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E-raamat: Latin America and the Caribbean: An Environment and Development Approach

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Latin America and the Caribbean: An Environment and Development ApproachSuurem pilt
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Through the twin themes of the environment and development, Brad Jokisch introduces students to the regions of Latin American and the Caribbean through a concise, comprehensive, and cohesive overview. Designed for courses in either geography or Latin American Studies, this text covers the physical geography, environmental hazards, and a concise history of the region, along with treatment of economic issuesincluding Chinas roleurbanization, population trends, and international migration. Regional chapters on Brazil, Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, the Andes, and the Southern Cone ensure that students understand the distinct areas of Latin America as well as the region as a whole.

Key features include:





Extensive maps, figures, and tables to help students visualize the material Chapter opening learning objectives and key terms lists to help organize important concepts End-of-chapter conclusions and summary points and a glossary to aid in studying Excellent treatment of current research from geography and across the social sciences to reinforce the state of the field A key case study chapter on Amazonian deforestation and development In-depth analysis of the commodity boom, the Pink Tide, the rise of China, certification programs, and the illicit drug trade
List of Boxes, Figures, Maps, Photos, and Tables
xiii
Preface xvii
Chapter 1 A Theoretically Informed Regional Approach
1(15)
Learning Objectives
1(1)
Key Terms
1(4)
What Is Latin America and the Caribbean?
5(3)
Regions and the Invention of Latin America
8(2)
Development Geography and Development Theory
10(1)
Nature and Society in Latin America: Hazards and Political Ecology
11(2)
Summary Points
13(1)
Notes
13(3)
PART I THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
Chapter 2 The Physical Geography and Hazards of Latin America and the Caribbean
16(25)
Learning Objectives
16(1)
Key Terms
16(1)
The Physical Processes Shaping Weather and Climate
17(1)
The Importance of Location and Hadley Cell Atmospheric Circulation
17(5)
Ocean Currents
18(2)
Topography
20(2)
Major Climates of Latin America and the Caribbean
22(5)
Tropical Wet (Tropical Rain Forest)
23(1)
Savanna (Tropical Wet/Dry)
24(1)
Deserts and Semiarid Climates
25(1)
Humid Subtropical
26(1)
Tectonic Activity and Landforms
27(4)
The Andes Mountains
28(2)
Central American Volcanic Axis
30(1)
Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt
30(1)
The Caribbean Island Arc
31(1)
Natural Hazards and Disasters
31(7)
Hurricanes
32(1)
Volcanoes and Earthquakes
33(2)
El Nino Southern Oscillation
35(1)
Natural Disasters in Latin America and the Caribbean
36(2)
The Impacts of Global Climate Change
38(1)
Summary Points
39(1)
Notes
40(1)
Chapter 3 Indigenous Peoples and European Arrival
41(29)
Learning Objectives
41(1)
Key Terms
41(1)
The First Peoples
42(2)
Major Indigenous Civilizations and Their Precursors
44(12)
Mesoamerican Civilizations
44(2)
The Triple Alliance
46(1)
Mayan City-States
47(2)
The Isthmo-Colombian Area
49(1)
Caribbean Groups
49(1)
South American Civilizations
50(1)
The Inca Empire and Its Predecessors
50(4)
Amazonian Civilizations
54(1)
Other South American Ethnic Groups
55(1)
Agriculture in the Americas
56(3)
Mesoamerican Agricultural Systems
56(2)
Andean Agricultural Systems
58(1)
Amazonian Agricultural Systems
58(1)
The Conquest and Cultural Catastrophe
59(6)
Caribbean Devastation
61(1)
The Triple Alliance and Cortes
61(1)
The Mayan Conquests
62(1)
Tawantinsuyu: The Inca Empire
62(1)
Understanding the Conquests
63(1)
Brazil
64(1)
Disease and Depopulation
64(1)
Conclusion
65(1)
Summary Points
66(1)
Notes
67(3)
Chapter 4 Historical Foundations: From Colonial Latin America to the Early Twentieth Century
70(34)
Learning Objectives
70(1)
Key Terms
70(2)
The Political Geography of Colonial Latin America and the Caribbean
72(7)
Spanish America
72(2)
The Caribbean
74(1)
Portuguese America
75(1)
Iberian-Style Cities and Pueblos in the Americas
75(3)
Restructuring the Countryside: Haciendas, Fazendas, and Plantations
78(1)
Mercantilism, Labor, and the Colonial Economy
79(7)
Mining
79(1)
Plantation Agriculture
80(1)
Indigenous Labor Regimes
81(1)
Indigenous Slavery
81(1)
Encomiendas and Repartimientos
81(1)
Other Labor Regimes
82(1)
African Slavery
82(3)
The Columbian Exchange
85(1)
Independence and the End of the Colonial Era
86(2)
Legacies of the Colonial Era
87(1)
Early Republican Latin America: Geopolitical Wrangling
88(3)
Mexico and Central America
89(1)
South America
90(1)
Rio de la Plata and the Southern Cone
90(1)
Brazil: Securing the Amazon
91(1)
Exports and Immigrants: The Late Nineteenth-Century Economy
91(4)
Brazil and Coffee
92(1)
Rubber and the Amazon
93(1)
Argentinian Agro-pastoralism
94(1)
Bananas and the Caribbean Basin
94(1)
Here Come the Gringos: Gunboat Diplomacy, a Canal, and the Rising Influence of the United States
95(3)
The Spanish-American War and Cuba
96(1)
The Path between the Seas
96(2)
The Roosevelt Corollary and U.S. Interventions
98(1)
Conclusion
98(1)
Summary Points
98(1)
Notes
99(5)
PART II CONTEMPORARY DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES
Chapter 5 The Economic Geography of Latin America and the Caribbean
104(48)
Learning Objectives
104(1)
Key Terms
105(2)
Economic Crises and Rethinking the Export-Led Model
107(1)
Debt, Recession, and the End of Import Substitution Industrialization
108(1)
Evaluating ISI: What Was Gained?
