| List of maps, figures, and tables |
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ix | |
| List of abbreviations |
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x | |
| Transcription, glosses, and transliterations |
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xii | |
| Acknowledgements |
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xv | |
| Introduction: language and identity in modern Egypt |
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1 | (33) |
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2 | (4) |
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6 | (1) |
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I.3 Setting the framework |
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7 | (19) |
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I.3.1 The linguistic situation in Egypt |
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7 | (11) |
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9 | (2) |
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I.3.1.2 Ferguson's definition of diglossia in the Arab world |
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11 | (3) |
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I.3.1.3 The concept of prestige as different from that of standard |
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14 | (2) |
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I.3.1.4 Identity and code-switching in Egypt |
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16 | (2) |
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18 | (3) |
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I.3.3 Choice and nature of data |
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21 | (34) |
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I.3.3.1 Egyptian oral culture: films, patriotic songs, poetry |
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22 | (2) |
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I.3.3.2 Written media: books, newspapers, novels, caricatures |
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24 | (1) |
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I.3.3.3 Online media: general importance |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (2) |
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I.5 Contributions of this book |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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I.7 Limitations of this work |
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30 | (4) |
| 1 Identity and beyond: setting the framework of analysis |
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34 | (44) |
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1.1 The main approach of this work |
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40 | (6) |
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1.2 An Egyptian identity defined |
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46 | (7) |
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1.3 Language as a social process and practice |
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53 | (2) |
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1.4 Theorizing identity in discourse |
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55 | (9) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (2) |
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58 | (6) |
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1.4.3.1 Indexicality, code-choice, and code-switching |
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61 | (3) |
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1.5 Linguistic resources adopted |
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64 | (10) |
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1.5.1 Discourse resources |
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67 | (5) |
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1.5.1.1 Identification categories |
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67 | (1) |
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1.5.1.2 Van Leeuwen's five categories |
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67 | (1) |
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1.5.1.3 Nature of statements |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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1.5.1.5 Metaphor and metonymy |
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69 | (1) |
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1.5.1.6 Intertextuality and dialogicality |
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70 | (2) |
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1.5.2 Structural resources |
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72 | (38) |
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1.5.2.1 Grammatical patterns: nominalization, verbless sentences |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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1.5.2.4 Demonstratives, deixis, quantification, and negation |
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72 | (1) |
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1.5.2.5 Conditional sentences |
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73 | (1) |
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1.5.2.6 Mode and modality |
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73 | (1) |
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1.5.2.7 Phonological, structural, and lexical variations |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (4) |
| 2 A historical overview of the development of national identity in modern Egypt with reference to language: the formative period |
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78 | (27) |
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2.1 Egypt as a nation and a nation-state |
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81 | (2) |
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2.2 The formation of modern Egyptian identity |
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83 | (9) |
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2.3 Language in education during the British occupation |
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92 | (2) |
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2.4 Intellectuals, politicians, and the struggle for SA |
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94 | (4) |
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2.5 Language ideologies, attitudes, and policies |
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98 | (3) |
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101 | (4) |
| 3 "Arabic" indexes amidst a nation and a nation-state: ideologies, attitudes, and linguistic realities |
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105 | (44) |
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3.1 Diglossia and first order indexes: habits and practices |
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107 | (1) |
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3.2 Second order indexes: ideologies and attitudes |
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108 | (2) |
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3.3 Direct layering of SA second order indexes |
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110 | (11) |
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110 | (11) |
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3.3.1.1 SA and Islam: the legitimate and divine indexes |
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110 | (1) |
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3.3.1.2 SA as the weapon against disintegration and corruption: the pure, authoritative, unifying indexes |
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111 | (7) |
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3.3.1.3 Search for linguistic stability: the preservation technique |
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118 | (2) |
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3.3.1.4 The authoritative indexes of SA exemplified |
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120 | (1) |
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3.4 Indirect layering of SA second order indexes |
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121 | (7) |
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3.4.1 Negative indexes of SA |
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121 | (7) |
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3.4.1.1 Complex language attitudes: the depiction of Arabic teachers in Egyptian films |
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121 | (7) |
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3.5 ECA indexes: first order and second order |
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128 | (15) |
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3.5.1 Direct and indirect layering of ECA second order indexes |
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128 | (24) |
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3.5.1.1 ECA and cultural hegemony: the Egyptianization process of non-Egyptian actors and singers |
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129 | (8) |
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3.5.1.2 ECA as an "authentic" code: implicit language attitudes |
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137 | (6) |
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3.6 English indexes: linguistic habits and prestige |
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143 | (2) |
