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1 Doppler-Limited Absorption and Fluorescence Spectroscopy with Lasers |
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1 | (82) |
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1.1 Advantages of Lasers in Spectroscopy |
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1 | (6) |
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1.2 High-Sensitivity Methods of Absorption Spectroscopy |
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7 | (23) |
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1.2.1 Enhancement of Absorption in External Cavities |
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7 | (2) |
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1.2.2 Frequency Modulation |
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9 | (6) |
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1.2.3 Intracavity Laser Absorption Spectroscopy ICLAS |
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15 | (8) |
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1.2.4 Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) |
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23 | (7) |
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1.3 Direct Determination of Absorbed Photons |
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30 | (16) |
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1.3.1 Fluorescence Excitation Spectroscopy |
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31 | (4) |
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1.3.2 Photoacoustic Spectroscopy |
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35 | (6) |
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1.3.3 Optothermal Spectroscopy |
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41 | (5) |
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1.4 Ionization Spectroscopy |
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46 | (10) |
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46 | (3) |
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1.4.2 Pulsed Versus CW Lasers for Photoionization |
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49 | (3) |
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1.4.3 Sensitivity of the Different Techniques |
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52 | (1) |
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1.4.4 Resonant Two-Photon Ionization (RTPI) Combined with Mass Spectrometry |
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53 | (2) |
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55 | (1) |
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1.5 Optogalvanic Spectroscopy |
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56 | (3) |
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1.6 Velocity-Modulation Spectroscopy |
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59 | (1) |
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1.7 Laser Magnetic Resonance and Stark Spectroscopy |
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60 | (4) |
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1.7.1 Laser Magnetic Resonance |
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61 | (2) |
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63 | (1) |
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1.8 Laser-Induced Fluorescence |
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64 | (12) |
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1.8.1 Molecular Spectroscopy by Laser-Induced Fluorescence |
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65 | (2) |
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1.8.2 Experimental Aspects of LIF |
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67 | (3) |
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1.8.3 LIF of Polyatomic Molecules |
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70 | (2) |
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72 | (1) |
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1.8.5 Determination of Population Distributions by LIF |
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72 | (4) |
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1.8.6 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy LIBS |
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76 | (1) |
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1.9 Comparison Between the Different Methods |
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76 | (4) |
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80 | (3) |
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83 | (66) |
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2.1 Linear and Nonlinear Absorption |
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83 | (8) |
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2.2 Saturation of Inhomogeneous Line Profiles |
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91 | (8) |
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92 | (4) |
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96 | (3) |
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2.3 Saturation Spectroscopy |
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99 | (11) |
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2.3.1 Experimental Schemes |
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100 | (4) |
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104 | (1) |
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2.3.3 Intracavity Saturation Spectroscopy |
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105 | (3) |
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2.3.4 Lamb-Dip Frequency Stabilization of Lasers |
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108 | (2) |
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2.4 Polarization Spectroscopy |
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110 | (14) |
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110 | (2) |
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2.4.2 Line Profiles of Polarization Signals |
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112 | (5) |
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2.4.3 Magnitude of Polarization Signals |
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117 | (3) |
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2.4.4 Sensitivity of Polarization Spectroscopy |
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120 | (3) |
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2.4.5 Advantages of Polarization Spectroscopy |
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123 | (1) |
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2.5 Multiphoton Spectroscopy |
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124 | (14) |
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2.5.1 Two-Photon Absorption |
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124 | (3) |
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2.5.2 Doppler-Free Multiphoton Spectroscopy |
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127 | (4) |
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2.5.3 Influence of Focusing on the Magnitude of Two-Photon Signals |
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131 | (1) |
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2.5.4 Examples of Doppler-Free Two-Photon Spectroscopy |
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132 | (3) |
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2.5.5 Multiphoton Spectroscopy |
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135 | (3) |
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2.6 Special Techniques of Nonlinear Spectroscopy |
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138 | (8) |
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2.6.1 Saturated Interference Spectroscopy |
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138 | (2) |
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2.6.2 Doppler-Free Laser-Induced Dichroism and Birefringence |
