E-raamat: Large-scale 3D Data Integration: Challenges and Opportunities

Introduction		1	(9)
Sisi Zlatanova
David Prosperi
PART I Nature of the Problem
Bridging the Worlds of CAD and GIS		9	(30)
Peter van Oosterom
Jantien Stoter
Erik Jansen
Introduction		10	(4)
Problems when Bridging the Gap between CAD and GIS		11	(2)
Overview		13	(1)
Case Studies Integrating CAD and GIS		14	(9)
Plan Development		14	(1)
Example 1: Hubertus Tunnel		14	(1)
Example 2: Cycle Tunnel, Houten		14	(2)
Visualization		16	(1)
Example 1: Bridge Amsterdam-Rijnkanaal near Utrecht		16	(1)
Example 2: Karma System		17	(1)
Data Collection		18	(1)
Example 1: 3D Cadastral Parcel		18	(1)
Example 2: Point Clouds		18	(3)
Location-Based Services		21	(1)
Example 1: Augmented Reality		21	(1)
Example 2: Disaster Management		22	(1)
Analyzing the Open Issues when Bridging the Gap between GIS and CAD		22	(1)
Conversions and Multiple Representations		23	(3)
Conversions between and within GIS		23	(1)
Conversions between and within CAD		24	(1)
Functional and Thematic Semantic Aspects		25	(1)
Multiview Modeling		25	(1)
Framework for Bridging the Gap between GIS and CAD		26	(6)
Formal Semantics		27	(2)
Formal Geometry Semantics in the GIS Domain		29	(2)
Formal Geometry Semantics in the CAD Domain		31	(1)
Integrated Data Management		31	(1)
Conclusions		32	(7)
Acknowledgments		33	(1)
References		33	(2)
Appendix A: Differences between CAD and GIS		35	(4)
PART II Data Handling and Modeling
3D Data Acquisition and Object Reconstruction for AEC/CAD		39	(18)
C. Vincent Tao
Introduction		39	(1)
3D Building Reconstruction Approaches		40	(12)
Image-Based 3D Data Acquisition		41	(1)
Stereo Image Based		41	(3)
Single (or Monoscopic) Image Based		44	(2)
Multiple Image Based		46	(1)
Point Cloud-Based Approaches		47	(1)
Overview		47	(1)
Building Detection		48	(1)
3D Building Reconstruction		48	(1)
Hybrid Approaches		49	(3)
Comparisons and Analysis		52	(1)
Concluding Remarks		53	(4)
Acknowledgments		53	(1)
References		54	(3)
Three-Dimensional Representations and Data Structures in GIS and AEC		57	(30)
Roberto Lattuada
Introduction: A Case for GIS/AEC Integration		58	(3)
GIS and AEC Object Types		61	(3)
Characteristics of Geo-Scientific Data		62	(1)
Noise, Errors, and Data Uncertainty		63	(1)
Spatial Representations		64	(1)
Surface Modeling in 3D GIS		65	(5)
Volume Modeling in 3D GIS		70	(6)
Boundary Representations		71	(1)
Boundary Representations Using Iso-Surfaces		71	(1)
Boundary Representations Using Discrete Smooth Interpolation		72	(1)
Boundary Representations Using 3D Component Modeling		73	(1)
Spatial Occupancy Enumeration		74	(2)
Cell Decomposition		76	(1)
Requirements for a Common 3D GIS/AEC Data Modeling Solution		76	(1)
Inadequacies of CAD Systems for Geo-Scientific Modeling		77	(1)
Extending 2D GIS Systems to Three Dimensions		78	(1)
The Extended Simplex Model (ESM)		79	(2)
A Solution for Integrated AEC/GIS Modeling		81	(1)
Critical Analysis of the Extended Simplex Model		82	(1)
Conclusions		82	(5)
References		83	(4)
3D Geo-DBMS		87	(30)
Martin Breunig
Sisi Zlatanova
Geo-DBMS: Historical Development and State of the Art		88	(1)
Benefits of Using DBMS for GIS and AEC Applications		88	(4)
Providing DBMS Standard Functionality		88	(1)
Extending the DBMS to a Geo-DBMS (2D and 3D)		89	(1)
Geo-DBMS Models: Geometry vs. Topology		90	(1)
Object-Relational vs. Object-Oriented DBMS		91	(1)
Toward 3D Geo-DBMS		92	(11)
Geometry		92	(1)
Simple Nature-Formed Objects		92	(1)
Complex Nature-Formed Objects		93	(1)
Simple Man-Made Objects		93	(2)
Complex Man-Made Objects		95	(2)
Topology		97	(1)
Nature-Made Geo-Objects		97	(2)
Man-Made Geo-Objects		99	(2)
3D Spatial Access Methods		101	(1)
3D Spatial Predicates, Functions, and Operations		102	(1)
3D Extensions for Spatial Query Languages		102	(1)
