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E-raamat: Landslide Hazards, Risks, and Disasters

Editor-in-chief (Senior Research Scholar, Center for Afghanistan Studies, Emeritus Professor of Geography and Geology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA), Edited by , Edited by (Professor, School of Geological Sciences, University of Canterbury, New Zealand)
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  • Ilmumisaeg: 17-Oct-2021
  • Kirjastus: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128226452
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  • Ilmumisaeg: 17-Oct-2021
  • Kirjastus: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128226452

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Landslide Hazards, Risks, and Disasters, Second Edition examines the major aspects of mass movements and their consequences, also providing knowledge that forms the basis for more complete and accurate monitoring, prediction, preparedness, and reduction of landslide impact. The frequency and intensity of landslide hazards and disasters has consistently increased over the past century as society increasingly utilizes steep landscapes. Landslides and related phenomena can be triggered by other hazard and disaster processes—such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions and wildfires. This new edition of Landslide Hazards, Risks, and Disasters is fully updated, with completely new chapters on pertinent topics.

Knowledge, understanding and the ability to model landslide processes are becoming increasingly important as society extends its occupation of increasingly hilly and mountainous terrain, making this book a key resource for researchers and disaster managers in geophysics, geology and environmental science.

  • Provides an interdisciplinary perspective on the geological, seismological, physical, environmental and social impacts of landslides
  • Presents the latest research on causality, economic impacts, fatality rates, and landslide and problem soil preparedness and mitigation
  • Includes numerous tables, maps, diagrams, illustrations, photographs and videos of hazardous processes
  • Discusses steps for prevention and response to landslide hazards and problem soils
Contributors xv
Editorial foreword to the second edition xvii
1 Landslide hazards, risks and disasters: introduction
Tim Davies
Nick Rosser
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Understanding landslide hazards
1(4)
1.3 Understanding landslide risks
5(2)
1.4 Understanding future landslide disasters
7(2)
1.5 Conclusion
9(1)
References
10(3)
2 Landslide causes and triggers
Samuel T. McColl
2.1 Introduction
13(2)
2.2 Concept of instability
15(7)
2.3 Stability factors
22(13)
2.3.1 Material strength and topography
22(3)
2.3.2 Strength degradation
25(7)
2.3.3 Groundwater changes
32(2)
2.3.4 Ground shaking
34(1)
2.4 Summary and conclusion
35(1)
References
36(7)
3 Landslides in bedrock
Marc-Andre Brideau
Nicholas J. Roberts
3.1 Introduction
43(1)
3.2 Rock materials
44(5)
3.2.1 Structural control in strong rock
45(3)
3.2.2 Intact rock strength
48(1)
3.2.3 Rock mass strength
49(1)
3.3 Mass movement characteristics
49(4)
3.3.1 Volume and velocity
49(1)
3.3.2 Landslide displacement activity
50(1)
3.3.3 Progressive failure
51(2)
3.3.4 Runout
53(1)
3.4 Mass movement types
53(8)
3.4.1 Rockfalls
53(1)
3.4.2 Rockslides
54(1)
3.4.3 Rock spreads
55(1)
3.4.4 Rock avalanches
56(1)
3.4.5 Sackungen/deep-seated gravitational slope deformation
57(2)
3.4.6 Complex bedrock mass movements
59(1)