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140 | (2) |
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2.6.3 Heterodyne Polarization Spectroscopy |
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142 | (1) |
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2.6.4 Combination of Different Nonlinear Techniques |
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143 | (3) |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (3) |
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3 Laser Raman Spectroscopy |
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149 | (34) |
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149 | (6) |
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3.2 Experimental Techniques of Linear Laser Raman Spectroscopy |
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155 | (6) |
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3.3 Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy |
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161 | (14) |
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3.3.1 Stimulated Raman Scattering |
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162 | (6) |
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3.3.2 Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy |
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168 | (3) |
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3.3.3 Resonant CARS and BOX CARS |
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171 | (2) |
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173 | (2) |
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3.3.5 Summary of Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (3) |
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3.4.1 Resonance Raman Effect |
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175 | (1) |
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3.4.2 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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3.4.4 Time-Resolved Raman Spectroscopy |
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177 | (1) |
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3.5 Applications of Laser Raman Spectroscopy |
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178 | (2) |
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180 | (3) |
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4 Laser Spectroscopy in Molecular Beams |
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183 | (42) |
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4.1 Reduction of Doppler Width |
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184 | (8) |
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4.2 Adiabatic Cooling in Supersonic Beams |
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192 | (8) |
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4.3 Formation and Spectroscopy of Clusters and Van der Waals Molecules in Cold Molecular Beams |
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200 | (5) |
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4.4 Nonlinear Spectroscopy in Molecular Beams |
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205 | (3) |
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4.5 Laser Spectroscopy in Fast Ion Beams |
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208 | (3) |
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4.6 Applications of FIBLAS |
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211 | (4) |
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4.6.1 Spectroscopy of Radioactive Elements |
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211 | (1) |
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4.6.2 Photofragmentation Spectroscopy of Molecular Ions |
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211 | (2) |
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4.6.3 Saturation Spectroscopy in Fast Beams |
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213 | (2) |
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4.7 Spectroscopy in Cold Ion Beams |
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215 | (1) |
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4.8 Laser Photo-Detachment in Molecular Beams |
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216 | (2) |
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4.9 Combination of Molecular Beam Laser Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry |
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218 | (5) |
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223 | (2) |
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5 Optical Pumping and Double-Resonance Techniques |
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225 | (46) |
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226 | (6) |
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5.2 Optical--RF Double-Resonance Technique |
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232 | (6) |
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5.2.1 Basic Considerations |
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232 | (3) |
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5.2.2 Laser--RF Double-Resonance Spectroscopy in Molecular Beams |
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235 | (3) |
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5.3 Optical--Microwave Double Resonance |
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238 | (4) |
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5.4 Optical--Optical Double Resonance |
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242 | (17) |
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5.4.1 Simplification of Complex Absorption Spectra |
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243 | (4) |
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5.4.2 Stepwise Excitation and Spectroscopy of Rydberg States |
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247 | (9) |
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5.4.3 Stimulated Emission Pumping |
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256 | (3) |
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5.5 Special Detection Schemes of Double-Resonance Spectroscopy |
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259 | (9) |
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5.5.1 OODR-Polarization Spectroscopy |
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259 | (3) |
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5.5.2 Polarization Labeling |
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262 | (1) |
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5.5.3 Microwave--Optical Double-Resonance Polarization Spectroscopy |
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263 | (1) |
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5.5.4 Hole-Burning and Ion-Dip Double-Resonance Spectroscopy |
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264 | (1) |
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5.5.5 Triple-Resonance Spectroscopy |
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265 | (1) |
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5.5.6 Photoassociation Spectroscopy |
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266 | (2) |
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268 | (3) |
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6 Time-Resolved Laser Spectroscopy |
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271 | (98) |
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6.1 Generation of Short Laser Pulses |
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272 | (52) |
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6.1.1 Time Profiles of Pulsed Lasers |
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272 | (2) |
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274 | (2) |
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276 | (2) |
