About the Author |
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xix | |
Preface |
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xxi | |
Acknowledgement |
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xxiii | |
Introduction |
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xxv | |
Conventions: Used by this Book |
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xxvii | |
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1 Scientific Method: General Concepts |
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1 | (8) |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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1.4 Scientific Notation as a Tool |
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2 | (7) |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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1.4.3 Operations with Powers of 10 |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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1.4.3.3 Adding and Subtracting |
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4 | (1) |
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1.4.3.4 Raising to a Number |
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4 | (1) |
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1.4.3.5 Expressing Roots as Exponents |
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5 | (1) |
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1.4.3.6 Extracting the Root |
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5 | (1) |
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1.4.4 Computers and Programming |
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6 | (1) |
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1.4.5 Engineering Notation |
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6 | (3) |
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2 Infinitesimal Calculus: A Brief Introduction |
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9 | (10) |
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9 | (1) |
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2.2 The Concept Behind Calculus |
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9 | (10) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (4) |
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15 | (4) |
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3 Atom: Quarks, Protons, and Electrons |
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19 | (8) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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3.4 Strong Force and Weak Force |
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21 | (1) |
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3.5 Conductors and Electricity |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (2) |
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4 Voltage and Current: Direct and Alternating Current and Voltage |
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27 | (14) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (3) |
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28 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Batteries in Series |
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29 | (1) |
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4.3.3 Batteries in Parallel |
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29 | (1) |
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4.4 Danger Will Robison, Danger! |
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30 | (1) |
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4.4.1 Never Invert Polarities |
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30 | (1) |
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4.4.2 Never Use Different Batteries |
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30 | (1) |
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4.4.3 Short-Circuiting Batteries |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (2) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (7) |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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4.8.3 Period and Frequency |
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35 | (1) |
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4.8.4 Peak-to-Peak Voltage |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (2) |
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5 Resistors: The Most Fundamental Component |
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41 | (10) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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5.11 Electric Characteristics |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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5.13 Resistors in Parallel |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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5.15 Input and Output Synchronism |
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47 | (4) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (3) |
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6 Ohm's Laws: Circuit Analysis |
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51 | (12) |
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51 | (1) |
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6.2 Basic Rules of Electricity |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (10) |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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6.5.2.2 Another Method to Obtain the Same Result |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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6.5.4.2 Another Method to Obtain the Same Result |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (4) |
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7 Delta-Wye Conversions: Circuit Analysis |
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63 | (10) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (2) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (8) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (2) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (2) |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (4) |
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8 Capacitors: And Electric Charges |
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73 | (30) |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (4) |
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75 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Construction Methods |
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76 | (1) |
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8.4 Electric Characteristics |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (2) |
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81 | (3) |
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8.8.1 Current on a Charging Capacitor |
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81 | (1) |
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8.8.2 Voltage on a Charging Capacitor |
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82 | (2) |
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84 | (3) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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8.11 Capacitive Reactance |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (3) |
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8.12.1 Mathematical Proof |
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89 | (2) |
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8.13 Electrolytic Capacitor |
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91 | (2) |
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93 | (1) |
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8.15 Capacitors in Series |
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93 | (1) |
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8.16 Capacitors in Parallel |
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94 | (1) |
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8.17 Capacitor Color Code |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (7) |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (5) |
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9 Electromagnetism: And the World Revolution |
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103 | (6) |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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9.3 Hans Christian 0rsted |
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103 | (2) |
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105 | (1) |
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9.5 Faraday First Experiment |
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105 | (1) |
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9.6 Faraday Second Experiment |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (2) |
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10 Inductors: Temperamental Devices |
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109 | (14) |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (3) |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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10.10 Current Across an Inductor |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (3) |