3.4.7 Secondary hazards associated with bedrock landslides
59(2)
3.5 Case studies
61(9)
3.5.1 Seymareh, Iran
61(2)
3.5.2 Mount Meager, Canada
63(3)
3.5.3 La Clapiere, France
66(2)
3.5.4 Threatening Rock, United States of America
68(2)
3.6 Bedrock landslide recognition and management
70(5)
3.6.1 Anticipation
70(3)
3.6.2 Avoidance
73(1)
3.6.3 Prevention
74(1)
3.7 Risk management of rock slopes
75(2)
3.8 Summary
77(1)
References
78(21)
4 Coseismic landslides
Bill Murphy
4.1 Seismically triggered landslides
99(11)
4.1.1 Introduction
99(1)
4.1.2 A note on terminology
100(2)
4.1.3 Landslides caused by earthquakes
102(6)
4.1.4 Geological materials and EILs
108(2)
4.2 Mechanics of earthquake-induced landslides
110(12)
4.2.1 Earthquake energy, magnitude and attenuation
110(3)
4.2.2 Topographic amplification and landslides
113(4)
4.2.3 Shaking and porewater pressures
117(3)
4.2.4 Summary
120(2)
4.3 Stability analysis and hazard assessment
122(10)
4.3.1 Pseudostatic and limit state models
122(2)
4.3.2 The Newmark Sliding block model
124(3)
4.3.3 Coupled analyses
127(2)
4.3.4 Statistical models, hazard mapping and GIS
129(3)
4.4 Limitations of current understanding
132(3)
4.4.1 Seismological unknowns
132(2)
4.4.2 Geotechnical considerations
134(1)
4.4.3 Concluding comments
134(1)
References
135(3)
Further reading
138(1)
5 Volcanic debris avalanches
Benjamin van Wyk de Vries
Audray Delcamp
5.1 Introduction
139(2)
5.2 Volcanic debris avalanches
141(2)
5.3 Types of volcanic landslides
143(2)
5.3.1 Large-scale volcano and substrata landslides
143(2)
5.4 Deep-seated volcanic landslide deformation: priming and triggers
145(1)
5.5 Deep-seated volcano gravitational deformation
146(1)
5.6 Regional tectonic influences
146(2)
5.7 Priming of volcanic landslides
148(1)
5.8 Triggering volcanic landslides
148(1)
5.9 The structure of volcanic landslides
149(1)
5.10 Volcanic landslide deposits
149(6)
5.10.1 Scar
152(1)
5.10.2 Toreva blocks
152(1)
5.10.3 Hummocks
152(1)
5.10.4 Inter-hummock areas
153(1)
5.10.5 Ridges
153(1)
5.10.6 Marginal zones
153(1)
5.10.7 Deposit facies
153(1)
5.10.8 Block facies
153(2)
5.10.9 Matrix facies
155(1)
5.10.10 Mixed facies
155(1)
5.10.11 Basal facies
155(1)
5.11 Debris avalanche textures and structures
155(1)
5.12 Secondary hazards of volcanic landslides
156(1)
5.13 Volcanic landslide transport mechanisms
157(1)
5.14 Hazards from volcanic landslides
158(1)
5.15 Summary
159(1)
References
159(6)
6 Peat landslides
Jeff Warburton
6.1 Introduction and background
165(2)
6.2 The nature of peat, its structure and material properties
167(3)
6.2.1 Peat properties
168(1)
6.2.2 Peat deposits and peat depths
169(1)
6.2.3 'Peat' or 'bog' mass movements?
170(1)
6.3 Morphology and classification of peat landslides
170(3)
6.3.1 A confused terminology
171(1)
6.3.2 A formal classification of peat landslides
172(1)
6.4 Relationship between landslide type and peat stratigraphy
173(3)
6.5 Impacts of peat landslides
176(7)
6.5.1 Example: Cashlaundrumlahan peat flow, Derrybrien, Ireland (October 2003)
179(2)
6.5.2 Example: failure during road construction, North Pennines, UK (August 2006)
181(2)
6.6 The runout of peat landslides
183(2)
6.7 Slope stability analysis of peat landslides and geotechnical properties
185(2)
6.8 Historical perspective on the frequency of peat landslides
187(4)
6.9 The future incidence of peat landslides
191(2)
6.10 Conclusion
193(1)
References
194(5)
7 Rock-snow-ice avalanches
Rosanna Sosio
7.1 Introduction
199(7)
7.2 Rapid mass movements on glaciers
206(17)
7.2.1 Frequency and distribution
206(3)
7.2.2 Causes
209(7)
7.2.3 Evolution
