41(1)
4.3 Burned Mixture ("Frozen" Composition)
42(1)
4.4 Equilibrium Composition
43(3)
4.5 Determinations of the Thermodynamic Properties
46(1)
4.6 Results for the Thermodynamic Properties
47(14)
4.7 Summary
61(2)
5 Thermodynamic Formulations
63(16)
5.1 Introduction
63(1)
5.2 Approximations and Assumptions
64(1)
5.3 Formulations
65(12)
5.3.1 One-Zone Formulation
65(2)
5.3.2 Two-Zone Formulation
67(5)
5.3.3 Three-Zone Formulation
72(5)
5.4 Comments on the Three Formulations
77(1)
5.5 Summary
77(2)
6 Items and Procedures for Solutions
79(20)
6.1 Introduction
79(1)
6.2 Items Needed to Solve the Energy Equations
79(15)
6.2.1 Thermodynamic Properties
79(1)
6.2.2 Kinematics
80(2)
6.2.3 Combustion Process (Mass Fraction Burned)
82(3)
6.2.4 Cylinder Heat Transfer
85(1)
6.2.5 Mass Flow Rates
86(3)
6.2.6 Mass Conservation
89(1)
6.2.7 Friction
89(5)
6.2.8 Pollutant Calculations
94(1)
6.2.9 Other Sub-models
94(1)
6.3 Numerical Solution
94(2)
6.3.1 Initial and Boundary Conditions
95(1)
6.3.2 Internal Consistency Checks
96(1)
6.4 Summary
96(3)
7 Basic Results
99(20)
7.1 Introduction
99(1)
7.2 Engine Specifications and Operating Conditions
99(2)
7.3 Results and Discussion
101(15)
7.3.1 Cylinder Volumes, Pressures, and Temperatures
102(4)
7.3.2 Cylinder Masses and Flow Rates
106(2)
7.3.3 Specific Enthalpy and Internal Energy
108(2)
7.3.4 Molecular Masses, Gas Constants, and Mole Fractions
110(4)
7.3.5 Energy Distribution and Work
114(2)
7.4 Summary and Conclusions
116(3)
8 Performance Results
119(34)
8.1 Introduction
119(1)
8.2 Engine and Operating Conditions
119(1)
8.3 Performance Results (Part I)---Functions of Load and Speed
119(10)
8.4 Performance Results (Part II)---Functions of Operating/Design Parameters
129(20)
8.4.1 Combustion Timing
129(2)
8.4.2 Compression Ratio
131(2)
8.4.3 Equivalence Ratio
133(2)
8.4.4 Burn Duration
135(1)
8.4.5 Inlet Temperature
135(1)
8.4.6 Residual Mass Fraction
136(1)
8.4.7 Exhaust Pressure
136(4)
8.4.8 Exhaust Gas Temperature
140(2)
8.4.9 Exhaust Gas Recirculation
142(3)
8.4.10 Pumping Work
145(4)
8.5 Summary and Conclusions
149(4)
9 Second Law Results
153(26)
9.1 Introduction
153(1)
9.2 Exergy
153(1)
9.3 Previous Literature
154(1)
9.4 Formulation of Second Law Analyses
154(4)
9.5 Results from the Second Law Analyses
158(18)
9.5.1 Basic Results
158(5)
9.5.2 Parametric Results
163(11)
9.5.3 Auxiliary Comments
174(2)
9.6 Summary and Conclusions
176(3)
10 Other Engine Combustion Processes
179(8)
10.1 Introduction
179(1)
10.2 Diesel Engine Combustion
179(1)
10.3 Best Features from SI and CI Engines
180(1)
10.4 Other Combustion Processes
181(1)
10.4.1 Stratified Charge Combustion
181(1)
10.4.2 Low Temperature Combustion
181(1)
10.5 Challenges of Alternative Combustion Processes
182(1)
10.6 Applications of the Simulations for Other Combustion Processes
183(1)
10.7 Summary
184(3)
11 Case Studies: Introduction
187(4)
11.1 Case Studies
187(1)
11.2 Common Elements of the Case Studies
188(1)
11.3 General Methodology of the Case Studies
189(2)
12 Combustion: Heat Release and Phasing
191(34)
12.1 Introduction
191(1)
12.2 Engine and Operating Conditions
191(1)
12.3 Part I: Heat Release Schedule
191(14)
12.3.1 Results for the Heat Release Rate
197(8)
12.4 Part II: Combustion Phasing
205(16)
12.4.1 Results for Combustion Phasing
206(15)
12.5 Summary and Conclusions
221(4)
13 Cylinder Heat Transfer
225(28)
13.1 Introduction
225(1)
13.2 Basic Relations
226(1)
13.3 Previous Literature
227(3)
13.3.1 Woschni Correlation
228(1)
13.3.2 Summary of Correlations
229(1)
13.4 Results and Discussion
230(20)
13.4.1 Conventional Engine
230(11)
13.4.2 Engines Utilizing Low Heat Rejection Concepts