3D in Present DBMS		103	(4)
3D Objects in Object-Oriented DBMS		103	(2)
3D Objects in Object-Relational DBMS		105	(1)
Using 2D Data Types		105	(2)
Using a New 3D Data Type		107	(1)
Case Studies		107	(4)
AEC Case Study, ``Modeling the Interior of the Aula, the Congress Center of TUDelft''		107	(2)
GIS Case Study, ``3D Geological Modeling of an Open Cast Mine in the Lower Rhine Basin''		109	(2)
Summary and Outlook: Toward Bridging AEC and GIS		111	(6)
References		113	(4)
Interaction and Visualization of 3D City Models for Location-Based Services		117	(22)
Heiko Blechschmied
Volker Coors
Markus Etz
Introduction		117	(2)
Augmented Reality and Location-Based Service Projects		119	(4)
Archeoguide		119	(1)
Geist		120	(1)
TellMaris		121	(1)
LoVEUS		122	(1)
LBS Architecture Used in LoVEUS		123	(6)
System Architecture		123	(3)
Multimedia Database		126	(1)
Representation		126	(1)
Data Repository		127	(1)
Connection between Multimedia DB and GIS DB		128	(1)
Handling of Three-Dimensional Visualizations		128	(1)
J2ME Mobile 3D Graphics		129	(1)
Creating and Transmitting a 3D Map to Mobile Devices		129	(3)
Examples		132	(1)
Conclusions		133	(6)
References		134	(5)
PART III Interoperability
Ontology and Semantic Interoperability		139	(22)
Thomas Bittner
Maureen Donnelly
Stephan Winter
Introduction		139	(1)
Languages and Communication Processes		140	(1)
Semantic Heterogeneity		141	(1)
Ontologies		142	(4)
Logic-Based Ontologies		142	(1)
Nonlogic-Based Ontologies		143	(1)
Meta-Standards vs. Reference Ontologies		144	(1)
Logic-Based Reasoning		145	(1)
Interoperability		145	(1)
Standards and Reference Ontologies for Spatial Information Systems		146	(6)
Spatial Data Standards and Their Limitations		146	(1)
Standards for the Spatial Component		147	(3)
Limitations of Today's Data Standards for CAD, AEC, and GIS Integration		150	(2)
Reference, Domain, and Top-Level Ontologies		152	(4)
Domain Ontologies as Reference Ontologies		152	(1)
Top-Level Ontologies		153	(1)
Important Components of Top-Level Ontologies		154	(1)
Top-Level Ontologies for CAD, AEC, and GIS Integration		155	(1)
Summary		156	(5)
Acknowledgments		157	(1)
References		157	(4)
Data Integration and Interoperability: OGC Standards for Geo-Information		161	(16)
Carl Reed
Introduction to the Problem		162	(1)
Discussion		163	(1)
What Is the OGC?		163	(1)
The OGC Abstract Specification		163	(1)
How Current OGC Standards Can Be Used for CAD/GIS Integration		164	(5)
Seamless Visualization: Web Map Service Interface Specification		165	(1)
Returning CAD/GIS Content to the Client -- The Web Map Service Interface Specification		165	(1)
Specifying Portrayal Rules		166	(1)
The Web Terrain Service Interface Specification		167	(1)
Communicating and Transporting CAD/GIS Content in an Open, Interoperable Manner: Geography Markup Language (GML) 3.1		168	(1)
LandGML ←→ LandXML: An example of CAD/Survey/GIS Content Sharing that Maintains Semantic Integrity		169	(2)
A Bit about LandXML		170	(1)
The LandXML ←→ LandGML Interoperability Experiment		170	(1)
LandXML ←→ LandGML Demonstration		171	(1)
Putting a Standards-Based CAD/GIS Workflow in Place		171	(3)
What's Next?		174	(3)
References		174	(3)
PART IV Alternatives
3D Topological Framework for Robust Digital Spatial Models		177	(34)
Rodney J. Thompson
Introduction		178	(1)
Outline of This Chapter		179	(1)
Nomenclature		179	(2)
Open and Closed		179	(1)
Continuity		180	(1)
Accuracy and Resolution		180	(1)
Geometric Primitives		180	(1)
Background		181	(6)
Case 1. Rounding, Accuracy, and Resolution		181	(1)
Case 2. Polygon Union		182	(1)
Case 3. Geometric Equality		182	(3)
Case 4. ISO 19107 Definition of isSimple()		185	(1)
Case 5. Adjoining Polygon Points		186	(1)
Case 6. Datum Conversion		187	(1)