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145 | (4) |
| 4 Social attributes of Egyptian identity |
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149 | (90) |
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151 | (1) |
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4.2 The backbone: historicity, ethnicity, and locality |
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152 | (24) |
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152 | (12) |
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4.1.1.1 Recurrent themes in nationalist songs |
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162 | (2) |
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164 | (6) |
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170 | (6) |
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4.3 The outcome: habits and characteristics |
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176 | (7) |
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4.4 Religion: dilemmas of foregrounding and backgrounding in public discourse |
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183 | (31) |
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4.4.1 A different approach to data |
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184 | (2) |
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4.4.2 First claim in public discourse: linguistic variation is not dependent on religion |
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186 | (20) |
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189 | (4) |
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4.4.2.2 Structural resources |
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193 | (2) |
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4.4.2.3 Discourse resources |
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195 | (11) |
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4.4.3 Second claim of public discourse: Egyptians are religious, but religious differences between Christians and Muslims are not salient |
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206 | (23) |
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4.4.3.1 Neutral mention of God |
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208 | (1) |
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4.4.3.2 Mention of local areas that reference religion |
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208 | (1) |
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4.4.3.3 Relating religion to other social variables |
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209 | (1) |
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4.4.3.4 Clear mention of religious categories |
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209 | (1) |
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4.4.3.5 A typical example to recap discussion |
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210 | (4) |
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4.5 Arabic language as an independent social variable |
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214 | (5) |
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4.6 The "Arab" component in the "Egyptian" identity |
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219 | (10) |
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4.7 Discussion and conclusions |
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229 | (10) |
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4.7.1 "The paradox of the knowledgeable Egyptian": discursive and structural resources |
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229 | (2) |
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4.7.2 Code-choice and orders of indexicality |
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231 | (2) |
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4.7.3 Social variables attributed to Egyptian identity |
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233 | (6) |
| 5 Identity and narration in Egypt |
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239 | (55) |
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5.1 Importance of narration in identity work |
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241 | (1) |
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5.2 Social variables that mark the Egyptian identity |
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242 | (22) |
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5.2.1 Language as a social variable |
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242 | (10) |
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251 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Other social variables: historicity, ethnicity, religion, and locality |
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252 | (12) |
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263 | (1) |
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5.3 Code-choice and code-switching as a linguistic resource: evidence from dialogues in Egyptian novels |
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264 | (26) |
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5.3.1 Diglossia and literature: authors' stance |
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264 | (3) |
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5.3.2 Studies of diglossia in literature |
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267 | (2) |
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5.3.3 Code-choice and code-switching as a linguistic resource: applications |
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269 | (18) |
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270 | (17) |
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287 | (11) |
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5.3.4.1 Authenticity, second discussion |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (4) |
| 6 The politics of identity and linguistic unrest: the case of the Egyptian Revolution |
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294 | (47) |
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6.1 Language as a scapegoat: unequal access to resources |
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298 | (10) |
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6.1.1 Linguistic explanations for the lack of democracy prior to the revolution |
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298 | (3) |
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6.1.2 Linguistic justifications for the lack of democracy in Egypt |
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301 | (7) |
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6.2 When identity is contested: who are the "real" Egyptians and what language do they speak? |
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308 | (18) |
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310 | (33) |
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6.2.1.1 Tamir's attack on the identity of the protestors |
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310 | (5) |
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6.2.1.2 Actress Shu'ayb's postulations of the "fake" identity of the protestors in Tahrir Square |
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315 | (2) |
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6.2.1.3 The revolutionaries fight back: laying claims to SA authoritative indexes |
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317 | (6) |
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323 | (3) |
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6.3 How should I address Egyptians? Reclaiming access to SA after the revolution |
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326 | (5) |
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6.4 When linguistic ideologies prevail |
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331 | (2) |
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6.5 Linguistic unrest: the war over access to resources |
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333 | (8) |
| 7 Conclusions |
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341 | (22) |
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7.1 The twofold function of language in identity construction |
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341 | (2) |
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7.2 Social variables and linguistic resources: how are Egyptians defined in public discourse? |
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343 | (5) |
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7.2.1 What does being an Egyptian mean? |
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343 | (1) |
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7.2.2 How are linguistic resources used? What are the salient tendencies? |
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344 | (4) |
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7.3 Theorizing indexes and identity in the Egyptian context |
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348 | (8) |
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7.4 An alternative framework: access and resources |
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356 | (7) |
| Appendix: chronological list of songs examined |
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363 | (3) |
| Bibliography |
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366 | (26) |
| Index |
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392 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta