Contributors |
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xv | |
Editorial foreword to the second edition |
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xvii | |
1 Landslide hazards, risks and disasters: introduction |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Understanding landslide hazards |
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1 | (4) |
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1.3 Understanding landslide risks |
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5 | (2) |
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1.4 Understanding future landslide disasters |
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7 | (2) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (3) |
2 Landslide causes and triggers |
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13 | (2) |
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2.2 Concept of instability |
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15 | (7) |
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22 | (13) |
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2.3.1 Material strength and topography |
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22 | (3) |
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2.3.2 Strength degradation |
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25 | (7) |
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2.3.3 Groundwater changes |
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32 | (2) |
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34 | (1) |
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2.4 Summary and conclusion |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (7) |
3 Landslides in bedrock |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (5) |
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3.2.1 Structural control in strong rock |
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45 | (3) |
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3.2.2 Intact rock strength |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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3.3 Mass movement characteristics |
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49 | (4) |
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3.3.1 Volume and velocity |
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49 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Landslide displacement activity |
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50 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Progressive failure |
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51 | (2) |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (8) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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3.4.5 Sackungen/deep-seated gravitational slope deformation |
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57 | (2) |
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3.4.6 Complex bedrock mass movements |
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59 | (1) |
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3.4.7 Secondary hazards associated with bedrock landslides |
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59 | (2) |
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61 | (9) |
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61 | (2) |
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3.5.2 Mount Meager, Canada |
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63 | (3) |
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3.5.3 La Clapiere, France |
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66 | (2) |
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3.5.4 Threatening Rock, United States of America |
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68 | (2) |
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3.6 Bedrock landslide recognition and management |
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70 | (5) |
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70 | (3) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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3.7 Risk management of rock slopes |
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75 | (2) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (21) |
4 Coseismic landslides |
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4.1 Seismically triggered landslides |
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99 | (11) |
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99 | (1) |
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4.1.2 A note on terminology |
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100 | (2) |
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4.1.3 Landslides caused by earthquakes |
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102 | (6) |
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4.1.4 Geological materials and EILs |
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108 | (2) |
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4.2 Mechanics of earthquake-induced landslides |
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110 | (12) |
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4.2.1 Earthquake energy, magnitude and attenuation |
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110 | (3) |
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4.2.2 Topographic amplification and landslides |
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113 | (4) |
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4.2.3 Shaking and porewater pressures |
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117 | (3) |
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120 | (2) |
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4.3 Stability analysis and hazard assessment |
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122 | (10) |
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4.3.1 Pseudostatic and limit state models |
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122 | (2) |
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4.3.2 The Newmark Sliding block model |
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124 | (3) |
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127 | (2) |
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4.3.4 Statistical models, hazard mapping and GIS |
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129 | (3) |
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4.4 Limitations of current understanding |
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132 | (3) |
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4.4.1 Seismological unknowns |
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132 | (2) |
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4.4.2 Geotechnical considerations |
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134 | (1) |
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4.4.3 Concluding comments |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (3) |
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138 | (1) |
5 Volcanic debris avalanches |
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Benjamin van Wyk de Vries |
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139 | (2) |
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5.2 Volcanic debris avalanches |
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141 | (2) |
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5.3 Types of volcanic landslides |
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143 | (2) |
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5.3.1 Large-scale volcano and substrata landslides |
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143 | (2) |
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5.4 Deep-seated volcanic landslide deformation: priming and triggers |
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145 | (1) |
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5.5 Deep-seated volcano gravitational deformation |
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146 | (1) |
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5.6 Regional tectonic influences |
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146 | (2) |
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5.7 Priming of volcanic landslides |
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148 | (1) |
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5.8 Triggering volcanic landslides |
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148 | (1) |
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5.9 The structure of volcanic landslides |
