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E-raamat: Judicial Decision-Making in a Globalised World: A Comparative Analysis of the Changing Practices of Western Highest Courts

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Judicial Decision-Making in a Globalised World: A Comparative Analysis of the Changing Practices of Western Highest CourtsSuurem pilt
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Why do judges study legal sources that originated outside their own national legal system, and how do they use arguments from these sources in deciding domestic cases? Based on interviews with judges, this book presents the inside story of how judges engage with international and comparative law in the highest courts of the United Kingdom, Canada, the United States, France and the Netherlands. A comparative analysis of the views and experiences of the judges clarifies how the decision-making of these Western courts has developed in light of the internationalisation of law and the increased opportunities for transnational judicial communication. While the qualitative analysis reveals the motives that judges claim for using foreign law and the influence of 'globalist' and 'localist' approaches to judging, the author also finds suggestions of a convergence of practices between the courts that are the subject of this study. This empirical analysis is complemented by a constitutional-theoretical inquiry into the procedural and substantive factors of legal evolution, which enable or constrain the development and possible convergence of highest courts' practices. The two strands of the analysis are connected in a final contextual reflection on the future development of the role of Western highest courts.

Arvustused

Elaine Mak's excellent book brings an important contribution to the current debate on judicial decision-making in a globalized world.

...the reviewers strongly suggest the reading of this brilliant book which has all the qualities for becoming a "must-read" for...scholars and practitioners -- Suzanne Comtois and Mauro Zamboni * Canadian Journal of Administrative Law and Practice, volume 27, 2014 * It is a very meticulous and welcome, but specialized, addition to the globalization of law literature...

in meticulously tracking down the prevalence of references to foreign and transitional law in the work of national judges, Professor Mak has pointed to something new in the legal world.

the virtues of this book are many[ it] contributes importantly to what I hope will be a growing field of trans-Atlantic studies. -- Martin Shapiro * Law and Politics Book Review * Maks comparative study offers a significant contribution to the scholarship on the use of foreign legal materials in legal developments. The close scrutiny of the inner workings of the highest courts also make it a welcome addition to the field of comparative judicial studies. The book certainly merits attention from both lawyers and political scientists. -- Sophie Turenne * International and Comparative Law Quarterly * ...fresh, ambitious, and hypothesis generating - her book contributes to a powerful research agenda for scholars in the field. -- Erin F Delaney * Public Law * Mak provides an accessible comparative analysis that can and should be enjoyed by those with an interest in the influences on judicial decision-making. -- Melanie Hodges Neufeld * Canadian Law Library *