241(6)
13.4.3 Engines Utilizing Adiabatic EGR
247(3)
13.5 Summary and Conclusions
250(3)
14 Fuels
253(22)
14.1 Introduction
253(1)
14.2 Fuel Specifications
254(1)
14.3 Engine and Operating Conditions
255(1)
14.4 Results and Discussion
255(13)
14.4.1 Assumptions and Constraints
255(1)
14.4.2 Basic Results
255(4)
14.4.3 Engine Performance Results
259(7)
14.4.4 Second Law Results
266(2)
14.5 Summary and Conclusions
268(7)
Appendix 14.A Energy and Exergy Distributions for the Eight Fuels at the Base Case Conditions (bmep = 325 kPa, 2000 rpm, φ = 1.0 and MBT timing)
269(6)
15 Oxygen-Enriched Air
275(20)
15.1 Introduction
275(1)
15.2 Previous Literature
276(1)
15.3 Engine and Operating Conditions
277(1)
15.4 Results and Discussion
277(14)
15.4.1 Strategy for This Study
278(1)
15.4.2 Basic Thermodynamic Properties
278(2)
15.4.3 Base Engine Performance
280(3)
15.4.4 Parametric Engine Performance
283(6)
15.4.5 Nitric Oxide Emissions
289(2)
15.5 Summary and Conclusions
291(4)
16 Overexpanded Engine
295(16)
16.1 Introduction
295(1)
16.2 Engine, Constraints, and Approach
296(1)
16.2.1 Engine and Operating Conditions
296(1)
16.2.2 Constraints
296(1)
16.2.3 Approach
296(1)
16.3 Results and Discussion
297(12)
16.3.1 Part Load
297(7)
16.3.2 Wide-Open Throttle
304(5)
16.4 Summary and Conclusions
309(2)
17 Nitric Oxide Emissions
311(22)
17.1 Introduction
311(1)
17.2 Nitric Oxide Kinetics
312(1)
17.2.1 Thermal Nitric Oxide Mechanism
312(1)
17.2.2 "Prompt" Nitric Oxide Mechanism
312(1)
17.2.3 Nitrous Oxide Route Mechanism
313(1)
17.2.4 Fuel Nitrogen Mechanism
313(1)
17.3 Nitric Oxide Computations
313(3)
17.3.1 Kinetic Rates
315(1)
17.4 Engine and Operating Conditions
316(1)
17.5 Results and Discussion
317(12)
17.5.1 Basic Chemical Kinetic Results
317(3)
17.5.2 Time-Resolved Nitric Oxide Results
320(4)
17.5.3 Engine Nitric Oxide Results
324(5)
17.6 Summary and Conclusions
329(4)
18 High Efficiency Engines
333(22)
18.1 Introduction
333(1)
18.2 Engine and Operating Conditions
334(2)
18.3 Results and Discussion
336(17)
18.3.1 Overall Assessment
336(7)
18.3.2 Effects of Individual Parameters
343(4)
18.3.3 Emissions and Exergy
347(4)
18.3.4 Effects of Combustion Parameters
351(2)
18.4 Summary and Conclusions
353(2)
19 Summary: Thermodynamics of Engines
355(8)
19.1 Summaries of
Chapters
355(1)
19.2 Fundamental Thermodynamic Foundations of IC Engines
356(6)
Item 1 Heat Engines versus Chemical Conversion Devices
356(1)
Item 2 Air-Standard Cycles
357(1)
Item 3 Importance of Compression Ratio
357(2)
Item 4 Importance of the Ratio of Specific Heats
359(1)
Item 5 Cylinder Heat Transfer
360(1)
Item 6 The Potential of a Low Heat Rejection Engine
360(1)
Item 7 Lean Operation and the Use of EGR
361(1)
Item 8 Insights from the Second Law of Thermodynamics
361(1)
Item 9 Timing of the Combustion Process
362(1)
Item 10 Technical Assessments of Engine Concepts
362(1)
19.3 Concluding Remarks
362(1)
Index 363
Jerald A. Caton, Gulf Oil/Thomas A. Dietz Professorship at Texas A&M University, USA Professor Caton has been at Texas A&M University since September 1979 in the Department of Mechanical Engineering. He is holder of the Gulf Oil/Thomas A. Dietz Professorship (2007). He teaches and conducts research in the area of IC engines, thermodynamics, cogeneration and power plans. He received his BS and MS degrees from the University of California, Berkeley, and his PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Professor Caton is a Fellow of both ASME and SAE. He has been focusing on the development and use of engine cycle simulations since 1997.
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