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E-raamat: Law of Wreck

(TC Beirne School of Law, University of Queensland, Australia), (TC Beirne School of Law, University of Queensland, Australia)
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This book covers wreck law as an integrated whole, going beyond the question of "removal" to include issues such as the ownership of wreck and how the law deals with the many commercial law problems arising after ships have been wrecked during the maritime commercial adventure.

The book offers authoritative guidance on the genesis and meaning of the Nairobi Wreck Removal Convention 2007, and the interpretation of its often-complex provisions as they apply both to States trying to use its powers and to shipowners and liability insurers faced by its obligations. The authors explain the increasingly complex inter-relationship between linked areas of maritime law, including salvage, intervention and the overlapping international regimes which deal with pollution from oil, bunkers or hazardous and noxious substances. The book examines how a salvage operation transitions to wreck removal and links the liability provisions with the standard form international commercial contracts actually used by the industry to remove wrecks, eg BIMCOs Wreckstage 2010, Wreckhire 2010 and Wreckfixed 2010. It also covers the complex requirements concerning the disposal of wrecks, including the latest recycling regulations applicable in 2019.

The Law of Wreck will be of value to shipping industry professionals, insurers and legal practitioners, as well as academics and students of maritime law.
Preface xxi
Acknowledgements xxv
Table of abbreviations xxvii
Table of cases xli
Table of legislation lv
Part I Wreck in national and international law
Chapter 1 Introduction To Wreck Casualties
3(32)
1.1 Introduction
3(2)
1.1.1 Wreck and maritime law
3(1)
1.1.2 Wreck definitions
4(1)
1.1.3 Scope of book
5(1)
1.2 Influential wreck casualties
5(25)
1.2.1 Torrey Canyon (1967)
6(4)
1.2.1.a The casualty
7(1)
1.2.1.b Legal claims
8(2)
1.2.2 Wrecks since 1967
10(5)
1.2.2.a Tanker wrecks
10(4)
1.2.2.b Other wrecks
14(1)
1.2.3 MSC Napoli (2007)
15(3)
1.2.3.a The casualty
15(1)
1.2.3.b Removal operations
16(1)
1.2.3.c Legal claims
17(1)
1.2.3.d Lessons
18(1)
1.2.4 Rena (2011)
18(9)
1.2.4.a The casualty
18(2)
1.2.4.b Practical and legal problems
20(1)
1.2.4.c Legal claims
21(1)
1.2.4.d Full removal or consent for dumping?
22(2)
1.2.4.e 2017 consent order and indigenous factors
24(2)
1.2.4.f Lessons
26(1)
1.2.5 Costa Concordia (2012)
27(3)
1.2.5.a The casualty
27(1)
1.2.5.b Removal operations
28(1)
1.2.5.c Costs and liabilities
29(1)
1.3 Cargo problems
30(2)
1.3.1 Changing environmental focus
30(1)
1.3.2 Particular problems with containers
30(5)
1.3.2.a Containers lost overboard
30(1)
1.3.2.b Weight and contents of containers
31(1)
1.3.2.c Increase in size of container ships
31(1)
1.4 P&I Clubs' major incident analysis
32(3)
Chapter 2 Wreck And The Maritime Commercial Adventure
35(176)
2.1 Wreck and carriage of goods contracts
35(35)
2.1.1 Overview of cargo's position after wreck
36(1)
2.1.2 Wreck and sale of goods contracts
37(1)
2.1.3 Cargo owners and salvage or wreck removal operations
37(2)
2.1.3.a Cargo owners and salvage
38(1)
2.1.3.b Removal by cargo interests themselves
38(1)
2.1.4 Carriage contracts and cargo forwarding costs