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10.11.1 Alternating Voltage and Current |
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117 | (2) |
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119 | (4) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (3) |
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11 Transformers: Not the Movie |
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123 | (6) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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11.2 Connected by the Magnetic Field |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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11.4 Primary and Secondary |
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124 | (1) |
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11.5 Real-Life Transformer |
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125 | (1) |
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11.6 Multiple Secondaries |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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11.8 Law of Conservation of Energy |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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11.10 Internal Resistance |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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12 Generators: And Motors |
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129 | (4) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (2) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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13 Semiconductors: And Their Junctions |
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133 | (10) |
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133 | (1) |
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13.2 It All Started with a Light Bulb |
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133 | (2) |
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135 | (8) |
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135 | (1) |
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13.3.1.1 Making the Structure More Negative |
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136 | (1) |
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13.3.1.2 Making the Structure More Positive |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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13.3.1.9 Relation Between Current and Voltage |
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141 | (2) |
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14 Diodes and Transistors: Active Components |
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143 | (4) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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14.5 The Transistor, Finally! |
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144 | (3) |
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14.5.1 How Transistors Work? |
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145 | (2) |
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15 Voltage and Current Sources: Circuit Analysis |
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147 | (4) |
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147 | (1) |
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15.2 Independent DC Voltage Sources |
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147 | (1) |
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15.3 Independent AC Voltage Sources |
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147 | (1) |
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15.4 Dependent Voltage Sources |
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148 | (1) |
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15.5 Independent Current Sources |
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149 | (1) |
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15.6 Dependent Current Sources |
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149 | (2) |
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16 Source Transformations: Circuit Analysis |
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151 | (14) |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (2) |
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153 | (12) |
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153 | (7) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (4) |
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17 Impedance and Phase: Circuit Analysis |
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165 | (16) |
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165 | (1) |
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17.2 This Is Just a Phase |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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17.3.2 Parallel Impedances |
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166 | (1) |
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17.4 Capacitive Impedance |
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167 | (2) |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (4) |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (2) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (2) |
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17.7 The Importance of Impedances in Real Life |
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173 | (8) |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (2) |
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17.7.1.2 What About a Bigger Load? |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (4) |
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181 | (16) |
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181 | (1) |
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18.2 Electric Power and Work |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (4) |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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18.5.2.1 Average Value of a Sinusoidal Function |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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18.5.4 Back to the Second Oven |
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187 | (1) |
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18.6 Real, Apparent, and Reactive Power |
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188 | (9) |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (5) |
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19 Kirchhoff's Laws: Circuit Analysis |
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197 | (18) |
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197 | (1) |
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197 | (2) |
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19.2.1 Nodes or Junctions |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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19.2.3 Kirchhoffs First Law |
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198 | (1) |
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19.2.4 Kirchhoffs Second Law |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (16) |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (5) |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (5) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (4) |
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20 Nodal Analysis: Circuit Analysis |
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215 | (20) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (20) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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20.2.1.2 Circuit Analysis |
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216 | (1) |
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20.2.1.3 Kirchhoff's Laws |
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216 | (3) |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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20.2.2.2 Applying Kirchhoffs Laws |
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219 | (2) |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (3) |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (8) |
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21 Thevenin's Theorem: Circuit Analysis |
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235 | (22) |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (22) |
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21.2.1 The Equivalent Thevenin Circuit |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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21.2.3.1 Thevenin Equivalent Resistance |
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237 | (2) |
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21.2.3.2 Thevenin Equivalent Voltage |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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21.2.3.6 The Thevenin Voltage |
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243 | (2) |
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245 | (2) |
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247 | (3) |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (6) |
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22 Norton' Theorem: Circuit Analysis |
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257 | (12) |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (12) |
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22.2.1 Finding Norton Equivalent Circuit |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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22.2.3.1 Finding the Norton Current Source |
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258 | (5) |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (5) |
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23 Superposition Theorem: Circuit Analysis |
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269 | (18) |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (17) |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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23.4.1.2 Relation Between Voltage A and C |
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271 | (2) |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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274 | (2) |
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276 | (2) |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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23.4.3.3 Voltage Across A and B |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (5) |
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24 Millman's Theorem: Circuit Analysis |
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287 | (10) |
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287 | (1) |
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287 | (4) |
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287 | (3) |
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290 | (1) |
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291 | (6) |
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291 | (1) |
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291 | (3) |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (2) |
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25 RC Circuits: Voltage and Current Analysis in Circuits Containing Resistors and Capacitors in Series |
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297 | (44) |
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297 | (1) |
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25.2 Charging a Capacitor |
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297 | (11) |
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298 | (3) |
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301 | (4) |
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305 | (3) |
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308 | (7) |
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25.3.1.1 Transient and Steady States |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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25.3.3 Discharging a Capacitor |
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310 | (1) |
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25.3.3.1 Charge During Discharge |
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311 | (3) |
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25.3.3.2 Voltage During Discharge |
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314 | (1) |
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25.3.4 Current During Discharge |
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314 | (1) |
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315 | (26) |
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315 | (1) |
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25.4.1.1 Current Flowing as the Switch Is Turned On |
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316 | (1) |
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25.4.1.2 Current and Voltage After 1s |
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316 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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25.4.2.1 Current Before the Switch Is Moved |
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318 | (1) |
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25.4.2.2 Current as the Switch Is Moved |
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318 | (1) |
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25.4.2.3 Voltage After 2s |
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318 | (1) |
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25.4.2.4 Current After 2s |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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25.4.3.1 After the Switch Is Closed |
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320 | (2) |
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322 | (1) |
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25.4.4.1 Circuit's Impedance |
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323 | (2) |
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325 | (1) |
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25.4.4.3 Power Factor and Phase Angle |
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325 | (1) |
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25.4.4.4 The Apparent, the Real, and the Reactive Power |
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326 | (2) |
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328 | (2) |
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330 | (11) |
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26 RL Circuits: Voltage and Current Analysis in Circuits Containing Resistors and Inductors in Series |
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341 | (36) |
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341 | (1) |
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341 | (8) |
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26.2.1 Current During Energizing |
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342 | (4) |
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26.2.2 Voltage During Energizing |
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346 | (3) |
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349 | (5) |
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26.3.1 Current During De-energizing |
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349 | (3) |
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26.3.2 Voltage During De-energizing |
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352 | (1) |
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26.3.2.1 RL Time Constant |
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353 | (1) |
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26.3.2.2 Transient and Steady States |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (23) |
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354 | (1) |
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26.4.1.1 Current After 10ms |
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355 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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26.4.2.1 Current Before the Switch Is Moved |
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356 | (1) |
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26.4.2.2 Current as the Switch Is Moved |
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356 | (1) |
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26.4.2.3 Voltage After 5ms |
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357 | (1) |
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26.4.2.4 Current After 5ms |
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357 | (1) |
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358 | (1) |
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26.4.3.1 The Circuit's Impedance |
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358 | (1) |
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359 | (1) |
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360 | (1) |
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26.4.3.4 The Apparent, the Real, and the Reactive Power |
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361 | (1) |
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362 | (3) |
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365 | (12) |
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27 RLC Circuits: Part 1: Voltage Analysis in Circuits Containing Resistors, Capacitors, and Inductors in Series |
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377 | (50) |
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377 | (1) |
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27.2 A Basic RLC Series Circuit |
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377 | (31) |
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380 | (1) |
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27.2.2 Voltage Across the Capacitor |
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381 | (2) |
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27.2.3 Back to the Equation |
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383 | (1) |
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27.2.3.1 Steady-State Solution |
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383 | (1) |
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27.2.4 Transient Solution |
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384 | (2) |
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27.2.4.1 The Roots of the Equation |
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386 | (2) |
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27.2.4.2 Critically Damped Solution |
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388 | (9) |
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27.2.4.3 Overdamped Solution |
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397 | (4) |
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27.2.4.4 Underdamped Solution |
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401 | (7) |
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408 | (19) |
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408 | (1) |
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27.3.1.1 What Is the Voltage Across the Capacitor After the Switch Is Closed? |
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409 | (1) |
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27.3.1.2 What Is the Voltage Across the Capacitor Two Seconds After the Switch Is Closed? |
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409 | (3) |
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27.3.1.3 What Is the Circuit's Natural Resonance Frequency? |
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412 | (1) |
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412 | (1) |
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27.3.2.1 The Complete Equation for the Voltage Across the Capacitor |
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413 | (5) |
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418 | (1) |
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419 | (8) |
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28 RLC Circuits: Part 2: Current Analysis in Circuits Containing Resistors, Capacitors, and Inductors in Series |
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427 | (24) |
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427 | (1) |
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427 | (3) |
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428 | (2) |
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430 | (2) |
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28.3.1 Critically Damped Solution |
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430 | (1) |
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430 | (1) |
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28.3.2 Overdamped Solution |
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431 | (1) |
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431 | (1) |
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28.3.3 Underdamped Solution |
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431 | (1) |
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432 | (1) |
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432 | (19) |
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432 | (1) |
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28.4.1.1 What Is the Current Across the Circuit After the Switch Is Closed? |
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433 | (1) |
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28.4.1.2 What Is the Current Across the Circuit Two Seconds After the Switch Is Closed? |
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433 | (4) |
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437 | (1) |
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438 | (4) |
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442 | (1) |
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443 | (8) |
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29 Transistor Amplifiers: The Magic Component |
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451 | (34) |
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451 | (1) |
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29.2 Transistor as Amplifiers |
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451 | (1) |
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29.3 The Water Storage Tank |
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451 | (1) |
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452 | (1) |
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452 | (1) |
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452 | (1) |
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29.7 Quiescent Operating Point |
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453 | (1) |
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454 | (31) |
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454 | (1) |
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455 | (22) |
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477 | (2) |
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479 | (6) |
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30 Operational Amplifiers: A Brief Introduction |
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485 | (24) |
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485 | (1) |
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30.2 Operational Amplifiers |
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485 | (1) |
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486 | (2) |
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30.4 Op-Amp Characteristics |
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488 | (1) |
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30.5 Typical Configurations |
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488 | (21) |
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488 | (3) |
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30.5.2 Non-inverting Op-Amp |
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491 | (2) |
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493 | (4) |
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30.5.4 Non-inverting Summing Amplifier |
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497 | (3) |
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30.5.4.1 Summing Two Inputs |
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500 | (1) |
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30.5.4.2 Summing Three Inputs |
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501 | (1) |
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30.5.5 Inverting Summing Amplifier |
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502 | (3) |
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505 | (2) |
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507 | (2) |
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31 Instrumentation and Bench: A Brief Introduction |
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509 | (12) |
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509 | (1) |
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509 | (1) |
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31.2.1 True RMS Multimeter |
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510 | (1) |
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510 | (1) |
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511 | (1) |
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512 | (1) |
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513 | (1) |
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513 | (2) |
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515 | (1) |
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516 | (1) |
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516 | (1) |
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517 | (1) |
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31.11 Soldering Fume Extractors |
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517 | (1) |
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517 | (1) |
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31.13 A Few Images of Real Products |
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518 | (3) |
Appendix A International System of Units (SI) |
|
521 | (2) |
Appendix B Color Code: Resistors |
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523 | (2) |
Appendix C Root Mean Square (RMS) Value |
|
525 | (4) |
Appendix D Complex Numbers |
|
529 | (8) |
Appendix E Table of Integrals |
|
537 | (2) |
Appendix F AWG Versus Metric System: Wire Cross Sections |
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539 | (2) |
Appendix G Resistors: Commercial Values |
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541 | (2) |
Appendix H Capacitors: Commercial Values |
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543 | (6) |
Appendix I Inductors: Commercial Values |
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549 | (8) |
Appendix J Simulation Tools |
|
557 | (2) |
Appendix K Glossary |
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559 | (4) |
Index |
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563 | |