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6.1.4 Mode Locking of Lasers |
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278 | (9) |
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6.1.5 Generation of Femtosecond Pulses |
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287 | (7) |
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6.1.6 Optical Pulse Compression |
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294 | (5) |
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6.1.7 Sub 10 fs Pulses with Chirped Laser Mirrors |
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299 | (4) |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (3) |
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6.1.10 Wavelength-Tunable Ultrashort Pulses |
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307 | (5) |
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6.1.1 I Shaping of Ultrashort Light Pulses |
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312 | (1) |
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6.1.12 Generation of High-Power Ultrashort Pulses |
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313 | (7) |
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6.1.13 Reaching the Attosecond Range |
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320 | (3) |
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6.1.14 Summary of Short Pulse Generation |
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323 | (1) |
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6.2 Measurement of Ultrashort Pulses |
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324 | (22) |
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325 | (2) |
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6.2.2 Optical Correlator for Measuring Ultrashort Pulses |
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327 | (10) |
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337 | (3) |
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340 | (4) |
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6.2.5 CRAB- and VAMPIRE-Techniques |
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344 | (1) |
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6.2.6 Comparison of the Different Techniques |
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345 | (1) |
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6.3 Lifetime Measurement with Lasers |
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346 | (10) |
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348 | (2) |
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6.3.2 Single-Pulse Excitation |
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350 | (1) |
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6.3.3 Delayed-Coincidence Technique |
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351 | (2) |
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6.3.4 Lifetime Measurements in Fast Beams |
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353 | (3) |
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6.4 Spectroscopy in the Pico-to-Attosecond Range |
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356 | (11) |
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6.4.1 Pump-and-Probe Spectroscopy of Collisional Relaxation in Liquids |
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358 | (1) |
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6.4.2 Electronic Relaxation in Semiconductors |
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359 | (1) |
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6.4.3 Femtosecond Transition State Dynamics |
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360 | (1) |
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6.4.4 Real-Time Observations of Molecular Vibrations |
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361 | (3) |
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6.4.5 Attosecond Spectroscopy of Atomic Inner Shell Processes |
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364 | (2) |
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6.4.6 Transient Grating Techniques |
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366 | (1) |
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367 | (2) |
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369 | (60) |
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7.1 Level-Crossing Spectroscopy |
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370 | (13) |
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7.1.1 Classical Model of the Hanle Effect |
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371 | (4) |
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7.1.2 Quantum-Mechanical Models |
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375 | (2) |
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7.1.3 Experimental Arrangements |
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377 | (2) |
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379 | (1) |
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7.1.5 Stimulated Level-Crossing Spectroscopy |
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380 | (3) |
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7.2 Quantum-Beat Spectroscopy |
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383 | (8) |
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384 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Experimental Techniques |
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385 | (4) |
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7.2.3 Molecular Quantum-Beat Spectroscopy |
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389 | (2) |
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391 | (2) |
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7.4 Excitation and Detection of Wave Packets in Atoms and Molecules |
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393 | (2) |
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395 | (1) |
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7.6 Optical Pulse-Train Interference Spectroscopy |
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396 | (3) |
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399 | (6) |
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7.8 Optical Nutation and Free-Induction Decay |
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405 | (2) |
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7.9 Self-Induced Transparency |
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407 | (2) |
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7.10 Coherent Dark States and Dark Resonances |
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409 | (2) |
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7.11 Heterodyne Spectroscopy |
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411 | (1) |
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7.12 Correlation Spectroscopy |
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412 | (14) |
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7.12.1 Basic Considerations |
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413 | (4) |
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7.12.2 Homodyne Spectroscopy |
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417 | (3) |
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7.12.3 Heterodyne Correlation Spectroscopy |
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420 | (2) |
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7.12.4 Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy and Single Molecule Detection |
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422 | (4) |
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7.13 Optical Coherence Tomography |
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426 | (1) |
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427 | (2) |
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8 Laser Spectroscopy of Collision Processes |