39(5)
2.1.4.a Transhipment costs under the carriage contract
40(1)
2.1.4.b Termination of the carriage contract
41(3)
2.1.5 Liability for cargo loss or damage caused by wreck
44(12)
2.1.5.a HagueNisby Rules liability scheme
45(3)
2.1.5.b Error in navigation or management exception
48(2)
2.1.5.c Burden of proof under Art III and Art IV
50(1)
2.1.5.d Proof of loss or damage
51(2)
2.1.5.e Limitation of liability under the HagueNisby Rules
53(2)
2.1.5.f Forum issues in carriage claims
55(1)
2.1.6 Cargo owner's liability for wreck
56(2)
2.1.7 Charterers and wreck
58(12)
2.1.7.a Bareboat charterers
58(3)
2.1.7.b Voyage charterers
61(2)
2.1.7.c Time charterers
63(6)
2.1.7.d Charterers' influence on wreck removal
69(1)
2.2 Wreck and crew
70(7)
2.2.1 Master's concerns after casualty
70(1)
2.2.2 Criminalisation of seafarers after shipwreck
71(1)
2.2.3 Fair treatment of crew after shipwreck
72(1)
2.2.4 Maritime Labour Convention 2006
73(4)
2.2.4.a MLC 2006 and repatriation costs
74(1)
2.2.4.b Financial security for abandonment
74(1)
2.2.4.c Indemnity for unpaid wages
75(1)
2.2.4.d Compensation for injury and loss
75(1)
2.2.4.e Financial security for compensation
76(1)
2.2.4.f Implementation of MLC 2006 financial security provisions
76(1)
2.3 Wreck and passengers
77(13)
2.3.1 Application of Athens Convention 2002
78(2)
2.3.2 Liability for death and injury
80(3)
2.3.3 Compensation and limits of liability for death and injury
83(2)
2.3.4 Passengers' luggage
85(1)
2.3.5 Compulsory insurance
86(3)
2.3.6 Domestic carriage
89(1)
2.3.7 Passenger claims and forum issues
89(1)
2.4 Wreck and collision liability
90(5)
2.4.1 Liability
90(1)
2.4.2 Wreck and causation
91(2)
2.4.3 Damages for wreck
93(1)
2.4.4 Apportionment of liability
94(1)
2.5 Wreck and limitation of liability
95(36)
2.5.1 Introduction to limitation of liability
96(1)
2.5.2 Craft for which limitation is available
97(1)
2.5.3 Persons who may limit
98(1)
2.5.4 Claims subject to limitation
99(7)
2.5.4.a Property and personal claims
99(1)
2.5.4.b Pollution claims
100(2)
2.5.4.c Wreck and cargo removal claims
102(3)
2.5.4.d Charterers and limitation claims
105(1)
2.5.5 Limitation for salvors and wreck removal contractors
106(3)
2.5.6 Calculating the limits
109(3)
2.5.6.a Examples of limits
109(2)
2.5.6.b Distinct occasion
111(1)
2.5.7 'Breaking' limitation
112(2)
2.5.8 LLMC opt-out for wreck and cargo removal claims
114(2)
2.5.9 Limitation procedure and forum shopping
116(15)
2.5.9.a Establishing a limitation fund
116(1)
2.5.9.b Multi-state limitation proceedings
117(2)
2.5.9.c Baltic Ace litigation
119(3)
2.5.9.d LLMC fund and the wreck removal reservation
122(2)
2.5.9.e Limitation fund recognition and the EU
124(4)
2.5.9.f Limitation forum shopping, the WRC 2007 and policy
128(3)
2.6 Wreck and pollution liability
131(21)
2.6.1 International action after Torrey Canyon
131(1)
2.6.2 CLC and Fund Convention regime
132(9)
2.6.2.a CLC 1992
133(5)
2.6.2.b Fund Convention 1992
138(2)
2.6.2.c Supplementary Fund Protocol 2003
140(1)
2.6.3 Bunkers Convention 2001
141(3)
2.6.4 HNSC 2010
144(6)
2.6.5 Environmental Liability Directive 2004
150(2)
2.7 Wreck and the law of salvage
152(17)
2.7.1 Overview of salvage law
152(1)
2.7.2 Applicable salvage law
153(1)
2.7.3 Salvage terminology
154(1)
2.7.4 Professional salvage and wreck removal contractors
155(1)
2.7.5 Success in preventing a wreck
156(2)
2.7.6 Can a wreck be salved?
158(1)
2.7.7 Salvage reward
159(3)
2.7.7.a Size of reward
160(1)
2.7.7.b Liability to pay salvage
161(1)
2.7.8 Salvors' security for payment
162(1)
2.7.9 Salvage and the environment
163(6)
2.7.9.a Enhanced reward
164(1)
2.7.9.b Special compensation
164(3)
2.7.9.c SCOPIC 2018
167(2)
2.8 Wreck and general average
169(4)
2.8.1 GA claims
170(1)
2.8.2 GA security
171(2)
2.8.3 Cutting away wreck
173(1)
2.9 Wreck and marine insurance
173(38)
2.9.1 Role of marine insurance with shipwreck
173(2)
2.9.2 H&M cover: casualties and wreck
175(4)
2.9.2.a Risks covered
175(1)
2.9.2.b Wreck removal and liabilities
176(1)
2.9.2.c Proximate cause and defences
177(1)
2.9.2.d Mortgagee cover and wreck
178(1)
2.9.3 Cargo cover: casualties and wreck
179(9)
2.9.3.a Importance of cover
179(1)
2.9.3.b Levels of cover
179(3)
2.9.3.c Salvage, GA and wreck removal
182(1)
2.9.3.d Exclusions from cover
182(2)
2.9.3.e Forwarding after casualty
184(4)
2.9.4 Total loss
188(5)
2.9.4.a Actual total loss
188(2)
2.9.4.b Constructive total loss and notice of abandonment
190(1)
2.9.4.c Acceptance of notice of abandonment
191(2)
2.9.5 Wreck and the practice of underwriters
193(4)
2.9.5.a Information and evidence
193(2)
2.9.5.b Underwriters' decision time for total loss
195(2)
2.9.6 Insurance cover for liabilities
197(16)
2.9.6.a Availability of P&I Club cover for casualties
197(1)
2.9.6.b Typical P&I Club cover for casualties
198(3)
2.9.6.c 'Pay to be paid' clause
201(3)
2.9.6.d P&I Club cover for wreck liabilities
204(4)
2.9.6.e P&I cover for crew claims
208(3)
Chapter 3 Rights In Relation To Wreck
211(38)
3.1 Conceptual development of wreck and interests in wreck
211(2)
3.2 Ownership of wreck
213(9)
3.2.1 Choice of law in relation to ownership
214(2)
3.2.2 Identifying the owner
216(4)
3.2.3 Acquiring ownership of a wreck
220(2)
3.2.4 Human remains
222(1)
3.3 Abandonment of rights
222(9)
3.3.1 Derelict
222(2)
3.3.2 Abandonment of ownership
224(7)
3.4 Insurer's rights
231(8)
3.4.1 The insurer's rights to take over property
232(2)
3.4.2 Subrogation
234(1)
3.4.3 Reinsurance
234(1)
3.4.4 War risks
235(2)
3.4.5 Insurer's rights to long lost wrecks
237(2)
3.5 Salvors' and finders' rights
239(10)
3.5.1 The salvors' rights to possession
239(2)
3.5.2 Possession of sunken wrecks
241(4)
3.5.3 In specie salvage award
245(1)
3.5.4 Finds
246(3)
Chapter 4 State Rights And Wreck
249(46)
4.1 Introduction
249(1)
4.2 Wreck response and UK regulation
249(17)
4.2.1 Pollution preparedness and response in the UK
249(1)
4.2.2 Role of the SOSREP
250(2)
4.2.3 MSA 1995 Sch 3A and UK intervention powers
252(11)
4.2.3.a Directions to persons in control of the casualty
252(3)
4.2.3.b Recipients of directions
255(2)
4.2.3.c Directions to person in control of land
257(1)
4.2.3.d Directions to 'other' ships
258(2)
4.2.3.e Power to take action
260(1)
4.2.3.f Enforcement and procedure
261(1)
4.2.3.g Extent of powers over UK and foreign ships
262(1)
4.2.3.h Temporary exclusion zones
262(1)
4.2.4 Wreck and the relationship between public agencies
263(1)
4.2.5 Response coordination and the MSC Napoli
264(2)
4.3 Shipping inquiries and wreck
266(2)
4.4 State rights to wreck
268(2)
4.4.1 Right to wreck in UK territorial waters
268(1)
4.4.2 Right to wreck outside UK territorial waters
269(1)
4.5 Receiver of Wreck
270(7)
4.5.1 Receiver of Wreck's function: vessels in distress
270(1)
4.5.2 Receiver of Wreck's function: salvage
271(1)
4.5.3 Receiver of Wreck's function: dealing with wreck
272(4)
4.5.4 Salvage of or by State vessels
276(1)
4.5.5 Modern practice of Receiver of Wreck
276(1)
4.6 Coastguard and wreck claims
277(1)
4.7 Wreck protection legislation
278(9)
4.7.1 Protection of Wrecks Act 1973
278(2)
4.7.2 Protection of Military Remains Act 1986
280(5)
4.7.3 Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979
285(1)
4.7.4 Comparative US approach to protection of historic wreck
286(1)
4.8 Sovereign immunity and wrecks
287(8)
Chapter 5 Law Of The Sea And Wreck
295(30)
5.1 Early law of the sea
295(1)
5.2 Polluting wrecks and intervention beyond the territorial sea
296(1)
5.3 Intervention Convention 1969
296(3)
5.4 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
299(7)
5.4.1 Development of UNCLOS
299(1)
5.4.2 Jurisdictional regime
300(6)
5.5 UNCLOS and wrecks
306(10)
5.5.1 Marine pollution
306(5)
5.5.2 Obligations to report and inform
311(1)
5.5.3 Archaeologically and historically important wrecks
312(4)
5.6 UNCLOS and jurisdiction with respect to wrecks that pose a pollution hazard
316(5)
5.6.1 Polluting wrecks in internal waters and territorial sea
316(1)
5.6.2 Polluting wrecks in EEZ and continental shelf
316(2)
5.6.3 Intervention beyond territorial sea
318(2)
5.6.4 Hazards that are not navigational or polluting
320(1)
5.7 OPRC 1990
321(4)
Chapter 6 Underwater Cultural Heritage
325(34)
6.1 Protection of historic wrecks
325(1)
6.2 Development of UCH 2001
325(1)
6.3 Aim of UCH 2001
326(1)
6.4 Salvage and historic wrecks
327(5)
6.4.1 Maritime archaeology and salvage
328(3)
6.4.2 UK position on salvage and historic wreck
331(1)
6.4.3 Salvage Convention and historic wreck
332(1)
6.5 Defining "underwater cultural heritage"
332(2)
6.6 Non-commercialisation and salvage
334(2)
6.7 Activities to be regulated
336(1)
6.8 Good archaeological practice
336(1)
6.9 Jurisdictional structure
337(4)
6.9.1 Internal waters, archipelagic waters and territorial sea
338(1)
6.9.2 Contiguous zone
339(1)
6.9.3 Continental shelf and EEZ
339(1)
6.9.4 The Area
340(1)
6.10 Regulatory and deterrent regime
341(3)
6.10.1 Competent authorities and authorisation
341(1)
6.10.2 Public awareness and training
342(1)
6.10.3 Sanctions and seizure
342(2)
6.11 International cooperation
344(1)
6.12 Other agreements
345(1)
6.13 Warships and other State-owned vessels
346(3)
6.14 Implementation through UNESCO
349(1)
6.15 State practice
349(6)
6.15.1 US position
350(1)
6.15.2 UK position
351(4)
6.16 Conclusion
355(4)
Part II Wreck Removal Convention 2007
Chapter 7 Wreck Removal Convention 2007: Creation
359(34)
7.1 Need for a Wreck Removal Convention
359(2)
7.2 Development of WRC 2007
361(9)
7.2.1 Initial negotiations 1967-1990
361(7)
7.2.2 Renewed negotiations 1990-2002
368(2)
7.2.3 Drafting 2002-2007
370(1)
7.3 WRC 2007 and the international legal order
370(6)
7.3.1 WRC 2007 and general principles of international law