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149 | (1) |
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5.10 Volcanic landslide deposits |
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149 | (6) |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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5.10.4 Inter-hummock areas |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (2) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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5.11 Debris avalanche textures and structures |
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155 | (1) |
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5.12 Secondary hazards of volcanic landslides |
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156 | (1) |
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5.13 Volcanic landslide transport mechanisms |
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157 | (1) |
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5.14 Hazards from volcanic landslides |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (6) |
6 Peat landslides |
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6.1 Introduction and background |
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165 | (2) |
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6.2 The nature of peat, its structure and material properties |
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167 | (3) |
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168 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Peat deposits and peat depths |
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169 | (1) |
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6.2.3 'Peat' or 'bog' mass movements? |
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170 | (1) |
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6.3 Morphology and classification of peat landslides |
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170 | (3) |
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6.3.1 A confused terminology |
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171 | (1) |
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6.3.2 A formal classification of peat landslides |
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172 | (1) |
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6.4 Relationship between landslide type and peat stratigraphy |
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173 | (3) |
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6.5 Impacts of peat landslides |
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176 | (7) |
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6.5.1 Example: Cashlaundrumlahan peat flow, Derrybrien, Ireland (October 2003) |
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179 | (2) |
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6.5.2 Example: failure during road construction, North Pennines, UK (August 2006) |
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181 | (2) |
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6.6 The runout of peat landslides |
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183 | (2) |
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6.7 Slope stability analysis of peat landslides and geotechnical properties |
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185 | (2) |
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6.8 Historical perspective on the frequency of peat landslides |
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187 | (4) |
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6.9 The future incidence of peat landslides |
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191 | (2) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (5) |
7 Rock-snow-ice avalanches |
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199 | (7) |
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7.2 Rapid mass movements on glaciers |
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206 | (17) |
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7.2.1 Frequency and distribution |
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206 | (3) |
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209 | (7) |
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216 | (7) |
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7.3 RSI avalanche propagation |
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223 | (7) |
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7.3.1 Topographic effects |
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225 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Motion on low-friction glaciers |
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226 | (1) |
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7.3.3 Snow and ice content of the granular mass |
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227 | (1) |
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7.3.4 Melting of ice and snow due to frictional heating |
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228 | (2) |
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7.3.5 Snow and ice entrainment |
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230 | (1) |
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7.4 Implications for hazard assessment |
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230 | (5) |
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7.4.1 Probability of occurrence in time |
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231 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Zone of possible initiation |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (2) |
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235 | (2) |
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237 | (12) |
8 Multiple landslide-damming episodes |
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249 | (2) |
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8.2 Previous work on landslide dams |
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251 | (1) |
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8.3 Landslide-dam episodes: lessons from case studies |
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252 | (11) |
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8.3.1 Wenchuan earthquake (Mw 7.9), China, 2008 |
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252 | (7) |
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8.3.2 Murchison (Buller) earthquake (Mw 7.8), New Zealand, 1929 |
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259 | (2) |
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8.3.3 Typhoon Talas, Japan, 2011 |
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261 | (2) |
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263 | (3) |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (3) |
9 Rock avalanches onto glaciers |
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269 | (14) |
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283 | (20) |
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9.2.1 Detachment zone and conditions |
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283 | (4) |
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9.2.2 Supraglacial motion |
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287 | (6) |
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9.2.3 Rock avalanche deposits and sedimentary properties |
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293 | (10) |
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303 | (9) |
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9.3.1 Rock avalanche contribution to supraglacial debris covers |
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303 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Glacier dynamics in relation to rock avalanche deposits |
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304 | (6) |
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9.3.3 Atypical moraine complexes and implications for paleo-glacial sequences/reconstruction |
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310 | (1) |
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9.3.4 Post-landslide developments and hazards |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (8) |
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9.4.1 Recent rock avalanches onto glacier in Aoraki/Mount Cook area, New Zealand |
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313 | (1) |
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9.4.2 The 1991 Chillinji Glacier rock avalanche (western Karakoram) |
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314 | (4) |
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9.4.3 Holocene Horcones mass flow, Cerro Aconcagua (6961 m asl), Argentina |
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318 | (2) |
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320 | (1) |
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321 | (14) |
10 Paleo-landslides |
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335 | (1) |
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10.2 Significance of paleo-Iandslides |
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336 | (1) |
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10.3 Recognition and mapping |
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337 | (10) |
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10.3.1 Role of geomorphology |
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338 | (8) |
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10.3.2 Role of stratigraphy and sedimentology |
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346 | (1) |
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10.4 Dating paleo-landslides |
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347 | (5) |
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348 | (1) |
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10.4.2 Radiocarbon dating |
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349 | (2) |
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10.4.3 Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide dating |
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351 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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10.6 Role in landscape evolution |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (5) |
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355 | (1) |
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356 | (3) |
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359 | (1) |
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360 | (5) |
11 Remote sensing of landslide motion with emphasis on satellite multi-temporal interferometry applications: an overview |
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365 | (3) |
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11.2 Brief introduction to DInSAR and Multi-Temporal Interferometry |
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368 | (12) |
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369 | (4) |
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11.2.2 Technical and practical aspects of MTI applied to landslide motion detection and monitoring |
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373 | (7) |
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11.3 Examples of different scale MTI applications to landslide motion detection and monitoring |
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380 | (21) |
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11.3.1 Reliability of MTI results |
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381 | (1) |
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11.3.2 Examples of MTI application from the Italian Alps: issues of radar visibility and sensitivity to down-slope movements |
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382 | (5) |
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11.3.3 Examples of MTI application from the Apennine Mountains: instability of hilltop towns |
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387 | (9) |
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11.3.4 Example of MTI application from the mountains of Haiti |
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396 | (1) |
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11.3.5 Example of GBInSAR application from the Southern Apennines, Italy |
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397 | (4) |
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401 | (21) |
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11.4.1 Landslide motion detection and monitoring using MTI and other remote sensing techniques |
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408 | (2) |
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11.4.2 Underexploited and future MTI application opportunities |
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410 | (12) |
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422 | (1) |
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422 | (17) |
12 Small landslides - frequent, costly and manageable |
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439 | (1) |
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12.2 Costs of small-medium landslides |
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439 | (3) |
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12.2.1 Financial and economic losses |
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439 | (2) |
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441 | (1) |
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12.2.3 Environmental costs |
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442 | (1) |
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12.3 Frequency of landslides |
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442 | (1) |
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12.4 Management of landslides |
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443 | (5) |
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12.4.1 Analysis methods - understanding mechanisms |
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444 | (2) |
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12.4.2 Mitigation methods |
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446 | (2) |
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12.5 Size of manageable landslides |
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448 | (22) |
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12.5.1 Larger managed landslides |
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449 | (10) |
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12.5.2 Larger unmanaged landslides |
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459 | (2) |
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12.5.3 Smaller manageable landslides |
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461 | (9) |
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470 | (2) |
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472 | (7) |
13 Analysis tools for mass movement assessment |
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479 | (1) |
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13.2 The computational tools available |
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480 | (5) |
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13.3 Limit equilibrium methods |
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485 | (10) |
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485 | (1) |
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13.3.2 Assumptions that make the problem determinate |
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486 | (4) |
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13.3.3 Limit equilibrium solutions: physical admissibility and optimal solutions |
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490 | (3) |
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13.3.4 Some critical considerations |
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493 | (2) |
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495 | (1) |
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13.4.1 The limit analysis upper bound theorem |
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495 | (1) |
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13.5 Continuum numerical methods |
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496 | (2) |
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13.6 Distinct element method |
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498 | (2) |
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500 | (1) |
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500 | (5) |
14 Landslides in a changing climate |
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505 | (4) |
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14.2 Rockfalls, rockslides and rock avalanches |
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509 | (3) |
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14.3 Shallow landslides and debris flows |
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512 | (6) |
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14.3.1 Direct climate change impacts on steep creek processes |
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512 | (4) |
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14.3.2 Indirect climate change effects |
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516 | (2) |
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14.4 Deep-seated landslides in soil |
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518 | (3) |
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521 | (3) |
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14.6 Landslides in the cryosphere |
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524 | (11) |
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14.6.1 Changes in periglacial processes |
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524 | (7) |
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531 | (4) |
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14.7 Regional scale landslide response |
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535 | (1) |
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14.8 Landslide risk and economic considerations |
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536 | (9) |
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536 | (7) |
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14.8.2 Economic considerations |
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543 | (2) |
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14.9 Adaptation and mitigation |
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545 | (2) |
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547 | (2) |
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14.11 Discussion and recommendations |
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549 | (13) |
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562 | (2) |
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564 | (1) |
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564 | (17) |
15 Rockfall hazard and risk |
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581 | (3) |
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584 | (1) |
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15.3 Case study 1: assessing rockfall hazard, North Yorkshire coast, UK |
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585 | (11) |
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15.3.1 Complete rockfall hazard inventories and magnitude frequency |
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586 | (5) |
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15.3.2 When is most hazardous? Rockfall timing |
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591 | (5) |
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15.4 Vulnerability to rockfall |
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596 | (4) |
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15.4.1 Rockfall hazard intensity |
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596 | (1) |
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15.4.2 Vulnerability of buildings to rockfalls |
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596 | (2) |
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15.4.3 Vulnerability of people to rockfalls |
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598 | (1) |
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15.4.4 Relating vulnerability to rockfall intensity |
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599 | (1) |
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15.5 Case study 2: Port Hills, Christchurch, NZ |
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600 | (11) |
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15.5.1 Damage ratio and damage state |
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602 | (9) |
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15.6 Summary and conclusions |
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611 | (2) |
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613 | (10) |
16 Reducing landslide disaster impacts |
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623 | (2) |
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16.2 Disaster risk reduction: terminology and implications |
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625 | (1) |
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16.3 Fundamental weakness of DRR |
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626 | (2) |
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628 | (3) |
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628 | (1) |
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16.4.2 Anticipating landslide impacts |
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629 | (2) |
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16.5 Landslide disaster impact reduction |
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631 | (3) |
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16.5.1 Modifying the hazard event(s) |
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631 | (1) |
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16.5.2 Modifying the impacts |
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632 | (2) |
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16.6 Reducing the impacts of the next landslide disaster: a scenario approach |
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634 | (3) |
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16.6.1 Requirements of scenario |
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635 | (1) |
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16.6.2 Selection of impacts scenario |
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636 | (1) |
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16.6.3 Selection of strategy for reducing impacts |
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636 | (1) |
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637 | (1) |
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637 | (1) |
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638 | (1) |
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638 | (3) |
17 Geomorphic precursors of large landslides: seismic preconditioning and slope-top benches |
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641 | (1) |
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642 | (1) |
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17.3 Mountain edifice response to coseismic shaking |
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643 | (3) |
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17.3.1 Topographic amplification: field evidence |
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643 | (1) |
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17.3.2 Deep-seated failure surfaces |
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643 | (3) |
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646 | (8) |
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17.4.1 Cascade rock avalanche, New Zealand |
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646 | (2) |
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17.4.2 Round Top rock avalanche |
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648 | (1) |
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17.4.3 Roche Pass slope failure |
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648 | (1) |
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17.4.4 Toppenish Ridge failure and rock avalanche |
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649 | (2) |
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651 | (1) |
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652 | (1) |
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652 | (2) |
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17.5 Example of possible hazard: slope overlooking Franz Josef glacier township |
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654 | (8) |
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654 | (4) |
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658 | (1) |
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659 | (1) |
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17.5.4 Failure probability |
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660 | (1) |
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661 | (1) |
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661 | (1) |
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662 | (1) |
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663 | (1) |
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664 | (1) |
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664 | (2) |
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666 | (1) |
Index |
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667 | |