Acknowledgments v
Table of Cases
xiii
1 Introduction: Highest Courts in Flux
1(13)
I The Trend of Judicial Internationalisation
2(1)
II Why Do Judges Cite Foreign Law?
3(3)
III Learning from the Views of Judges
6(2)
IV Scope of the Research
8(6)
V Outline of the Book
10(4)
2 Understanding the Development of Highest Courts' Practices: A Constitutional-Theoretical Approach
14(22)
I Constitutional Theory and Legal Evolution
16(4)
A Understanding Legal Evolution through Constitutional Theory
16(2)
B Concept of `Constitutional (In-)Flexibility'
18(2)
II Procedural Aspects of Legal Evolution
20(8)
A Detail of Constitutional Norms
20(1)
B Modalities for Revision of the Constitution
21(3)
C Approach of the Interpreter of the Constitution
24(2)
D Impact of International Law in the Domestic Legal System
26(2)
III Substantive Aspects of Legal Evolution
28(7)
A Democratic Justification of Judicial Decisions
28(1)
(i) Authority of the Consulted Sources
29(2)
(i) Nature of the Judicial Competence
31(1)
B Legal Tradition
32(2)
C Nature of Cases
34(1)
D Effectiveness and Efficiency of Judicial Decision-Making
34(1)
IV Conclusion
35(1)
3 Introducing the Comparative and Empirical Analysis
36(32)
I Anglo-Saxon Model: A Single Highest Court (United Kingdom, Canada, United States)
36(9)
A Competences of Review
37(1)
(i) UK Supreme Court
37(1)
(ii) Supreme Court of Canada
37(1)
(iii) US Supreme Court
38(1)
B Composition: Judges and Staff
39(1)
(i) UK Supreme Court
39(1)
(ii) Supreme Court of Canada
40(1)
(iii) US Supreme Court
41(1)
C Caseload
42(1)
(i) UK Supreme Court
42(1)
(ii) Supreme Court of Canada
43(1)
(iii) US Supreme Court
44(1)
II French Model: Multiple Highest Courts (France, the Netherlands)
45(14)
A Competences of Review
46(1)
(i) Courts of Cassation
46(1)
(ii) Supreme Administrative Courts
47(2)
(iii) Conseil Constitutionnel
49(2)
B Composition: Judges and Staff
51(1)
(i) Courts of Cassation
51(1)
(ii) Supreme Administrative Courts
52(2)
(iii) Conseil Constitutionnel
54(1)
C Caseload
55(1)
(i) Courts of Cassation
55(2)
(ii) Supreme Administrative Courts
57(1)
(iii) Conseil Constitutionnel
58(1)
III Comparing the Courts
59(3)
A Competences of Review
59(2)
B Composition
61(1)
C Caseload
61(1)
IV An Empirical Analysis
62(5)
A Interviewed Judges
62(2)
B The Interviews
64(2)
C Other Sources: Case Law, Speeches and Articles
66(1)
V Conclusion
67(1)
4 Incorporating the Transnational: Judicial Roles, Relations and Working Methods in a Globalised World
68(71)
I Judicial Roles in a Globalised World
69(14)
A Guardian of the Law
69(1)
(i) Ensuring the Uniform Application of the Law
69(7)
(ii) Ensuring the Protection of Fundamental Rights
76(2)
B A Developer of the Law
78(1)
(i) Judicial Authority and Autonomy in a Globalised World
78(2)
(ii) Horizontal Dialogue: Leadership amongst One's Peers
80(1)
(iii) Vertical Dialogue: Leadership vis-a-vis the European Courts
80(2)
C Conclusion
82(1)
II International Relations of the Highest Courts
83(30)
A Judicial Networks and Exchanges
83(1)
(i) UK Supreme Court
84(1)
(ii) Supreme Court of Canada
85(3)
(iii) US Supreme Court
88(2)
(iv) French Highest Courts
90(5)
(v) Dutch Highest Courts
95(3)
B Individual Views Concerning Globalisation
98(1)
(i) Involvement in Debate About Globalisation
99(3)
(ii) Influence of `Globalist' and `Localist' Mind-Sets of Judges
102(4)
(iii) Judicial Politics
106(1)
(iv) Personal Background
107(2)
C National Judges in International Courts
109(3)
D Conclusion
112(1)
III Working Methods in a Globalised World
113(24)
A Internal Research of International and Comparative Law
114(1)
(i) UK Supreme Court
114(1)
(ii) Supreme Court of Canada
115(1)
(iii) US Supreme Court
116(1)
(iv) French Highest Courts
116(1)
(v) Dutch Highest Courts
117(3)
B Role of Counsel, Amid Curiae and Interveners
120(1)
(i) UK Supreme Court
120(1)
(ii) Supreme Court of Canada
121(1)
(iii) US Supreme Court
122(1)
(iv) French Highest Courts
123(1)
(v) Dutch Highest Courts
123(1)
C Deliberations
124(1)
(i) UK Supreme Court
124(1)
(ii) Supreme Court of Canada
125(1)
(iii) US Supreme Court
126(1)
(iv) French Highest Courts
127(1)
(v) Dutch Highest Courts
128(1)
D Published Judgments
129(1)
(i) UK Supreme Court
129(1)
(ii) Supreme Court of Canada
130(1)
(iii) US Supreme Court
131(1)
(iv) French Highest Courts
132(3)
(v) Dutch Highest Courts
135(1)
E Conclusion
136(1)
IV Conclusion
137(2)
5 The Use of Foreign Law in Judicial Decision-Making
139(78)
I Status of Foreign Law
140(23)
A Impact of International Law
141(1)
(i) UK Supreme Court
141(3)
(ii) Supreme Court of Canada
144(1)
(iii) US Supreme Court
145(1)
(iv) French Highest Courts
146(2)
(v) Dutch Highest Courts
148(2)
B Role of Comparative Law
150(1)
(i) UK Supreme Court
150(1)
(ii) Supreme Court of Canada
151(3)
(iii) US Supreme Court
154(4)
(iv) French Highest Courts
158(2)
(v) Dutch Highest Courts
160(1)
C Conclusion
161(2)
II Use of Foreign Law: Examples from Case Law
163(35)
A Use of International Law
163(1)
(i) UK Supreme Court
163(3)
(ii) Supreme Court of Canada
166(3)
(iii) US Supreme Court
169(2)
(iv) French Highest Courts
171(2)
(v) Dutch Highest Courts
173(5)
B Use of Comparative Law
178(1)
(i) UK Supreme Court
178(3)
(ii) Supreme Court of Canada
181(6)
(iii) US Supreme Court
187(3)
(iv) French Highest Courts
190(4)
(v) Dutch Highest Courts
194(3)
C Conclusion
197(1)
III Justification of Developed Practices
198(15)
A Judicial Argumentation and the Style of Judgments
198(1)
(i) Citation of Foreign Legal Materials
199(1)
(ii) Why Judges Cite Foreign Law
200(3)
(iii) Methodological Challenges
203(3)
B Selection of Comparative Legal Materials: Tradition, Language and Prestige
206(1)
(i) UK Supreme Court
206(1)
(ii) Supreme Court of Canada
206(3)
(iii) US Supreme Court
209(2)
(iv) French Highest Courts
211(1)
(v) Dutch Highest Courts
212(1)
C Conclusion
213(1)
IV Conclusion
213(4)
6 Conclusion: Assessing the Development of Highest Courts' Practices
217(23)
I Constitutional (In-)Flexibility in Action: Procedural and Substantive Explanations for the Development of Highest Courts' Practices
217(17)
A Procedural Explanations
218(1)
(i) Accommodating Change Through Constitutional Norms
218(5)
(i) Accommodating Change Through Constitutional Interpretation
223(4)
B Substantive Explanations
227(1)
(i) Democratic Justification of Judicial Decisions
227(3)
(ii) Legal Tradition and the Nature of Cases: Contextual Factors for the Use of Foreign Law
230(2)
(iii) Effectiveness and Efficiency of Judicial Decision-Making
232(1)
C Conclusion
233(1)
II Epilogue: The Future of Judicial Internationalisation
234(6)
A Judges' View of the Future
234(3)
B Possible Scenarios for the Future
237(3)
Annex: Interview Design 240(3)
Bibliography 243(14)
Index 257
Elaine Mak is Professor of Empirical Study of Public Law, in particular of Rule-of-Law Institutions, at the Erasmus University Rotterdam.
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