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429 | (44) |
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8.1 High-Resolution Laser Spectroscopy of Collisional Line Broadening and Line Shifts |
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430 | (5) |
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8.1.1 Sub-Doppler Spectroscopy of Collision Processes |
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431 | (3) |
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8.1.2 Combination of Different Techniques |
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434 | (1) |
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8.2 Measurements of Inelastic Collision Cross Sections of Excited Atoms and Molecules |
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435 | (11) |
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8.2.1 Measurements of Absolute Quenching Cross Sections |
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436 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Collision-Induced Rovibronic Transitions in Excited States |
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437 | (4) |
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8.2.3 Collisional Transfer of Electronic Energy |
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441 | (2) |
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8.2.4 Energy Pooling in Collisions Between Excited Atoms |
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443 | (1) |
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8.2.5 Spectroscopy of Spin-Flip Transitions |
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444 | (2) |
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8.3 Spectroscopic Techniques for Measuring Collision-Induced Transitions in the Electronic Ground State of Molecules |
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446 | (9) |
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8.3.1 Time-Resolved Infrared Fluorescence Detection |
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447 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Time-Resolved Absorption and Double-Resonance Methods |
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448 | (4) |
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8.3.3 Collision Spectroscopy with Continuous-Wave Lasers |
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452 | (1) |
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8.3.4 Collisions Involving Molecules in High Vibrational States |
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453 | (2) |
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8.4 Spectroscopy of Reactive Collisions |
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455 | (5) |
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8.5 Spectroscopic Determination of Differential Collision Cross Sections in Crossed Molecular Beams |
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460 | (5) |
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8.6 Photon-Assisted Collisional Energy Transfer |
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465 | (5) |
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470 | (3) |
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9 New Developments in Laser Spectroscopy |
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473 | (116) |
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9.1 Optical Cooling and Trapping of Atoms |
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473 | (50) |
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474 | (2) |
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9.1.2 Measurement of Recoil Shift |
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476 | (2) |
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9.1.3 Optical Cooling by Photon Recoil |
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478 | (3) |
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9.1.4 Experimental Arrangements |
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481 | (6) |
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9.1.5 Three-dimensional Cooling of Atoms: Optical Molasses |
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487 | (2) |
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9.1.6 Cooling of Molecules |
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489 | (2) |
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9.1.7 Optical Trapping of Atoms |
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491 | (7) |
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9.1.8 Optical Micro-traps |
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498 | (7) |
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9.1.9 Optical Cooling Limits |
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505 | (3) |
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9.1.10 Bose--Einstein Condensation |
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508 | (1) |
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9.1.11 Evaporative Cooling |
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509 | (4) |
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9.1.12 Properties of the Bose--Einstein Condensate |
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513 | (2) |
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515 | (2) |
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9.1.14 Production and Trapping of Cold Fermi-Gases |
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517 | (1) |
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518 | (2) |
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9.1.16 Atoms and Molecules in Optical Lattices |
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520 | (1) |
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9.1.17 Applications of Cooled Atoms and Molecules |
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521 | (2) |
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9.2 Spectroscopy of Single Ions |
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523 | (12) |
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523 | (4) |
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9.2.2 Optical Sideband Cooling |
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527 | (1) |
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9.2.3 Direct Observations of Quantum Jumps |
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528 | (3) |
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9.2.4 Formation of Wigner Crystals in Ion Traps |
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531 | (2) |
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9.2.5 Laser Spectroscopy of Ions in Storage Rings |
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533 | (1) |
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9.2.6 Quantum Computer with Stored Ions |
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534 | (1) |
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9.3 Optical Ramsey Fringes |
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535 | (15) |
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9.3.1 Basic Considerations |
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536 | (3) |
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9.3.2 Two-Photon Ramsey Resonance |
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539 | (3) |
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9.3.3 Nonlinear Ramsey Fringes Using Three Separated Fields |
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542 | (3) |
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9.3.4 Observation of Recoil Doublets and Suppression of One Recoil Component |
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545 | (2) |
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9.3.5 Optical Ramsey Resonances Obtained Through an Equidistant Train of Laser Pulses |
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547 | (1) |
