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xiii | |
Preface |
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xvii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xix | |
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1 Language and Linguistics |
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1 | (21) |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (3) |
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Key Principles in Linguistics |
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7 | (12) |
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Language is Governed by Rules |
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8 | (1) |
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All Languages are Created Equal |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (4) |
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14 | (5) |
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Language is a Reflection of Identity |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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Discussion and Research Questions |
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21 | (1) |
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2 Grammar, Standardization, and Language Authorities |
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22 | (21) |
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23 | (1) |
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Prescriptive Grammar and Declarations of Correctness |
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24 | (4) |
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Descriptive Grammar and Grammaticality Judgments |
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28 | (4) |
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32 | (5) |
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Standardization and a Standard Language Ideology |
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37 | (4) |
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The Process of Standardization |
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39 | (2) |
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41 | (1) |
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Discussion and Research Questions |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (22) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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Social Psychology and Language Attitude Research |
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46 | (3) |
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Folk Linguistics and Perceptual Dialectology |
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49 | (10) |
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49 | (4) |
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53 | (3) |
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"Correct" and "Pleasant" Speech |
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56 | (3) |
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Additional Insights from Folk Linguistics |
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59 | (2) |
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Language Prejudice and Linguistic Discrimination |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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Discussion and Research Questions |
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63 | (2) |
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4 Colonial American English |
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65 | (28) |
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66 | (1) |
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The Foundations of Colonial American English |
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67 | (8) |
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English Settlement of the American Colonies |
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75 | (5) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (2) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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Other Languages in the New World |
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80 | (5) |
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The Emergence of American English |
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85 | (4) |
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British Versus American English |
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89 | (2) |
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91 | (1) |
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Discussion and Research Questions |
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91 | (2) |
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5 Regional Variation in American English |
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93 | (26) |
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94 | (1) |
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Factors in Dialect Formation |
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95 | (4) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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Contact with Other Languages |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (8) |
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American Linguistic Atlas Projects |
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101 | (2) |
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Dictionary of American Regional English |
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103 | (1) |
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TELSUR/The Atlas of North American English |
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104 | (3) |
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American Regional Dialects |
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107 | (9) |
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108 | (2) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (2) |
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113 | (2) |
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115 | (1) |
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The Tenacity of American Regional Dialects |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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Discussion and Research Questions |
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117 | (2) |
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6 Social Variation in American English |
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119 | (24) |
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120 | (1) |
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Pioneering Studies in Sociolinguistics |
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121 | (6) |
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Language and Identity in Martha's Vineyard |
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122 | (1) |
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Socioeconomic Class in New York City |
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122 | (3) |
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125 | (2) |
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127 | (11) |
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128 | (3) |
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131 | (4) |
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Language and Sexual Orientation |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (2) |
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138 | (3) |
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141 | (1) |
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Discussion and Research Questions |
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142 | (1) |
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7 African American English |
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143 | (24) |
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144 | (1) |
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Early Sociolinguistic Research on AAE |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (5) |
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The Structure of African American English |
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152 | (9) |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (4) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (2) |
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Issues of Stigma and Prestige |
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161 | (4) |
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165 | (1) |
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Discussion and Research Questions |
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166 | (1) |
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8 Standard American English |
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167 | (19) |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (3) |
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172 | (5) |
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What is Standard American English? |
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177 | (3) |
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American Authorities: Education, Television, and the Myth of an Accent-free America |
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180 | (4) |
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184 | (1) |
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Discussion and Research Questions |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (23) |
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187 | (1) |
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A Melting Pot or Salad Bowl? |
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188 | (1) |
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How Multi is a Multilingual America? |
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189 | (6) |
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Language Shift and Language Maintenance |
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195 | (4) |
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A Nation of Immigrants, A Nation of Languages |
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199 | (5) |
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204 | (3) |
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207 | (1) |
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Discussion and Research Questions |
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207 | (2) |
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10 Spanish as a Heritage Language |
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209 | (17) |
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210 | (1) |
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A History of Spanish in the United States |
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211 | (5) |
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Spanish Media and Education |
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216 | (1) |
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Variation in the Spanish of the United States |
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217 | (4) |
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Attitudes on Spanish Use in the United States |
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221 | (1) |
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Spanish Maintenance and Language Shift in the United States |
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222 | (2) |
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224 | (1) |
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Discussion and Research Questions |
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224 | (2) |
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11 Other Heritage Languages |
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226 | (27) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (4) |
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A History of French in the United States |
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229 | (3) |
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Variation in French in the United States |
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232 | (1) |
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Current Status of French in the United States |
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232 | (1) |
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232 | (5) |
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A History of German in the United States |
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233 | (3) |
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Variation in German in the United States |
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236 | (1) |
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Current Status of German in the United States |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (4) |
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A History of Chinese in the United States |
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238 | (2) |
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Variation in Chinese in the United States |
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240 | (1) |
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Current Status of Chinese in the United States |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (2) |
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A History of Tagalog in the United States |
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242 | (1) |
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Variation in Tagalog in the United States |
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243 | (1) |
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Current Status of Tagalog in the United States |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (4) |
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A History of Arabic in the United States |
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244 | (2) |
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Variation in Arabic in the United States |
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246 | (1) |
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Current Status of Arabic in the United States |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (3) |
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A History of Yiddish in the United States |
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247 | (2) |
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Variation in Yiddish in the United States |
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249 | (1) |
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Current Status of Yiddish in the United States |
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250 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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Discussion and Research Questions |
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251 | (2) |
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12 Native American Languages |
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253 | (26) |
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254 | (1) |
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A History of Native Americans |
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255 | (4) |
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Native American Linguistics |
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259 | (3) |
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Variation among Languages |
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262 | (7) |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (3) |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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Variation within Individual Languages |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (2) |
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Maintenance and Revitalization of Native American Languages |
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271 | (5) |
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276 | (1) |
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Discussion and Research Questions |
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277 | (2) |
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13 Pidgins and Creoles in the United States |
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279 | (21) |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (3) |
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284 | (4) |
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288 | (9) |
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289 | (3) |
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292 | (3) |
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295 | (1) |
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The Status of American Creoles in the United States |
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296 | (1) |
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Other Creoles in the United States |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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Discussion and Research Questions |
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299 | (1) |
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14 American Sign Language |
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300 | (23) |
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301 | (1) |
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ASL and the American Deaf Community |
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302 | (1) |
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The Structure of American Sign Language |
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303 | (7) |
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Variation in American Sign Language |
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310 | (4) |
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311 | (2) |
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313 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
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A History of ASL and the Education of Deaf Americans |
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314 | (3) |
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Social Issues and Controversies in the Deaf Community |
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317 | (4) |
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Signing Town: Laurent, South Dakota |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (2) |
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321 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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Discussion and Research Questions |
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322 | (1) |
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323 | (26) |
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324 | (1) |
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Language as a Reflection of National Identity |
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325 | (5) |
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History of Official English Legislation |
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330 | (5) |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (3) |
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Meyer v. State of Nebraska |
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334 | (1) |
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Arguments For and Against |
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335 | (9) |
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335 | (3) |
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338 | (6) |
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Legislative Support for Minority Language Speakers |
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344 | (1) |
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345 | (1) |
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Discussion and Research Questions |
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346 | (3) |
References |
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349 | (26) |
Index |
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375 | |