108(1)
The Neoliberal Era
109(2)
The Commodity Boom, China, and the Pink Tide of the Twenty-First Century
111(13)
The "New Extraction" and Resource Nationalism
115(1)
The Development and Environmental Perils of a Primary Product Export Model
116(2)
Exports during the Commodity Boom
118(3)
Protests and Shaping the Commodity Boom
121(1)
Social and Economic Outcomes of the Commodity Boom
122(2)
Overview of the Contemporary Economic Geography of LAC
124(20)
The Informal Economy and Workers in LAC
127(1)
Mining and Hydrocarbon Activities
128(2)
Artisanal Mining
130(1)
Agriculture
130(2)
Intensive Subsistence
132(1)
Specialty Export Crops (Plantation)
132(4)
Grain and Livestock Farming
136(1)
Manufacturing
137(2)
Tourism: More than Sand, Sun, and Rum
139(1)
Mass, Eco-, and Alternative Tourism in LAC
140(3)
Illicit Drug Economy
143(1)
Migrant Remittances
143(1)
Covid-19: An Economic and Health Crisis
144(3)
Summary Points
147(1)
Notes
147(5)
Chapter 6 Latin America in Transition: From Population Boom to an Aging Population
152(25)
Learning Objectives
152(1)
Key Terms
152(2)
The Rapid Growth Era (1950--2000)
154(10)
Improved Health, Lower Mortality, and Longer Life Expectancy
154(3)
Fewer Babies: Falling Fertility
157(4)
Rapid Population Growth and Development Concerns
161(1)
Population Growth and the Controversies of Family Planning Initiatives
162(1)
Urbanization and Internal Migration
163(1)
Entering the Slow-Growth Era
164(6)
Age Structure and the Demographic Dividend
169(1)
Aging and the End of Population Growth? Latin America's Population Future
170(1)
The Challenges of an Aging Population
171(1)
The Impact of COVID-19 on Latin America and the Caribbean's Population
171(2)
The End of Population Growth?
173(1)
Concluding Thoughts on Population and Development
173(1)
Summary Points
174(1)
Notes
174(3)
Chapter 7 International Migration: Implications for Development
177(31)
Learning Objectives
177(1)
Key Terms
177(2)
What Causes International Migration?
179(2)
An Overview of International Migration from Latin America and the Caribbean
181(10)
Mexican Migration: A Long, Complex History
185(1)
Central American Migration: Civil War, Refugees, and Economic Migrants
186(2)
Hispanic Caribbean Migration: A Cold War Legacy
188(1)
South American Migration: Diverse Destinations
189(1)
Ecuador
189(1)
Colombia and Venezuela
190(1)
International Migration within Latin America and the Caribbean (Intraregional)
191(1)
Human Trafficking and Migration
192(2)
Migration and Development?
194(5)
The Trump Administration and Latin American Immigration
199(4)
The Biden Administration and Immigration: A Mixed Message
203(1)
Summary
203(1)
Summary Points
204(1)
Notes
205(3)
Chapter 8 The Urban Worlds of Latin America
208(30)
Learning Objectives
208(1)
Key Terms
208(5)
Urbanization in the Twentieth Century
213(13)
The Growth of Latin American Cities
214(3)
Urban Primacy
217(1)
Urban Latin America, 1980s to Present
218(3)
Segregation and Gated Communities
221(2)
Segregation through Gentrification
223(1)
The Persistent Informal Economy in Latin America: Three Examples
223(1)
Domestic Service
224(1)
Street Vending
224(2)
Waste Pickers
226(1)
Environmental Problems of Latin American Cities
226(7)
Air Quality
227(2)
Urban Water
229(1)
Water Management in Sao Paulo, Brazil
230(2)
Water Management in Mexico City
232(1)
Climate Change and Latin American Cities
233(1)
Conclusion
234(1)
Summary Points
234(1)
Notes
235(3)
Chapter 9 Development and Deforestation in the Amazon
238(24)
Learning Objectives
238(1)
Key Terms
238(3)
The Value of Forests
241(2)
Opening the Amazon: Integrating the Amazon into National Development, 1960s--1980s
243(3)
Opening the Amazon of the Andean Republics
245(1)
Cattle, Soy, and the Global Integration of the Amazon, 1990--2021
246(6)
The Soy Frontier
247(1)
Cattle: The Transformation of the Beef Industry
248(1)
Greening Soy and Cattle? Supply Chain Interventions to Stop Deforestation
249(1)
Dams and Mining
250(2)
Conserving the Amazon? Protected Areas and Indigenous Lands
252(2)
Indigenous Lands
253(1)
Conservation Units
254(1)
The Future of Amazonia?
254(2)
Summary Points
256(1)
Notes
257(5)
PART III REGIONAL CHAPTERS
Chapter 10 Mexico
262(19)
Learning Objectives
262(1)
Key Terms
262(2)
The Physical Geography of Mexico
264(2)
Tectonics and Topography
264(1)
Climates and Tropical Storms
265(1)
The Forests of Mexico
266(1)
The Ethnic Diversity of Mexico
266(2)
Demographic Trends
268(1)
Mexico in the Global Economy
269(8)
Maquiladoras and Manufacturing
270(1)
Agricultural Exports and Smallholder Agriculture
271(2)
Welcome to Mexico! The Growing Importance of Tourism
273(1)
Illicit Drugs: A Disastrous Trade Relationship
274(3)
Deforestation, Land Use Change, and Protected Areas
277(2)
Summary Points
279(1)
Notes
279(2)
Chapter 11 Central America and the Caribbean
281(27)
Learning Objectives
281(1)
Key Terms
281(2)
The Physical Geography of Central America and the Caribbean
283(5)
Tectonics and Topography
283(1)
Central American Volcanic Axis
284(3)
Climates and Tropical Storms
287(1)
Marine Ecosystems
287(1)
The Forests of Central America and the Caribbean
288(1)
The Ethnic Diversity of Central America and the Caribbean
288(7)
The Caribbean
289(1)
Dominican Republic
290(1)
Jamaica
290(1)
Suriname
291(1)
Central America
291(1)
Costa Rica
292(1)
Panama
292(1)
Honduras, Nicaragua, and El Salvador
293(1)
Guatemala
294(1)
Demographic Trends of Central America and the Caribbean
295(1)
International Migration
296(1)
Central America and the Caribbean in the Global Economy
296(6)
Central American Economies
298(2)
The Caribbean Economies
300(2)
Deforestation, Land Use Change, and Protected Areas
302(2)
Summary Points
304(1)
Notes
305(3)
Chapter 12 The Andes
308(34)
Learning Objectives
308(1)
Key Terms
308(1)
The Physical Geography of the Andean Republics
309(10)
Andean Tectonics and Topography
310(6)
Climates and El Nino
316(1)
The Forests and Ecosystems of the Andean Republics
316(1)
Ecuador Transect
317(2)
Peru Transect
319(1)
The Ethnic Diversity of the Andes
319(5)
Venezuela and Colombia
319(2)
Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia
321(3)
Demographic Trends of the Andes
324(2)
International Migration
325(1)
The Andes in the Global Economy
326(9)
Ecuador
327(3)
Colombia
330(2)
Peru
332(1)
Bolivia
333(1)
Venezuela
334(1)
Deforestation, Land Use Change, and Protected Areas
335(3)
Summary Points
338(1)
Notes
339(3)
Chapter 13 The Southern Cone
342(26)
Learning Objectives
342(1)
Key Terms
342(1)
The Physical Geography of the Southern Cone
343(5)
Tectonics and Topography
343(2)
Physical Regions of the Southern Cone
345(1)
Climates of the Southern Cone
346(1)
Forests of the Southern Cone
347(1)
The Ethnic Diversity of the Southern Cone
348(3)
Chile
348(1)
Uruguay
349(1)
Argentina
350(1)
Paraguay
351(1)
Demographic Trends in the Southern Cone
351(3)
International Migration
353(1)
The Southern Cone in the Global Economy
354(7)
Argentina
354(2)
Uruguay
356(1)
Paraguay
357(1)
Chile
358(3)
Deforestation, Land Use Change, and Protected Areas
361(1)
Summary Points
362(1)
Notes
363(5)
Chapter 14 Brazil
368(19)
Learning Objectives
368(1)
Key Terms
368(2)
The Physical Geography of Brazil
370(3)
Physical Regions of Brazil
370(2)
Climates of Brazil
372(1)
The Forests of Brazil
372(1)
The Ethnic Diversity of Brazil
373(2)
Demographic Trends in Brazil
375(4)
International Migration
377(2)
Brazil in the Global Economy
379(5)
Contemporary Economy
380(1)
Agriculture
380(1)
Manufacturing
381(2)
The Services: Tourism and BPOs in Brazil
383(1)
Summary Points
384(1)
Notes
384(3)
Glossary 387(11)
Bibliography 398(29)
Index 427(12)
About the Author 439
Brad Jokisch is associate professor of geography at Ohio University. His research is at the nexus of migration, environment, and development. His research has focused on Ecuador, migration, and environment and development issues. He was chair of the Conference of Latin American Geography (CLAG), and Director of Latin American Studies at Ohio University.
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