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E-raamat: Irregular Negatives, Implicatures, and Idioms

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Irregular Negatives, Implicatures, and IdiomsSuurem pilt
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Integrating and expanding on previous publications about irregular negations and their deployment in idiomatic speech, the author has developed this core aspect of his research into a systematic exposition of his latest thinking. As well as the volume’s considered portrayal of the metalinguistic aspects of irregular negations, the implicatures they are given by idiomatic usage, and the pragmatic explicature theories that relate to them, additional sections of this substantive contribution to linguistics are devoted to supporting the author’s thesis with revealing analogies that at the same time shed light on other linguistic expressions which have puzzled both linguists and philosophers.

This book goes further to explore previously unclassified irregular question formulations with an identical form (and identical negation) to its regular counterpart, but a divergent interpretation. The analysis also extends to unadorned numerical noun phrases such as ‘two girls’, whose much-debated indeterminacy cannot, in the author’s view, be explained by theories such as the ‘free enrichment’ theory advocated by Carston, any more than it can be attributed to lexical or syntactic factors. Instead, this study posits a requirement for added conceptual support to render these phrases determinate and in doing so argues for a redrawn definition of the linguistic characteristics of idioms more generally.

1 Irregular Negatives
1(50)
1.1 Regular Negations
1(3)
1.2 Irregular Negations
4(6)
1.3 Marks of Regularity and Irregularity
10(8)
1.3.1 Morphological and Nominal Incorporation
10(1)
1.3.2 "Redundancy" Adverbs
11(1)
1.3.3 Polarity Licensing
11(1)
1.3.4 Not-but Form
12(1)
1.3.5 Focal Stress
13(1)
1.3.6 Intonation
14(1)
1.3.7 Weak Echoicity
14(1)
1.3.8 Clarifying Sequent
15(1)
1.3.9 Tag Questions
16(1)
1.3.10 Clauses with Secondary Verb-Forms
17(1)
1.3.11 `Not' as Negative Pro-Form
18(1)
1.4 Presupposition-Canceling Denials
18(3)
1.5 Other Irregular Negatives
21(8)
1.6 Metalinguistic and Strong Echoic Theories
29(6)
1.7 Burton-Roberts's Theory
35(2)
1.8 Van der Sandt's Theory
37(4)
1.9 Ambiguity
41(10)
References
47(4)
2 Implicating
51(34)
2.1 Speaker Implicature and Saying
51(5)
2.2 Semantic versus Conversational Implicature
56(3)
2.3 General Forms of Conversational Implicature
59(7)
2.3.1 Figures of Speech (Tropes)
59(3)
2.3.2 Modes of Speech
62(3)
2.3.3 Entailment Implicatures
65(1)
2.3.4 Embedded Implicatures
66(1)
2.4 Conventionality
66(2)
2.5 Sentence Implicature
68(17)
2.5.1 Limiting Implicatures
70(1)
2.5.2 Ignorance Implicatures
71(2)
2.5.3 Strengthening Implicatures
73(1)
2.5.4 Evaluative Implicatures
74(1)
2.5.5 Common Litotes
75(1)
2.5.6 Common Metaphors
76(1)
2.5.7 Entailment Implicatures
76(1)
2.5.8 Embedded Implicatures
77(1)
2.5.9 Implicature, Focal Stress, and Topic
78(2)
2.5.10 Conventionality
80(1)
References
81(4)
3 Irregular Negative Conventions
85(54)
3.1 The First Implicature-Denial Rule
85(4)
3.2 Limiting-Implicature Denials
89(6)
3.3 Ignorance-Implicature Denials
95(3)
3.4 Metalinguistic- and Evaluative-Implicature Denials
98(2)
3.5 Strengthening-Implicature Denials
100(3)
3.6 Presupposition-Canceling Denials
103(17)
3.6.1 Conjunction Implicatures
104(4)
3.6.2 Truth or Correctness Implicatures
108(6)
3.6.3 The Convention
114(4)
3.6.4 The Liar's "Revenge"
118(2)
3.7 Subcontraries and NL Contradictories
120(1)
3.8 Irregular Contraries
121(9)
3.9 Roots with NPIs and Grammatical Equivalents
130(1)
3.10 The Second Implicature-Denial Rule
131(8)
3.10.1 Presuppositions and Semantic Implicatures
132(1)
3.10.2 Ignorance Implicatures
133(1)
3.10.3 Common Litotes
134(1)
3.10.4 Common Metaphors
134(1)
3.10.5 Embedded Implicatures
135(1)
3.10.6 Contrary-Denying Implicatures
135(1)
3.10.7 General Rule
136(1)
References
136(3)
4 Implicature Theories
139(38)
4.1 Standard Implicature Theory
139(2)
4.2 Favorable Cases
141(2)
4.3 Unfavorable Cases
143(1)
4.4 Detachability and Grice's Razor
144(3)
4.5 Calculability
147(8)
4.5.1 Limiting Implicatures
149(2)
4.5.2 Limiting-Implicature Denials
151(1)
4.5.3 NR Contraries
152(3)
4.6 Contradiction
155(2)
4.7 Neo-Gricean Pragmatics
157(4)
4.8 Relevance Theory
161(3)
4.9 The Reverse Implicature Theory of Presupposition-Canceling Denials
164(8)
4.10 "Short-Circuited Implicatures"
172(5)
References
173(4)
5 Pragmatic Explicature Theories
177(32)
5.1 Pragmatic Explicature
177(4)
5.2 `Explicature'
181(3)
5.3 Pragmatic Explicature vs. Implicature
184(5)
5.4 `Say" Implicate,' and `Impliciture'
189(3)
5.5 Elliptical and Indexical Explicature
192(3)
5.6 Generality vs. Ambiguity
195(8)
5.7 Underspecified Senses
203(2)
5.8 Razor Arguments
205(4)
References
206(3)
6 Free-Form Idiom Theory
209(54)
6.1 Direct Irregular Negatives
209(7)
6.2 Conventionality
216(4)
6.3 Idioms, Compositionality, and Productivity
220(17)
6.3.1 Idioms as Syntactically Structured but Noncompositional Expressions
221(3)
6.3.2 Partially Compositional Idioms
224(5)
6.3.3 Productive Idioms
229(3)
6.3.4 Fixed-Form vs. Free-Form Idioms
232(2)
6.3.5 Table of Idiomatic Expressions
234(3)
6.4 How Non-Compositional Forms Can Be Productive
237(3)
6.5 Word and Sentence Meaning
240(5)
6.6 "Construction Grammar"
245(3)
6.7 Compositionality
248(15)
6.7.1 The Property of Compositionality
248(2)
6.7.2 Functionality and Determination
250(3)
6.7.3 The Property of Universal Compositionality
253(3)
6.7.4 The Learnability Argument
256(1)
References
257(6)
7 Other Free-Form Idioms
263
7.1 Irregular Interrogatives
263(4)
7.2 Self-Restricted Verb Phrases
267(5)
7.3 Numerical Verb Phrases
272(21)
7.3.1 Semantic Non-Specificity Views
274(3)
7.3.2 Neo-Gricean Implicature Theory
277(4)
7.3.3 The Literal Exclusive Meaning
281(6)
7.3.4 The Inclusive Interpretation as Implicature
287(2)
7.3.5 The Inclusive Interpretation as Idiomatic
289(4)
7.4 Transparent Reports, Positive and Negative
293(17)
7.4.1 Ambiguity
297(3)
7.4.2 Idiomaticity
300(4)
7.4.3 Semantic Conventions
304(6)
7.5 The Xer, the Yer
310(3)
7.6 Irregular Comparatives
313
References
314
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