Lady Justice: An Anatomy of Allegory leaves conventional readings of this pivotal figure in European legal history far behind. Hayaert’s study brings together an analysis of thousands of images from the period 1400 – 1600, many of them previously overlooked, including artwork, frontispieces, legal texts, sculptures and statues in public spaces and in court buildings scattered across six countries. Lady Justice is taken apart and considered afresh - organ by organ, limb by limb, digit by digit, making a case for a treatment of allegory in all its complexity, ambiguity and affective force.
This unique interdisciplinary study exceeds the iconographic orthodoxy of art historians and the reductive interpretations of legal historians alike. Setting aside styles and schools, ranging widely across time and space, Hayaert identifies Lady Justice as the seat of law’s conscience, an archetype of the judge’s daimon, and an affective, numinous address to all who, over the course of seven centuries, have found themselves moved by her redolent and inextinguishable presence.
Dismembering and remembering the sensual and spiritual body of Lady Justice in this wholly novel interpretation of the optical allegory of Iustitia.
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With breathtaking erudition and nuance, Hayaerts Lady Justice shows us the historic powerjuridical, ethical, affectiveof this key allegorical figure. In Justices gestures, postures, choreography, her contradictions and enigmas, we find both "the monstrosity of human judgement" and a longing to repair laws estrangement from justice. A major achievement. * Julie Stone Peters, Columbia University * A veritable treasure trove of Justices in multiple media, made in Europe mostly in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and covering a rangy span from the 1300s to the early twenty-first century. In presenting such a gorgeous array (literally: images of almost all works discussed are beautifully reproduced in the book), Hayaert immeasurably enriches our disciplines reference points for imagining justice in female form. -- Isobel Roele * Frontiers of Sociolegal Studies *
Introduction
Periodization; Terminus ante quem; Justitia and her siblings: the four
cardinal virtues; Justitias avatars: an art of gestural ethics; Lady
Justices polyonomy; Images in movement; Justicia and Vengeance; Before the
Law; Sources; The two faces of Justice; Allegory as a medium for judicial
reform; Interpretative plurality; Precellence of women?An ethics of affects?
Chapter One: Images of Justice
Ekphrasis: Gregor Bersman; Ekphrastic epigrams of Justice; Goddess Justitia
and the paradoxes of icones symbolicae; The Divine nature of Justice; A
Judicial Ekphrasis; Bersmans emblemology: The Leipzig context; Justitia
quadrata; Justice as Puritas; The Lorica Iustitiae; Books, Scales and
Cornucopia; The Sword: Alienum Opus Facio; Bodily synecdoches; Conclusion;
Appendix: Translation of Gregor Bersmans Imago Justitiae
Chapter Two: The paradoxes of Lady Justices blindfold
The allegory as a composite body; A phenomenological approach to allegory;
Early modern lawyers and their interpretation of the blindfold; Clarity and
ecstasy; Is the blindfold an attribute? Clear-sighted Justice in Greek and
Roman Antiquity; Sebastian Brandt and the fool blindfolding Justice; An
astute interpretation by Pierre Ayrault; Jacob de Caters emblematic verses;
(Extra) Sensory Perception; The diaphanous blindfold; In praise of blindness;
Continuing objections to the portrait of a blindfolded justice; Sculpting
Justice: The co-existence of a clear-sighted and blindfolded Justice; The
polysemy of the blindfold; André de Nesmonds Remonstrance; The Eye of the
Law; Conclusion
Chapter Three: Lady Justices Fingers: Gesture and Meaning
Gestural expressivity; The extended middle-finger as part of a mnemonic
technique; Transitory Hieroglyphics; The horn gesture as apotropaic; Deictic
index and judicial action; Gripping and handling; Hidden or discarded scales;
Power-grip and precision-handling; The power-grip pattern as a visual
rhetoric for a firm metrological order; Holding the scales: an archetype of
honest weighing; The watchful eye combined with precision-handling;
Conclusion
Chapter Four: Lady Justices Posture: Sitting, Standing or Walking?
Judicial temperament; Sitting Judges; The Legal Status of the Sitting Judge;
Sedendo et Dormiendo? The Judge as "Throne-Sharer of Dike"; Lady Justices
Throne; Standing Justices- The Myth of Astraea; Astraea as an Allegorical
Body in Motion; Astraea as Justitia Victrix; The Departure of Astraea from
Earth; Astraea, The Diva Fugax; The Countless Returns of the Goddess Astraea;
Astraea before the Peasants; Seditious Lady Justice; Walking Justices;
Fountains of Justice: Spatial Location and Communal Function; Reformed
Cities: A New Vision of Justice; Divine Justice and Earthly Rulers; Lady
Justice on the Forum; Conclusion: In the Orbit of Dame Justice
Chapter Five: Lady Justice and the Judges Body: Maimed Hands, Bare Knee
The Effigy of the Amputated Judge; A case study: Lady Justice standing in
front of the penitent judge; The Maimed Hands of the Bailiff; The Missing
Hands: A Shaming Ritual? A Double Effigy of Justice; Marten de Vos
Adorodokia; Clemency; Knee Gestures; The Knee as Seat of Clemency; Lady
Justices knee-gesture as an index of clemency; Justus Oldenkops
frontispiece as a judicial manifesto; The Bare Knee as a Sign of Virtue in
General; George Reverdys Allegory of Injustice; Nudity; Justitia meretrix:
Lady Justice as a courtesan;Vanquishing Nudes; Conclusion
Chapter Six: Justitias Body Movements: A Sensual Lesson in Symbolic
Fascinatio
A fascinating introduction; Triangle; Justitias Spatial Apparatus;
Mechanical Justice; Kisses; The erotic kiss;The kiss in theology; The kiss in
law; The kiss in politics; The kiss in economy; Polyglot and mystical kisses;
Conclusion
Chapter Seven: Lady Justices Fragility
The technology of inflicting death; Bruegels Justitia; Sleeping Justice;
Justitias dispassion in the stage-management of capital punishment; The two
swords of Lady Justice; Justice assaulted; Justice raped; Justice shackled
and disheveled; The Michelfeldt Tapestry; Justitia inter arma; Justitia
Vulnerata;Oppressed Justice; Justitia at the Crossroads
Epilogue: Why has Lady Justice survived until now?
Valérie Hayaert is Research Fellow at the Criminal Justice Centre of the University of Warwick. She is author of Mens emblematica et humanisme juridique (Librairie Droz, 2008), co-editor with Mara R. Wade of Emblematica: Essays in Word and Image Volume 1 (Librairie Droz, 2017) and co-editor with Peter Goodrich of Genealogies of Legal Vision (Routledge, 2015).
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