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E-raamat: Large Covariance and Autocovariance Matrices

(Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India), (Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata)
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Large Covariance and Autocovariance Matrices brings together a collection of recent results on sample covariance and autocovariance matrices in high-dimensional models and novel ideas on how to use them for statistical inference in one or more high-dimensional time series models. The prerequisites include knowledge of elementary multivariate analysis, basic time series analysis and basic results in stochastic convergence.Part I is on different methods of estimation of large covariance matrices and auto-covariance matrices and properties of these estimators. Part II covers the relevant material on random matrix theory and non-commutative probability. Part III provides results on limit spectra and asymptotic normality of traces of symmetric matrix polynomial functions of sample auto-covariance matrices in high-dimensional linear time series models. These are used to develop graphical and significance tests for different hypotheses involving one or more independent high-dimensional linear time series. The book should be of interest to people in econometrics and statistics (large covariance matrices and high-dimensional time series), mathematics (random matrices and free probability) and computer science (wireless communication). Parts of it can be used in post-graduate courses on high-dimensional statistical inference, high-dimensional random matrices and high-dimensional time series models. It should be particularly attractive to researchers developing statistical methods in high-dimensional time series models. Arup Bose is a professor at the Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India. He is a distinguished researcher in mathematical statistics and has been working in high-dimensional random matrices for the last fifteen years. He has been editor of Sankhya for several years and has been on the editorial board of several other journals. He is a Fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, USA and all three national science academies of India, as well as the recipient of the S.S. Bhatnagar Award and the C.R. Rao Award. His first book Patterned Random Matrices was also published by Chapman & Hall. He has a forthcoming graduate text U-statistics, M-estimates and Resampling (with Snigdhansu Chatterjee) to be published by Hindustan Book Agency. Monika Bhattacharjee is a post-doctoral fellow at the Informatics Institute, University of Florida. After graduating from St. Xaviers College, Kolkata, she obtained her master’s in 2012 and PhD in 2016 from the Indian Statistical Institute. Her thesis in high-dimensional covariance and auto-covariance matrices, written under the supervision of Dr. Bose, has received high acclaim.

Arvustused

" . . . the authors should be congratulated for producing two highly relevant and well-written books. Statisticians would probably gravitate to LCAM in the first instance and those working in linear algebra would probably gravitate to PRM." ~Jonathan Gillard, Cardiff University

"The book represents a monograph of the authors recent results about the theory of large covariance and autocovariance matrices and contains other important results from other research papers and books in this topic. It is very useful for all researchers who use large covariance and autocovariance matrices in their researches. Especially, it is very useful for post-graduate and PhD students in mathematics, statistics, econometrics and computer science. It is a well-written and organized book with a large number of solved examples and many exercises left to readers for homework. I would like to recommend the book to PhD students and researchers who want to learn or use large covariance and autocovariance matrices in their researches." ~ Miroslav M. Risti (Ni), zbMath

"This book brings together a collection of recent results on estimation of multidimensional time series covariance matrices. In the case where the time series consists of a sequence of independent (Chapter 1) or weakly dependent (Chapter 2) random vectors, the authors call it covariance estimation, whereas in the general case where the time series is only stationary, they call it autocovariance estimation. The framework of the results presented here is the one where the dimension of the observations (as well as the observation window size, otherwise nothing can be said) is high. The prerequisites include knowledge of elementary multivariate analysis, basic time series analysis, and basic results in stochastic convergence.

In Chapter 1, the authors consider the case where we have at our disposal a large time series of iid high-dimensional observations with common covariance matrix C and want to estimate C. They provide some results on how to regularize the empirical sample covariance matrix in order to accurately estimate C in the case where C is either quickly decaying away from its diagonal (or \bendable"), Toeplitz or sparse. The regularization techniques involved are the \banding" (zero-out of all entries above a certain distance from the diagonal), the tapering (instead of turning to zero, multiply by a factor which gets small as the distance to the diagonal gets large), and the thresholding (zero-out all entries smaller, in absolute value, than a certain well-chosen threshold).

In Chapter 2, the same questions and techniques are discussed in the case where the independence between the observations is replaced by weak dependence.

In Chapter 3, the authors suppress completely the hypothesis of independence of the observations, replace it by a stationarity hypothesis, and show how the techniques presented earlier allow one to still get estimations of the (auto)covariance matrix in the case of MA(r) and IVAR(r) models.

Chapters 4 and 5 collect the basic concepts and results from respectively random matrix theory (RMT), about the empirical spectral distribution of various random matrix models, and Voiculescu's free probability theory that are needed in Chapters 6 to 10.

Chapters 6 to 9, among other analogous questions, revisit the covariance matrix estimation results from Chapters 1 to 3 from the point of view of empirical spectral distribution (thanks to the framework defined in Chapters 4 and 5). In Chapter 10, it is demonstrated how the limiting spectral distribution (LSD) results obtained in Chapters 8 and 9 can be used in statistical graphical inference of high-dimensional time series. This includes estimation of unknown order of high-dimensional MA and AR processes.

In Chapter 11, central limit theorems (CLTs) for linear spectral statistics of random matrices are used in signi cance tests for di erent hypotheses on coecient matrices. ~Florent Benaych-Georges - Mathematical Reviews Clippings February 2019

"Most of the materials covered in the book are at an advanced level. Fortunately, their exposition is clear, rigorous and highly self-contained. The book assumes a working knowledge in multivariate analysis, multivariate time series analysis and in stochastic convergence, that should be possessed by graduate students in econometrics, statistics or probability theory. A significant number of exercises are included in each chapter to help the reader master the introduced concepts, methods and results. The book is also an important reference for experienced researchers in the area of high-dimensional multivariate and time series analyses. One particular strength of the book is a thorough presentation of the most relevant concepts of non-commutative probability theory. In recent years and using this theory, the authors have developed several important results on the limiting proprieties of large sample covariance and autocovariance matrices. These results are now very accessible in this book." ~Journal of Time Series Analysis

Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Introduction xv
Part I
1 Large Covariance Matrix I
3(26)
1.1 Consistency
4(1)
1.2 Covariance classes and regularization
5(2)
1.2.1 Covariance classes
5(1)
1.2.2 Covariance regularization
6(1)
1.3 Bandable σp
7(13)
1.3.1 Parameter space
8(2)
1.3.2 Estimation in U
10(6)
1.3.3 Minimaxity
16(4)
1.4 Toeplitz σp
20(5)
1.4.1 Parameter space
20(1)
1.4.2 Estimation in Gβ(M) or Fβ(M0, M)
21(3)
1.4.3 Minimaxity
24(1)
1.5 Sparse σp
25(4)
1.5.1 Parameter space
25(1)
1.5.2 Estimation in Ur(q, C0(p), M) or Gq(Cn,p)
26(1)
1.5.3 Minimaxity
27(2)
2 Large Covariance Matrix II
29(22)
2.1 Bandable σp
29(17)
2.1.1 Models and examples
29(4)
2.1.2 Weak dependence
33(2)
2.1.3 Estimation
35(11)
2.2 Sparse σp
46(5)
3 Large Autocovariance Matrix
51(30)
3.1 Models and examples
52(2)
3.2 Estimation of Γo,p
54(3)
3.3 Estimation of Γu,p
57(9)
3.3.1 Parameter spaces
57(4)
3.3.2 Estimation
61(5)
3.4 Estimation in MA(r)
66(1)
3.5 Estimation in IVAR(r)
67(6)
3.6 Gaussian assumption
73(2)
3.7 Simulations
75(6)
Part II
4 Spectral Distribution
81(16)
4.1 LSD
81(7)
4.1.1 Moment method
82(2)
4.1.2 Method of Stieltjes transform
84(4)
4.2 Wigner matrix: Semi-circle law
88(2)
4.3 Independent matrix: Marcenko--Pastur law
90(7)
4.3.1 Results on Z: p/n → y > 0
91(2)
4.3.2 Results on Z: p/n → o
93(4)
5 Non-Commutative Probability
97(18)
5.1 NCP and its convergence
97(5)
5.2 Essentials of partition theory
102(3)
5.2.1 Mobius function
103(1)
5.2.2 Partition and non-crossing partition
103(2)
5.2.3 Kreweras complement
105(1)
5.3 Free cumulant; free independence
105(3)
5.4 Moments of free variables
108(3)
5.5 Joint convergence of random matrices
111(4)
5.5.1 Compound free Poisson
112(3)
6 Generalized Covariance Matrix I
115(24)
6.1 Preliminaries
116(2)
6.1.1 Assumptions
116(1)
6.1.2 Embedding
117(1)
6.2 NCP convergence
118(3)
6.2.1 Main idea
118(1)
6.2.2 Main convergence
119(2)
6.3 LSD of symmetric polynomials
121(2)
6.4 Stieltjes transform
123(5)
6.5 Corollaries
128(11)
7 Generalized Covariance Matrix II
139(18)
7.1 Preliminaries
140(5)
7.1.1 Assumptions
140(1)
7.1.2 Centering and Scaling
140(2)
7.1.3 Main idea
142(3)
7.2 NCP convergence
145(1)
7.3 LSD of symmetric polynomials
146(1)
7.4 Stieltjes transform
147(3)
7.5 Corollaries
150(7)
Part III
8 Spectra Of Autocovariance Matrix I
157(20)
8.1 Assumptions
157(1)
8.2 LSD when p/n → y ε (0, ∞)
158(8)
8.2.1 MA(q), q < ∞
159(1)
8.2.2 MA(∞)
160(2)
8.2.3 Application to specific cases
162(4)
8.3 LSD when p/n ∞ 0
166(6)
8.3.1 Application to specific cases
169(3)
8.4 Non-symmetric polynomials
172(5)
9 Spectra Of Autocovariance Matrix II
177(8)
9.1 Assumptions
177(1)
9.2 LSD when p/n → y ε (0, ∞)
178(4)
9.2.1 MA(g), q < ∞
178(2)
9.2.2 MA(∞)
180(2)
9.3 LSD when p/n → 0
182(3)
9.3.1 MA(q),q < ∞
182(1)
9.3.2 MA(∞)
183(2)
10 Graphical Inference
185(22)
10.1 MA order determination
185(6)
10.2 AR order determination
191(7)
10.3 Graphical tests for parameter matrices
198(9)
11 Testing With Trace
207(16)
11.1 One sample trace
207(4)
11.2 Two sample trace
211(2)
11.3 Testing
213(10)
Appendix: Supplementary Proofs
223(42)
A.1 Proof of Lemma 6.3.1
223(6)
A.2 Proof of Theorem 6.4.1(a)
229(3)
A.3 Proof of Theorem 7.2
232(12)
A.4 Proof of Lemma 8.2.1
244(2)
A.5 Proof of Corollary 8.2.1(c)
246(5)
A.6 Proof of Corollary 8.2.4(c)
251(1)
A.7 Proof of Corollary 8.3.1(c)
252(7)
A.8 Proof of Lemma 8.2.2
259(1)
A.9 Proof of Lemma 8.2.3
260(1)
A.10 Lemmas for Theorem 8.2.2
261(4)
Bibliography 265(4)
Index 269
Arup Bose is a professor at the Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India. He is a distinguished researcher in mathematical statistics and has been working in high-dimensional random matrices for the last fifteen years. He has been editor of Sankhy for several years and has been on the editorial board of several other journals. He is a Fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, USA and all three national science academies of India, as well as the recipient of the S.S. Bhatnagar Award and the C.R. Rao Award. His first book Patterned Random Matrices was also published by Chapman & Hall. He has a forthcoming graduate text U-statistics, M-estimates and Resampling (with Snigdhansu Chatterjee) to be published by Hindustan Book Agency.

Monika Bhattacharjee is a post-doctoral fellow at the Informatics Institute, University of Florida. After graduating from St. Xavier's College, Kolkata, she obtained her masters in 2012 and PhD in 2016 from the Indian Statistical Institute. Her thesis in high-dimensional covariance and auto-covariance matrices, written under the supervision of Dr. Bose, has received high acclaim.