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This book argues that a tribe of the primitive society is formed because of kinship, while a state of the civilized society is formed because of language. When humans communicate using language, they extend the distance and the reaches of communication. They expand their communities. States replace tribes. Language underlies the formation of the state. Then, accordingly, language also underlies the organization of the state as men create language solutions in the organization of the state such as constitution, election and representation. The extension of linguistic communication distance also underlies the formation of three juxtaposing branches of government administrative, legislative and judicial body. It also enables men to create various forms of civilization such as history, philosophy, literature, art, religion and law which play a role in the construction of mens spirit that guides the operation of the state. Language presets the whole process of the progress of civilization.
Prologue ix
Part One Language and State Formation
1(122)
Introduction
3(2)
Chapter One People
5(32)
1 People Using Language
5(10)
2 The People Using Native Language
15(10)
3 The People Using Written Language
25(12)
Chapter Two Community
37(30)
1 Political Community
37(10)
2 Economic Community
47(9)
3 Cultural Community
56(11)
Chapter Three Nation
67(30)
1 Narrative
67(10)
2 Symbol
77(11)
3 Behavioral Communication
88(9)
Chapter Four State
97(26)
1 Language Policy
97(7)
2 Mass Education
104(9)
3 Public Media
113(10)
Part Two Language and State Governance
123(152)
Introduction
125(4)
Chapter Five Appellation
129(26)
1 Name Adopted by the State
129(10)
2 Address Forms of Leaders, Officials and Citizens
139(8)
3 Designations of Politicians and Political Parties
147(8)
Chapter Six Constitution
155(26)
1 A Contract in Mind
155(9)
2 Constitution in Speaking and Writing
164(9)
3 Rationalized Politics
173(8)
Chapter Seven Election
181(26)
1 Power Holder and the Masses
181(7)
2 Election that Expresses Opinions
188(7)
3 Citizenship
195(12)
Chapter Eight Representation
207(34)
1 Representative
207(12)
2 Political Party
219(12)
3 State Leader
231(10)
Chapter Nine Government
241(34)
1 Administrative Body
241(12)
2 Legislative Body
253(10)
3 Judicial Body
263(12)
Part Three Language and State Spirit
275(146)
Introduction
277(4)
Chapter Ten History
281(28)
1 The Presentation of History
281(6)
2 The Memory of History
287(10)
3 The Time and Space of History
297(12)
Chapter Eleven Philosophy
309(30)
1 The Dissemination of Philosophy
309(7)
2 The Value of Philosophy
316(11)
3 The Time and Space of Philosophy
327(12)
Chapter Twelve Literature and Art
339(32)
1 The Language of Literature and Art
339(9)
2 The Charm of Literature and Art
348(12)
3 The Time and Space of Literature and Art
360(11)
Chapter Thirteen Religion
371(28)
1 The Preaching of Religion
371(8)
2 The Role of Religion
379(11)
3 The Time and Space of Religion
390(9)
Chapter Fourteen Law
399(22)
1 The Promulgation of Law
399(4)
2 The Authority of Law
403(7)
3 The Time and Space of Law
410(11)
Conclusion 421(16)
Epilogue 437(22)
Bibliography 459(6)
Acknowledgements 465(4)
Index 469(8)
About the Author 477
Xing Yu, a political scientist who was born and graduated from two universities in China, is now an independent researcher in the Province of British Columbia, Canada.