371(1)
7.3.2 WRC 2007 and UNCLOS
371(4)
7.3.3 Avoidance of overlap with other IMO conventions
375(1)
7.4 WRC 2007 and non-State parties
376(11)
7.4.1 Wrecks of non-State parties in territorial sea
376(1)
7.4.2 Binding nature of WRC 2007 for non-State parties and wreck in EEZ
377(3)
7.4.3 Coastal State action and non-State party wrecks in EEZ
380(1)
7.4.4 Insurance cover and non-State party wrecks in EEZ
381(2)
7.4.5 WRC 2007 as generally accepted international rules and standards
383(4)
7.4.5.a Laws and regulations for the prevention, reduction and control of pollution
384(1)
7.4.5.b Generally acceptable
385(2)
7.5 Cooperation
387(1)
7.6 Convention form
387(3)
7.6.4 Preamble
388(1)
7.6.5 Entry into force requirements
388(1)
7.6.6 Dispute settlement
389(1)
7.6.7 Annex
390(1)
7.7 Participation
390(3)
Chapter 8 Wreck Removal Convention 2007: Scope
393(22)
8.1 Introduction
393(1)
8.2 Wrecks that pose a hazard
393(15)
8.2.1 Defining "wreck"
393(11)
8.2.1.a Maritime casualty
394(1)
8.2.1.b Sunken or stranded ship
395(1)
8.2.1.c Objects from ships
396(1)
8.2.1.d Objects and cargo lost at sea
396(1)
8.2.1.e Effective salvage of ships about to sink or strand
396(2)
8.2.1.f Derelict and abandoned ships
398(2)
8.2.1.g Fixed and floating platforms
400(2)
8.2.1.h Wrecked warships and other government non-commercial ships
402(1)
8.2.1.i Aircraft
403(1)
8.2.2 Defining "hazard"
404(1)
8.2.3 Defining "related interests"
405(1)
8.2.4 Defining "removal"
406(1)
8.2.5 Defining "Affected State"
406(2)
8.3 Scope of WRC 2007
408(2)
8.3.1 Geographical scope
408(2)
8.3.2 Temporal scope
410(1)
8.4 Extension of the WRC 2007 to territorial sea
410(5)
8.4.1 Coastal State rights in territorial sea
410(1)
8.4.2 Application of WRC 2007 to territorial sea
411(4)
Chapter 9 Wreck Removal Convention 2007: States' Rights And Duties
415(22)
9.1 Flag State obligations
415(7)
9.1.1 State of a ship's registry and flag State
415(2)
9.1.2 Flag State obligations
417(1)
9.1.3 Reporting
417(4)
9.1.3.a Who must report
418(2)
9.1.3.b What must be reported and to whom
420(1)
9.1.3.c Practical difficulties in reporting
420(1)
9.1.4 Cooperation in process of wreck removal
421(1)
9.2 Affected States' powers and obligations
422(13)
9.2.1 Warning
422(1)
9.2.2 Determination of hazard
423(1)
9.2.3 Locating the wreck
424(1)
9.2.4 Marking the wreck
425(2)
9.2.5 Removal of the wreck
427(10)
9.2.5.a Hazard notice
427(1)
9.2.5.b Scope of "removal"
428(1)
9.2.5.c Removal of hazard by a salvor
429(1)
9.2.5.d Removal of hazard by the Affected State
430(1)
9.2.5.e Proportionality and reasonableness
431(1)
9.2.5.f Overlap with preventative measures
432(1)
9.2.5.g Cost of wreck removal
433(1)
9.2.5.h Ownership of wreck and power of sale
433(1)
9.2.5.i State obligation to remove
434(1)
9.2.5.j State liability
434(1)
9.3 State powers in territorial sea
435(2)
Chapter 10 Wreck Removal Convention 2007: Shipowners' And Insurers' Liabilities
437(86)
10.1 Introduction
437(1)
10.2 Registered shipowner's liability for costs
437(19)
10.2.1 Strict liability for costs
438(1)
10.2.2 Persons liable to pay costs
439(1)
10.2.3 Persons who can claim costs
440(1)
10.2.4 Costs recoverable
441(2)
10.2.5 Full or partial removal?
443(4)
10.2.6 Unusual and difficult locations
447(1)
10.2.7 Ships covered
448(5)
10.2.7.a Types of ship
448(4)
10.2.7.b Ships flagged in non-State parties
452(1)
10.2.8 Completion of removal under WRC 2007
453(3)
10.3 Defences to shipowner liability
456(6)
10.3.1 War and terrorism
457(3)
10.3.1.a War
457(1)
10.3.1.b Third party damage
457(3)
10.3.2 Natural phenomena
460(1)
10.3.3 Government negligence
461(3)
10.3.3.a Government navigational aids
461(1)
10.3.3.b Government negligence generally
461(1)
10.4 Time limits
462(2)
10.5 Triggers to liability
464(17)
10.5.1 Art 1 triggers
464(4)
10.5.1.a Abandonment and WRC 2007 liability
464(1)
10.5.1.b Proof of hazard
465(1)
10.5.1.c Hazard to fishing vessels
466(1)
10.5.1.d Other hazards and human remains
466(2)
10.5.2 Art 9 triggers: EEZ and territorial waters differences
468(1)
10.5.3 Recovery of wreck removal costs: EEZ
468(8)
10.5.3.a Wreck removal notices
469(3)
10.5.3.b Notice in writing
472(1)
10.5.3.c Informing registered owner
473(1)
10.5.3.d Deadline
474(1)
10.5.3.e Determination of hazard by a State
475(1)
10.5.4 Recovery of wreck removal costs: territorial waters
476(2)
10.5.5 Recovery of costs of locating wrecks
478(1)
10.5.6 Recovery of costs of marking wrecks
479(1)
10.5.7 Recovery of wreck removal costs: high seas
480(1)
10.6 Cargo removal under the WRC 2007
481(9)
10.6.1 Uncertainty in the WRC 2007?
481(2)
10.6.2 Cargo removal: history
483(5)
10.6.3 Cargo removal: conclusion
488(1)
10.6.4 Cargo removal: liability beyond existing conventions
488(2)
10.7 WRC 2007 and limitation of shipowners' liability
490(1)
10.8 Compulsory insurance
491(23)
10.8.1 Need for compulsory insurance
491(1)
10.8.2 Introduction to WRC 2007 Art 12
492(2)
10.8.2.a 300 gt threshold
492(1)
10.8.2.b Ships without a tonnage measurement
493(1)
10.8.3 WRC 2007 compulsory insurance certificates
494(2)
10.8.4 Direct action and insurer defences
496(6)
10.8.4.a Nature of direct liability
496(2)
10.8.4.b Insurer defences
498(1)
10.8.4.c Wilful misconduct as used in Art 12(10)
499(1)
10.8.4.d Wilful misconduct in English law
499(2)
10.8.4.e Prohibition of other insurer defences
501(1)
10.8.5 Relationship of WRC 2007 insurance liability cap and LLMC limitation
502(9)
10.8.5.a Nature of the insurer's liability cap
503(1)
10.8.5.b Shipowner and insurer limiting for wreck removal
503(1)
10.8.5.c Applicable national or international regime
504(1)
10.8.5.d Insurer's liability cap if shipowner cannot limit
505(3)
10.8.5.e Calculating Art 12(1) cap: which LLMC version?
508(2)
10.8.5.f Calculating the Art 12(1) cap: sdr conversion
510(1)
10.8.5.g Direct action outside WRC 2007 to avoid Art 12(1) cap
511(1)
10.8.6 P&I Club practice after entry into force of WRC 2007
511(3)
10.9 Overlaps with other maritime liability regimes
514(9)
10.9.1 Overlap with Salvage Convention 1989
514(1)
10.9.2 Overlap with maritime pollution liability conventions
515(6)
10.9.2.a Conflict with CLC 1992
516(3)
10.9.2.b Conflict with HNS Convention 2010
519(1)
10.9.2.c Conflict with Bunkers Convention 2001
520(1)
10.9.3 Conflict with nuclear liability conventions
521(2)
Chapter 11 National Wreck Removal Law And The MSA 1995 Part 9A
523(44)
11.1 Wreck removal in national law
523(7)
11.1.1 Introduction
523(1)
11.1.2 UK local harbour legislation
524(3)
11.1.2.a Harbours Docks and Piers Clauses Act 1847 s 56
524(2)
11.1.2.b Modern local harbour legislation
526(1)
11.1.3 Merchant Shipping Act 1995
527(3)
11.1.3.a Harbour authorities: s 252
527(1)
11.1.3.b General lighthouse authorities: s 253
528(2)
11.2 Accession choices for States
530(4)
11.2.1 Merits of the WRC 2007
530(1)
11.2.2 Should States extend the WRC 2007 to territorial waters?
531(1)
11.2.3 Checklist when adopting the WRC 2007
532(2)
11.3 MSA 1995 Part 9A
534(25)
11.3.1 UK method of enactment of WRC 2007
534(4)
11.3.1.a Wreck Removal Convention Act 2011
534(1)
11.3.1.b Incorporation of WRC 2007
535(3)
11.3.2 Extension of WRC 2007 into UK territorial waters
538(1)
11.3.3 Part 9A administrative provisions
539(8)
11.3.3.a Wreck reports
540(1)
11.3.3.b Locating and marking wrecks
540(1)
11.3.3.c Removal by registered owner
541(3)
11.3.3.d Removal in default by UK itself
544(1)
11.3.3.e Compulsory insurance certificates
545(1)
11.3.3.f Offences and enforcement
546(1)
11.3.3.g Government ships
546(1)
11.3.4 Part 9A liability provisions
547(9)
11.3.4.a Liability for UK wreck costs
547(4)
11.3.4.b Direct action against insurer
551(4)
11.3.4.c Relationship with existing UK wreck removal laws
555(1)
11.3.5 GLAs and wreck removal under Part 9A
556(3)
11.4 Abandoned ships
559(8)
Part III Wreck removal contracts
Chapter 12 Transition To Wreck Removal: Salvage And Scopic
567(28)
12.1 Salvage and wreck removal
567(6)
12.1.1 Introduction
567(1)
12.1.2 Salvage contracts: commercial and legal choices
567(6)
12.1.2.a Initial considerations
567(1)
12.1.2.b Salvage contract or not?
568(1)
12.1.2.c Salvage contract or a towage contract?
569(1)
12.1.2.d Non-professional contractors
570(1)
12.I.2.e Sub-contractor commercial pressure: duress and frustration
571(1)
12.1.2.f Subcontracting on salvage basis
572(1)
12.2 Termination of services
573(9)
12.2.1 Salvors operating without a contract
573(5)
12.2.2 Salvage contracts and the Salvage Convention 1989
578(1)
12.2.3 Termination by LOF salvor
579(1)
12.2.4 Termination by shipowner under LOF
580(2)
12.3 SCOPIC and the transition from salvage to wreck removal
582(13)
12.3.1 SCOPIC caretaking role
582(2)
12.3.2 Special casualty representative
584(1)
12.3.3 Special representatives
585(1)
12.3.4 SCOPIC termination provisions
586(7)
12.3.4.a Termination of SCOPIC by salvor
586(3)
12.3.4.b Termination of SCOPIC by shipowner
589(1)
12.3.4.c Termination of SCOPIC and State intervention
590(3)
12.3.5 SCOPIC and preventing pollution from a wreck
593(2)
Chapter 13 Wreck Removal Operations And Contracts
595(60)
13.1 Introduction
595(5)
13.1.1 Urgency for wreck removal operations
595(1)
13.1.2 Public relations
595(1)
13.1.3 Recovery of bodies
596(4)
13.2 Range of technical wreck removal options
600(2)
13.3 Responsibility for arranging wreck removal contracts
602(2)
13.3.1 Shipowner and insurer
602(1)
13.3.2 State action to engage contractors
603(1)
13.3.3 Choice of contractor
603(1)
13.4 Wreck removal tendering
604(3)
13.4.1 Tender process
604(1)
13.4.2 Quantitative risk assessment
605(2)
13.5 Wreck removal and ancillary contracts
607(1)
13.6 Wreck removal contracts
607(48)
13.6.1 Introduction to BIMCO wreck removal contracts
607(1)
13.6.2 Allocation of wreck removal risks and costs
608(2)
13.6.3 Wreckhire 2010: overview and risk allocation
610(23)
13.6.3.a Basic performance obligations
611(2)
13.6.3.b Hire payments and costs
613(3)
13.6.3.c Duration of services
616(1)
13.6.3.d Changes in services, personnel, craft or equipment
617(2)
13.6.3.e Delay
619(1)
13.6.3.f Termination or suspension
620(2)
13.6.3.g Claims and liabilities
622(4)
13.6.3.h Pollution risks
626(1)
13.6.3.i Wreck delivery and disposal
627(2)
13.6.3.j Collaboration and consultation