Topology in 2D and 3D		187	(2)
Topological Cleaning Operation		187	(1)
Levels of Topology in 3D		188	(1)
Theoretical Perspectives		189	(5)
Realm-Based Geometry and Topology		189	(3)
Constraint Database Approach		192	(1)
Region Connection Calculus		193	(1)
The Rational Polygonal Region		194	(1)
The Regular Polytope		194	(9)
Half Space		195	(1)
Convex Polytope		195	(1)
Regular Polytope Representation		196	(3)
Operations on Regular Polytopes		199	(1)
Regular Polytope Equality		200	(1)
Dual Representation of Regular Polytope		200	(3)
Data Storage Requirements		203	(1)
Review of the Case Studies		204	(2)
Case 1. Rounding, Accuracy, and Resolution		204	(1)
Case 2. Polygon Union		204	(1)
Case 3. ISO 19107 Definition of Equals		204	(1)
Case 4. ISO 19107 Definition of isSimple()		204	(1)
Case 5. Adjoining Polygon Points		204	(1)
Case 6. Datum Conversion		205	(1)
Conclusions		206	(1)
Future Research		206	(5)
Implementation Issues		206	(1)
Contiguity		206	(1)
Floating Point Representations		206	(1)
Approximated Polytrope Representation		206	(2)
Lower Dimensionality Objects		208	(1)
The ``ROSE'' Algebra		208	(1)
References		208	(3)
Virtual Geographic Environments		211	(22)
Hui Lin
Qing Zhu
Introduction		211	(6)
From Map to GIS and VGEs		212	(2)
Defining VGEs		214	(2)
Interfaces of VGEs		216	(1)
The Multidimensional Representations		217	(9)
The Multiview Interface		219	(1)
Visualization of Abstract and Thematic Information		220	(1)
Time-Dependent Data Visualization		221	(2)
LOD and View-Dependent LOD Models		223	(2)
Image-Based Modeling and Rendering		225	(1)
The Natural Interactions		226	(3)
Speech Interface		227	(1)
Hand Gesture Interface		227	(1)
Sketch Interface		227	(1)
Geocollaboration		228	(1)
Conclusion		229	(4)
References		230	(3)
Index		233

Dr. Sisi Zlatanova is an assistant professor at the GIS Technology section, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands. She graduated as a surveyor from the University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy (UACG), Sofia, Bulgaria, in 1983 and obtained her Ph.D. in 3D GIS for urban modelling at the Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria, in 2000. She worked as a software programmer at the Central Cadastre in Sofia, Bulgaria, from 1984 to 1989, as an assistant-professor at UACG, Sofia, Bulgaria, from 1989 to 1995, and as a researcher at the International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), Enschede, The Netherlands, from 1995 to 1999. Her research focus is on the third dimension: 3D object reconstruction, 3D data structures and geo-databases, 3D spatial relationships (topology) and 3D visualization (VR and AR). She is an international editor for Geo-Science Journal , reviewer for PE&RS , JGIS , and JC&G , and author and editor of lecture notes. She is a Chair of ISPRS Working Group IV/8 Spatial data integration for emergency services. She has been granted a number of fellowships and prizes. In the last several years she is actively involved in international and national activities, groups, and projects related to integration of 3D spatial information and providing spatial services for realtime applications. Dr. David Prosperi is Professor of Urban and Regional Planning at Florida Atlantic University, United States. Trained as a quantitative economic geographer at Indiana University, since 1980 he has taught in urban and regional planning programs at the University of Illinois, the University of Cincinnati, and since 1989 at FAU. He has specialized in quantitative and computer applications in urban and regional planning ranging from regional economic structures to micro-urban form. The author of over 200 publications and/or conference papers, several of which have received prizes, former editor of two international jou