216(7)
7.3 RSI avalanche propagation
223(7)
7.3.1 Topographic effects
225(1)
7.3.2 Motion on low-friction glaciers
226(1)
7.3.3 Snow and ice content of the granular mass
227(1)
7.3.4 Melting of ice and snow due to frictional heating
228(2)
7.3.5 Snow and ice entrainment
230(1)
7.4 Implications for hazard assessment
230(5)
7.4.1 Probability of occurrence in time
231(1)
7.4.2 Zone of possible initiation
232(1)
7.4.3 Runout prediction
233(2)
7.5 Conclusions
235(2)
References
237(12)
8 Multiple landslide-damming episodes
Oliver Korup
Gonghui Wang
8.1 Introduction
249(2)
8.2 Previous work on landslide dams
251(1)
8.3 Landslide-dam episodes: lessons from case studies
252(11)
8.3.1 Wenchuan earthquake (Mw 7.9), China, 2008
252(7)
8.3.2 Murchison (Buller) earthquake (Mw 7.8), New Zealand, 1929
259(2)
8.3.3 Typhoon Talas, Japan, 2011
261(2)
8.4 Discussion
263(3)
8.5 Conclusions
266(1)
Acknowledgements
266(1)
References
266(3)
9 Rock avalanches onto glaciers
P. Deline
K. Hewitt
D. Shugar
N. Reznichenko
9.1 Introduction
269(14)
9.2 Processes
283(20)
9.2.1 Detachment zone and conditions
283(4)
9.2.2 Supraglacial motion
287(6)
9.2.3 Rock avalanche deposits and sedimentary properties
293(10)
9.3 Consequences
303(9)
9.3.1 Rock avalanche contribution to supraglacial debris covers
303(1)
9.3.2 Glacier dynamics in relation to rock avalanche deposits
304(6)
9.3.3 Atypical moraine complexes and implications for paleo-glacial sequences/reconstruction
310(1)
9.3.4 Post-landslide developments and hazards
311(1)
9.4 Case studies
312(8)
9.4.1 Recent rock avalanches onto glacier in Aoraki/Mount Cook area, New Zealand
313(1)
9.4.2 The 1991 Chillinji Glacier rock avalanche (western Karakoram)
314(4)
9.4.3 Holocene Horcones mass flow, Cerro Aconcagua (6961 m asl), Argentina
318(2)
9.5 Concluding remarks
320(1)
References
321(14)
10 Paleo-landslides
John J. Clague
10.1 Introduction
335(1)
10.2 Significance of paleo-Iandslides
336(1)
10.3 Recognition and mapping
337(10)
10.3.1 Role of geomorphology
338(8)
10.3.2 Role of stratigraphy and sedimentology
346(1)
10.4 Dating paleo-landslides
347(5)
10.4.1 Dendrochronology
348(1)
10.4.2 Radiocarbon dating
349(2)
10.4.3 Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide dating
351(1)
10.5 Temporal bias
352(1)
10.6 Role in landscape evolution
353(1)
10.7 Risk assessment
354(5)
10.7.1 Oso
355(1)
10.7.2 Cheekye Fan
356(3)
10.8 Conclusion
359(1)
References
360(5)
11 Remote sensing of landslide motion with emphasis on satellite multi-temporal interferometry applications: an overview
J. Wasowski
F. Bovenga
11.1 Introduction
365(3)
11.2 Brief introduction to DInSAR and Multi-Temporal Interferometry
368(12)
11.2.1 DInSAR and MTI
369(4)
11.2.2 Technical and practical aspects of MTI applied to landslide motion detection and monitoring
373(7)
11.3 Examples of different scale MTI applications to landslide motion detection and monitoring
380(21)
11.3.1 Reliability of MTI results
381(1)
11.3.2 Examples of MTI application from the Italian Alps: issues of radar visibility and sensitivity to down-slope movements
382(5)
11.3.3 Examples of MTI application from the Apennine Mountains: instability of hilltop towns
387(9)
11.3.4 Example of MTI application from the mountains of Haiti
396(1)
11.3.5 Example of GBInSAR application from the Southern Apennines, Italy
397(4)
11.4 Summary discussion
401(21)
11.4.1 Landslide motion detection and monitoring using MTI and other remote sensing techniques
408(2)
11.4.2 Underexploited and future MTI application opportunities
410(12)
Acknowledgements
422(1)
References
422(17)
12 Small landslides - frequent, costly and manageable
E.T. Bowman
12.1 Introduction
439(1)
12.2 Costs of small-medium landslides
439(3)
12.2.1 Financial and economic losses
439(2)
12.2.2 Social costs
441(1)
12.2.3 Environmental costs
442(1)
12.3 Frequency of landslides
442(1)
12.4 Management of landslides
443(5)
12.4.1 Analysis methods - understanding mechanisms
444(2)
12.4.2 Mitigation methods
446(2)
12.5 Size of manageable landslides
448(22)
12.5.1 Larger managed landslides
449(10)
12.5.2 Larger unmanaged landslides
459(2)
12.5.3 Smaller manageable landslides
461(9)
12.6 Conclusions
470(2)
References
472(7)
13 Analysis tools for mass movement assessment
Stefano Utili
Giovanni B. Crosta
13.1 Introduction
479(1)
13.2 The computational tools available
480(5)
13.3 Limit equilibrium methods
485(10)
13.3.1 Introduction
485(1)
13.3.2 Assumptions that make the problem determinate
486(4)
13.3.3 Limit equilibrium solutions: physical admissibility and optimal solutions
490(3)
13.3.4 Some critical considerations
493(2)
13.4 Limit analysis
495(1)
13.4.1 The limit analysis upper bound theorem
495(1)
13.5 Continuum numerical methods
496(2)
13.6 Distinct element method
498(2)
13.7 Conclusions
500(1)
References
500(5)
14 Landslides in a changing climate
Matthias Jakob
14.1 Introduction
505(4)
14.2 Rockfalls, rockslides and rock avalanches
509(3)
14.3 Shallow landslides and debris flows
512(6)
14.3.1 Direct climate change impacts on steep creek processes
512(4)
14.3.2 Indirect climate change effects
516(2)
14.4 Deep-seated landslides in soil
518(3)
14.5 Coastal landslides
521(3)
14.6 Landslides in the cryosphere
524(11)
14.6.1 Changes in periglacial processes
524(7)
14.6.2 Glacial changes
531(4)
14.7 Regional scale landslide response
535(1)
14.8 Landslide risk and economic considerations
536(9)
14.8.1 Landslide risk
536(7)
14.8.2 Economic considerations
543(2)
14.9 Adaptation and mitigation
545(2)
14.10 Summary
547(2)
14.11 Discussion and recommendations
549(13)
14.12 Concluding remarks
562(2)
Acknowledgements
564(1)
References
564(17)
15 Rockfall hazard and risk
Nick Rosser
Chris Massey
15.1 Background
581(3)
15.2 Definitions
584(1)
15.3 Case study 1: assessing rockfall hazard, North Yorkshire coast, UK
585(11)
15.3.1 Complete rockfall hazard inventories and magnitude frequency
586(5)
15.3.2 When is most hazardous? Rockfall timing
591(5)
15.4 Vulnerability to rockfall
596(4)
15.4.1 Rockfall hazard intensity
596(1)
15.4.2 Vulnerability of buildings to rockfalls
596(2)
15.4.3 Vulnerability of people to rockfalls
598(1)
15.4.4 Relating vulnerability to rockfall intensity
599(1)
15.5 Case study 2: Port Hills, Christchurch, NZ
600(11)
15.5.1 Damage ratio and damage state
602(9)
15.6 Summary and conclusions
611(2)
References
613(10)
16 Reducing landslide disaster impacts
Tim Davies
16.1 Introduction
623(2)
16.2 Disaster risk reduction: terminology and implications
625(1)
16.3 Fundamental weakness of DRR
626(2)
16.4 Disaster impacts
628(3)
16.4.1 Nature of impacts
628(1)
16.4.2 Anticipating landslide impacts
629(2)
16.5 Landslide disaster impact reduction
631(3)
16.5.1 Modifying the hazard event(s)
631(1)
16.5.2 Modifying the impacts
632(2)
16.6 Reducing the impacts of the next landslide disaster: a scenario approach
634(3)
16.6.1 Requirements of scenario
635(1)
16.6.2 Selection of impacts scenario
636(1)
16.6.3 Selection of strategy for reducing impacts
636(1)
16.7 Discussion
637(1)
16.8 Conclusions
637(1)
Acknowledgements
638(1)
References
638(3)
17 Geomorphic precursors of large landslides: seismic preconditioning and slope-top benches
Tim Davies
Danilo Moretti
17.1 Introduction
641(1)
17.2 Slope-top benches
642(1)
17.3 Mountain edifice response to coseismic shaking
643(3)
17.3.1 Topographic amplification: field evidence
643(1)
17.3.2 Deep-seated failure surfaces
643(3)
17.4 Field evidence
646(8)
17.4.1 Cascade rock avalanche, New Zealand
646(2)
17.4.2 Round Top rock avalanche
648(1)
17.4.3 Roche Pass slope failure
648(1)
17.4.4 Toppenish Ridge failure and rock avalanche
649(2)
17.4.5 Shimizu landslide
651(1)
17.4.6 Turiwhate
652(1)
17.4.7 Kelly Range
652(2)
17.5 Example of possible hazard: slope overlooking Franz Josef glacier township
654(8)
17.5.1 Hillslope
654(4)
17.5.2 Implications
658(1)
17.5.3 Consequences
659(1)
17.5.4 Failure probability
660(1)
17.5.5 Risk to life
661(1)
17.5.6 Risk management
661(1)
17.6 Discussion
662(1)
17.7 Conclusions
663(1)
Acknowledgements
664(1)
References
664(2)
Further reading
666(1)
Index 667
Dr. John (Jack) F. Shroder received his bachelors degree in geology from Union College in 1961; his masters in geology from the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1963, and his Ph.D. in geology at the University of Utah in 1967. He has been actively pursuing research on landforms and natural resources in the high mountain environments of the Rocky Mountains, the Afghanistan Hindu Kush, and the Karakoram Himalaya of Pakistan for over a half century. His teaching specialties have been primarily geomorphology, but also physical and historical geology and several other courses at the University of Nebraska at Omaha where he was the founding professor of the Geology major. While there he was instrumental in founding the Center for Afghanistan Studies in 1972, and he was the lead geologist for the Bethsaida Archaeological Project in Israel in the 1990s. He taught geology as an NSF-, USAID, and Fulbright-sponsored professor at Kabul University in 1977-78, as well as a Fulbright award to Peshawar University in 1983-84. He has some 63 written or edited books to his credit and more than 200 professional papers, with emphases on landslides, glaciers, flooding, and mineral resources in Afghanistan. He is a Fellow of the Geological Society of America and the American Association for the Advancement of Science and has received Distinguished Career awards from both the Mountain and the Geomorphology Specialty Groups of the Association of American Geographers. In the recent decade as an Emeritus Professor, he served as a Trustee of the Geological Society of America Foundation where he set up a research scholarship, the Shroder Mass Movement award for masters and doctoral candidates. For the past two decades, he has been the Editor-in-Chief for the Developments in Earth Surface Processes book series of Elsevier Publishing, as well as the 10-volumes of the Treatise on Geomorphology, and the Hazards, Risks, and Disasters book series, both in second editions. Recently, Dr. Shroder was ranked among the top 2 percent of researchers worldwide by the October study conducted by Stanford University. Tim Davies is a Professor in the School of Earth and Environment at the University of Canterbury (NZ). His research focusses on the application of geomorphology in prediction of landform response to disturbance, in particular in the context of natural hazard assessment and disaster impact reduction. Nick Rosser is a Professor of Physical Geography at Durham University (UK). His research interests are around landslides and rockfalls, with a particular focus on high-resolution 4D monitoring of rock slope failure, and earthquake-triggered landslides.