629(2)
13.6.3.k Arbitration, mediation and expert evaluation
631(2)
13.6.4 Wreckfixed 2010: overview and risk allocation
633(6)
13.6.4.a Introduction and comparison with Wreckhire 2010
633(1)
13.6.4.b Price and risk
634(1)
13.6.4.c Changes in services, personnel, craft or equipment
635(1)
13.6.4.d Termination
636(1)
13.6.4.e Wreck delivery and disposal
637(2)
13.6.5 Wreckstage 2010: overview and risk allocation
639(17)
13.6.5.a Introduction and comparison with other forms
639(2)
13.6.5.b Payment stages
641(1)
13.6.5.c Extra costs
641(1)
13.6.5.d Changes in services, personnel, craft or equipment
642(1)
13.6.5.e Delay
643(1)
13.6.5.f Termination
644(1)
13.6.5.g Delivery and disposal
645(10)
Part IV Wreck disposal
Chapter 14 Wreck Disposal
655(60)
14.1 Dumping of ships and cargoes at sea
656(11)
14.1.1 Introduction
656(1)
14.1.2 London (Dumping) Convention 1972/1996
657(6)
14.1.2.a London Convention 1972
658(1)
14.1.2.b LC Protocol 1996
659(4)
14.1.2.c Civil liability for dumping under the LC Protocol 1996
663(1)
14.1.3 OSPAR Convention 1992
663(1)
14.1.4 Dumping and the UK
664(6)
14.1.4.a Background
664(1)
14.1.4.b Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009
664(3)
14.2 Dumping or abandonment?
667(2)
14.3 Scrapping of ships generally
669(1)
14.4 Transboundary waste disposal
670(6)
14.4.1 Basel Convention 1989
670(3)
14.4.2 EU Waste Shipment Regulation 2006
673(3)
14.5 Ship recycling
676(9)
14.5.1 Hong Kong Ship Recycling Convention 2009
676(2)
14.5.2 EU Ship Recycling Regulation 2013
678(7)
14.5.2.a Introduction and entry into force
678(1)
14.5.2.b Scope
679(3)
14.5.2.c UK Ship Recycling Requirements Regulations 2018
682(3)
14.6 EU Waste Framework Directive 2008
685(18)
14.6.1 Background
685(2)
14.6.2 Overview of Waste Framework Directive 2008
687(2)
14.6.2.a Definitions
687(1)
14.6.2.b General duties
688(1)
14.6.3 Commune de Mesquer
689(1)
14.6.4 Wreck and the Waste Framework Directive
690(3)
14.6.4.a Who are waste producers or holders?
691(1)
14.6.4.b Relationship with LC 1972/LC Protocol 1996
692(1)
14.6.4.c Relationship with WRC 2007 and LLMC
693(1)
14.6.5 Waste disposal: adoption in the UK
693(10)
14.6.5.a Waste regulations 2011
694(2)
14.6.5.b Marine waste licensing and exemptions
696(5)
14.6.5.c Environmental Protection Act 1900
701(1)
14.6.5.d Practical compliance considerations for wreck waste
702(1)
14.7 Commercial choices for wreck disposal
703(14)
14.7.1 Sale of wreck
703(2)
14.7.2 Wreck and ship deregistration
705(3)
14.7.3 BIMCO disposal voyage contracts
708(4)
14.7.4 Rena trust fund and finality
712(3)
Appendices 715(86)
Introduction
715(1)
Weblinks
716(1)
Merchant Shipping Act 1995: Extracts
717(36)
Appendix 1: MSA 1995 Part IX, ss 252-255
717(4)
Appendix 2: MSA 1995 Part 9A, ss 255A-255U
721(8)
Appendix 3: MSA 1995 Schedule 3A Safety Directions
729(6)
Appendix 4: MSA 1995 Sched 11ZA [ Text of the WRC 2007]
735(12)
Appendix 5: Wreck Removal Convention 2007: Annex (Certificate of Insurance)
747(2)
Appendix 6: WRC 2007: Diplomatic Conference Resolutions
749(4)
BIMCO Wreck Removal Contracts
753(48)
Appendix 7: Wreckhire 2010
753(14)
Appendix 8: Wreckfixed 2010
767(12)
Appendix 9: Wreckstage 2010
779(14)
Appendix 10: Wreckstage 2010 BIMCO explanatory notes
793(8)
Index 801
Nicholas Gaskell, University of Queensland, Australia.

Craig Forrest, University of Queensland, Australia.
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