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548 | (2) |
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550 | (3) |
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9.4.1 Mach--Zehnder Atom Interferometer |
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550 | (3) |
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553 | (4) |
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9.6 Spectral Resolution Within the Natural Linewidth |
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557 | (9) |
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9.6.1 Time-Gated Coherent Spectroscopy |
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558 | (4) |
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9.6.2 Coherence and Transit Narrowing |
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562 | (2) |
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9.6.3 Raman Spectroscopy with Subnatural Linewidth |
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564 | (2) |
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9.7 Absolute Optical Frequency Measurement and Optical Frequency Standards |
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566 | (10) |
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9.7.1 Microwave--Optical Frequency Chains |
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566 | (3) |
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9.7.2 Optical Frequency Combs |
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569 | (4) |
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9.7.3 Spectral Extension of Frequency Combs |
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573 | (1) |
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9.7.4 Applications of Optical Frequency Combs |
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574 | (1) |
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9.7.5 Molecular Spectroscopy with Optical Frequency Combs |
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575 | (1) |
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576 | (10) |
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9.8.1 Amplitude and Phase Fluctuations of a Light Wave |
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577 | (4) |
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9.8.2 Experimental Realization of Squeezing |
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581 | (3) |
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9.8.3 Application of Squeezing to Gravitational Wave Detectors |
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584 | (2) |
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586 | (3) |
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10 Applications of Laser Spectroscopy |
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589 | (62) |
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10.1 Applications in Chemistry |
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589 | (17) |
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10.1.1 Laser Spectroscopy in Analytical Chemistry |
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590 | (2) |
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10.1.2 Single-Molecule Detection |
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592 | (3) |
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10.1.3 Laser-Induced Chemical Reactions |
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595 | (3) |
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10.1.4 Coherent Control of Chemical Reactions |
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598 | (3) |
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10.1.5 Laser Femtosecond Chemistry |
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601 | (2) |
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10.1.6 Isotope Separation with Lasers |
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603 | (3) |
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10.1.7 Summary of Laser Chemistry |
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606 | (1) |
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10.2 Environmental Research with Lasers |
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606 | (13) |
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10.2.1 Absorption Measurements |
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607 | (2) |
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10.2.2 Atmospheric Measurements with LIDAR |
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609 | (7) |
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10.2.3 Spectroscopic Detection of Water Pollution |
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616 | (2) |
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10.2.4 Earth Science Applications |
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618 | (1) |
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10.3 Applications to Technical Problems |
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619 | (7) |
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10.3.1 Spectroscopy of Combustion Processes |
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620 | (2) |
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10.3.2 Applications of Laser Spectroscopy to Materials Science |
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622 | (1) |
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10.3.3 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) |
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623 | (2) |
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10.3.4 Measurements of Flow Velocities in Gases and Liquids |
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625 | (1) |
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10.4 Applications in Biology |
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626 | (10) |
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10.4.1 Energy Transfer in DNA Complexes |
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626 | (1) |
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10.4.2 Time-Resolved Measurements of Biological Processes |
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627 | (2) |
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10.4.3 Correlation Spectroscopy of Microbe Movements |
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629 | (1) |
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630 | (5) |
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10.4.5 Detection of Single Biological Molecules |
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635 | (1) |
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10.5 Medical Applications of Laser Spectroscopy |
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636 | (14) |
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10.5.1 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Respiratory Gases |
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638 | (2) |
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10.5.2 Lasers for Eye-Diagnostics |
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640 | (2) |
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10.5.3 Detection of Tissue Anomalies and Cancer |
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642 | (2) |
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10.5.4 Heterodyne Measurements of Ear Drums |
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644 | (1) |
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10.5.5 Cancer Diagnostics and Photodynamic Therapy |
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645 | (2) |
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|
|
647 | (2) |
|
10.5.7 Laser-Induced Thermotherapy of Brain Cancer |
|
|
649 | (1) |
|
10.5.8 Fetal Oxygen Monitoring |
|
|
649 | (1) |
|
|
|
650 | (1) |
| Solutions |
|
651 | (30) |
| References |
|
681 | (70) |
| Index |
|
751 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta